BOQONNAA TOKKO

1.Walqunnamtiin Maali?

Walqunnamtiin jecha Laatiin “commūnicāre” jedhurraa kan fudhatame yoo

ta`uinnis qooddachuu jechuu dha. Kana jechuunis dalaga kaayyoo qabu yoo ta`u,
yeroo baay`ee namoota lamaafi sana ol jidduttimallattoolee waljijjiiruun ergaa
fudhachuu yookiin dabarsuu dha.

Communication (from Latincommūnicāre, meaning "to share"[1]) is the purposeful

activity of information exchange between two or more participants in order to
convey or receive the intended meanings through a shared system of signs and
semiotic rules.

The basic steps of communication are the forming of communicative intent,

message composition, message encoding, transmission of signal, reception of
signal, message decoding and finally interpretation of the message by the recipient.
Adeemsi walqunnamtiis ergaa qindeeffachuu, garaa mallattoottii jijjiiruu, mallattoo
sana dabarsuu, qaama ergaa fudhaatus mallattoo fudhachuu, , mallattoo sana
hiikuufi xiinxaluu dha.

The basic steps of communication are the forming of communicative intent,

message composition, message encoding, transmission of signal, reception of
signal, message decoding and finally interpretation of the message by the recipient.
Adeemsa garlameetiin kan rawwatu fi hubannoo garlameetiin kan badhaadhe
dha. Qooda fudhattonnii raagaa,yaada, oduufi fedhii waljijjiiruu (encode-decode)
qofa osoo hinta`iin,ergaa uumuufi qoddachuu dha. Waluma galattii walqunnamtin
karaa ilmi namaa kan ittiin walargu dha.
Two-way process of reaching mutual understanding, in which participants not only
exchange (encode-decode) information, news, ideas and feelings but also create
and share meaning. In general, communication is a means of connecting people or
places.
Walqunnamtiin adeemsa waljiijjiiruu mallattoolee yookiin ergaa ,ergaa dabarsaafi
ergaa simataa jiddutti rawwatamu dha.Innis barreeffaman, miti afaaniin jecha
afaaniinkan ni rawwatama. Akkasumas, tooftaa walitti dhufeenya namoota waliin
qabnu itti ijaarruufi fooyyeessinu dha.
Communication is the process of transferring signals/messages between a sender
and a receiver through various methods (written words, nonverbal cues, spoken
words). It is also the mechanism we use to establish and modify relationships

Adeemsawal qunnamtii /process of Communication

Walqunnamtiin adeemsa dha. Adeemsa mallattoolee garaagaraa fayyadamuun hiika

(symbols/meaning) qooddatani dha.

Waluma galaatti ibsa hanga ammatti ilaalle keessa jechoota mallattoo/symbole,

qooddachuu/sharing fi adeemsa/process kenneen jedhan irra deddeebi`ii dhaan
mula`tu. Jechoonni kunnen hiika walqunnamtii keeesssatti gahee guddaa qabu.
Kanaaf tokko tokko isaanii ni ilaalla.

The first step the sender is faced with involves the encoding
process. In order to convey meaning, the sender must
begin encoding, which means translating information into a
message in the form of symbols that represent ideas or
concepts. This process translates the ideas or concepts into
the coded message that will be communicated. The
symbols can take on numerous forms such as,
languages,words, or gestures. These symbols are used to
encode ideas into messages that others can understand.
Walqunnamtiin adeemsa dha. Kana jechuun adeemsa walqunnamtii keessatti
namni ergaa dabarsuu barbaadu/sender fi namni ergaa fudhatu/recever,
ergaa/message akkasumas karaa ergaan itti darbu/channel jiru. Kanaaf ergaan
bakka tokko ka`ee bakka kaan ga`uudhaaf adeemsa mataasaa qaba.

Haalli kunis jalqaba namni ergaa dabarsuu/sender barbaadu tokko dursee

sammuusaa kessa ergicha/message uuma. Sana booda ergaa sammuusaa keessa
yaade sana gara mallattootti jijjiira. Adeemsi kun afaan ingiliziitiin encoding
jedhama.

Sana booda ergaan sammuu nama ergaa dabarsaa keessa jiru sun gara maallattootti
jijjiirame booda toora/channel keessa darba. Toora keessa darbee nama ergaa
simatu biraa nigaha. Torri ergaa barbaadame sunkan keessa darbee ergaa simataa
biraa gahu dha.

Toorri yeroo baay`ee dubbii afaanii yookiin barreeffamaa dha.taus yeroo ammaa
garuu meeshaaleen tekinoloojii babala`chaa jiru.kenneebay`ee baratamaa ta`an
bilbilaafi barreeffama kenneen akka meemoo,xalayaafigabaasota dha.

To begin transmitting the message, the sender uses some kind of channel (also
called a medium). The channel is the means used to convey the message. Most
channels are either oral or written, but currently visual channels are becoming
more common as technology expands. Common channels include the telephone
and a variety of written forms such as memos, letters, and reports.

Ergaa dabarsaanis kanneen keessa tokko filachuun ergaa garaa mallattootti jijjiire
sana toora kanaan fayyadamee ergaasaa dabarsa.

Namni ergaa simatu suniis mallattoo walqunnamtiif dhiyaateefi toora keessa darbe
sana simatee, mallattoo sana ni xinxala (interpreting) sana boodaahiika itti kenna.
Adeemsi mallattoo dhiyaate sanaaf hiika itti kennuun kun afaan Ingiliziitiin
decoding jedhama.

After the appropriate channel or channels are selected, the message enters the
decoding stage of the communication process. Decoding is conducted by the
receiver. Once the message is received and examined, the stimulus is sent to the
brain for interpreting, in order to assign some type of meaning to it. It is this
processing stage that constitutes decoding. The receiver begins to interpret the
symbols sent by the sender, translating the message to their own set of experiences
in order to make the symbols meaningful. Successful communication takes place
when the receiver correctly interprets the sender's message.
Adeemsa kana keessatti tarii ergaan dabarfamuu barbaadame sun kallattiidhaan/
haala milkawaa ta`eetin qaama ergaa simatu biraa gahuu danda`a.Yeroo kanaa
walqunnamtiin sun milkaa`eera jenna.

Karaa biraatiin ammo waan inni dabarsuu barbaade sun osoo hin darbiin hafuu
danda`a. yookiin kallattii hinyaadamneetiin /hiika hambiraa qabachuudhaan ergaa
simataa bira gahuu danda`a. Haalli kun akka uumamu kan taasiisu ergaa
gufachiiftuu dha.Afaan Ingilizitin barriers jedhama/u.

Mallattoo tokko qaaccessuun (interpreting) hiika ykn ergaa mallattoo dhiyaate

sanaaf kennuu dha.Hiikti kun ammo yaada nama keessatti malee mallattoo
keessahinjiru. Kana mirkaneessuuf namoonni garaa garaa mallattoo walfakkaatu
arganii ykn dubbii walfakkaatu dhagahanii hiika wal fakkaataa kennuu dhiisuu
dandahu. Garaagarummaa kana kanfide mallattoo walqunnamtiidhaaf dhiyaate
osoo hinta`iin garaagarummaa sammuu namootaati.

Haata’uti hiikni qaama garaa garaa lamaan kennamu walitti dhiyaata tanaan
walqunnamtiin taasiifamu bu’aa qabeessata`a.Fkn:- Yeroo boqonnaa “Semester
vacation” jedhu kun hiika barataafi barsiisaaf kennu garaagara dha. Barataan
“yeroo itti boqotanidha jechuu” danda`a. Barsiisan ammo “yeroo qabxii
barattootaa hojatamuufi seemistera dhufuuf qophii taasifamu dha” jechuu danda`a.
Garaagarummaa hiika kan kan fida mallattoo dhiyaate osoo hinta`iin haala hojoo fi
gahee baratafi barsiisaa irra ka`uu dhaani.

Waluma galatti adeemsa hiika kennuu irratti dhimmoonnii kenneen akki ilaalcha,
hubannoo walitti dhufeenya ergaa simataafi dabarsaa fi kkf dhiibbaa qabaatu.

The receiver is the individual or individuals to whom the message is directed. The
extent to which this person comprehends the message will depend on a number of
factors, which include the following: how much the individual or individuals know
about the topic, their receptivity to the message, and the relationship and trust that
exists between sender and receiver. All interpretations by the receiver are
influenced by their experiences, attitudes, knowledge, skills, perceptions, and
culture. It is similar to the sender's relationship with encoding.

Adeemsa kanaan ergaa simataan ergicha xiinxalee hubate booda

yaaddeebii/feedback dhiyeessa. Kun adeemsa walqunnamtii keessa sadarkaa isa
dhumaa dha.

Feedback is the final link in the chain of the communication process.

After receiving a message, the receiver responds in some way and
signals that response to the sender. The signal may take the form of a
spoken comment, a long sigh, a written message, a smile, or some other
action. "Even a lack of response, is in a sense, a form of response"
(Bovee & Thill, 1992). Without feedback, the sender cannot confirm that
the receiver has interpreted the message correctly.
Walqunnamtii keessatti yaaddeebiin dhimma furtuuti. Innis ergaa dabarsaan ergaan
isaa haala milkaawaan darbuufi darbuu dhiisuusaa kan itti madaalu dha.
Feedback is a key component in the communication process because it allows the
sender to evaluate the effectiveness of the message. Feedback ultimately provides
an opportunity for the sender to take corrective action to clarify a misunderstood
message. "Feedback plays an important role by indicating significant
communication barriers: differences in background, different interpretations of
words, and differing emotional reactions" (Bovee & Thill, 1992).
Waluma galatti yaadoolee armaan olii ilaalle moodeela armaan gadiitiin
dhiyaateera

Walqunnamtiin namoonni murtaahoon guyyaa walqunnamaan eegalee hanga

gaafa jireenya isaanii guyyaa isa dhumaa waliigalanitti itti fufa.Walqunnamtiin
guyyaa jalqabaa bu’aa qabeessadha yoo ta’e, gara fuula duratti walitti dhufeenya
uumuuf bu’uura gaarii ta’uu danda’a.

Jarri walqunnaman kunneenis hariiroo walqunnamtiin isaanii walitti dhiyaachaa

yoo adeeman, aadaa tokkummaa qabu horatu, haala addunyaa kana itti hubatanis
tokko ta’aa deema.

Mallattoo (Symbole)

Mallattoon ergaa dabarsuuf kan gargaaran jechuudha.Yookiin ammo bakkaa

bu`oota yaada, gocha, bakka,fi kkf ni dha. Isaan kunis, jechoota, sagaleelee, sochii
qaamaa,suura, halluu, meeshaafi kkf yaada nama tokko kan dabarsuu kan
danda`anii dha.

A symbol is a person or a concept that represents, stands for or suggest another

idea, visual image, belief, action or material entity. Symbols take the form of
words, sounds, gestures, ideas or visual images and are used to convey other
ideas and beliefs. For example, a red octagon may be a symbol for "STOP". On a
map, a blue line might represent a river. Numerals are symbols for numbers.
Alphabetic letters may be symbols for sounds. Personal names are symbols
representing individuals. A red rose may symbolize love and compassion. The
variable x in a mathematical equation may symbolize the position of a particle in
space.

Symbols are representations of an event, action, object, person, or place that can
be used to communicate about the event, action, object, person, or place.
Symbols can be used for both receptive and expressive communication. Objects,
parts of objects, pictures, print, actions, gestures, signs, and speech can all be
symbols. Symbols may start as cues and signals. If a child recognizes a cue out of
context, that cue may be acting as a symbol. If a child uses a signal or an object
cue to communicate about an event, action, object, person or place out of
context, the child may be using that signal or cue as a symbol.

Jechaan ykn afaaniin ibsaman/Verbal fi kenneen afaaniin hin ibsamne miti

jechaa/Non Verbal jennee bakka lamatti qoodnee ilaaluu dandeenya.Isaan jechoota
afaaniin fayyadamnee walqunnamnuwalqunnamtii afaan/verbal communication
jenna, isaan jecha afaan malee walqunnamnu miti afaan/non verbal communication
jenna.Tokko tokkoo isaanii ha ilaallu.

Non VerbalCommunication

Walqunnamti miti afaanii, jechoota afaaniin ala karaa walqunnamnu hundaa of

keessatti hammata. Karaa biraatiin wantoota jechaatin al dhimmoota
walqunnamtiif dhiyaata gara ergatti jijjiiruu dha. Fakkeenyaaf,kenneen akka
waltuttuquutiin, dhabbannaatiin, sochiiqaamaatiin, ibsa fuulaatiin,
ilaallannaatiin/eye contact, akkaataa uffannaatiin olkaiinsa sagalee(iyuu ykn
sagalee gadii qabuu), sagaleessuutiin/rhythm fi kkf.

Nonverbal communication describes the process of conveying meaning

in the form of non-word messages. Examples of nonverbal
communication include haptic communication, gestures, body language,
facial expression, eye contact, and how one dresses.
Yeroo namoota waliin wal qunnamnu osoo ofiirraa hin beekiin mallattoolee
jechootaan hin ibsamnetiin “wordless signals” gargaaramna. Mallattooleen nuti
gargaaramnus, kenneen akka, sochii qaamaan ,haala taa`umsan, iyya sagalee
yookiin gadiqabuusagaleedhaan, dhaabbiidhaan, akkaataa itti illaalluun,fi kkkf
fakkaataniitiin ergaa cimaa ta`e ni dabarsina. Yoo afaaniin callisneeyyuu kallattii
amma eerretiin ergaan osoo walirraa hincitiin ni darba.

When we interact with others, we continuously give and receive wordless signals.
All of our nonverbal behaviors—the gestures we make, the way we sit, how fast or
how loud we talk, how close we stand, how much eye contact we make—send
strong messages. These messages don't stop when you stop speaking either. Even
when you're silent, you're still communicating nonverbally.

Yeroo tokko tokko waan afaan keenyaan dubbannuufi qaamni keenya haasa`u
garagara ta`uu danda`a. Yeroo kana dhageeffatan keenya tokkoosaa fudhachuu
danda`a. yeroo baay`ee kan filatu garuu isa afaaniin ibasme osoo hin ta`iin isa
qaama keenyaan walqunnamaa jirrun dha.Sababiinsaas osoo hinbeekiin ergaa isa
dhugaa kan darbu kallattii isaatiin waan ta`eef.

Oftentimes, what comes out of our mouths and what we communicate through our
body language are two totally different things. When faced with these mixed
signals, the listener has to choose whether to believe your verbal or nonverbal
message, and, in most cases, they're going to choose the nonverbal because it's a
natural, unconscious language that broadcasts our true feelings and intentions in
any given moment.

Gosoota miti afaanii/ Types of nonverbal communication and body language

Ibsa fuulaa/Facial expressions

Fuulli ilmaan namaa yaadoolee haalaan ibsa.Miirawwan hedduu
jecha tokko malee ibsuu danda`a. Baay`een isaaniis addunyaawaa
ta`uu danda`u. Fakkeenyaaf, gammach, gadda, aarii, rajjeffachuu,
dinqisifachuu,sodaa,inaaffaa/contempt jibbuu/disgust fi kkf fuulli
keenya jalannees haata`u osoo hin jaalatin ni mul`isa.

The human face is extremely expressive, able to express countless emotions

without saying a word. And unlike some forms of nonverbal communication, facial
expressions are universal. The facial expressions for happiness, sadness, anger,
surprise, fear, and disgust are the same across cultures.
Fakeenya1,

Fkny2

Fkny 3

Fknya4
Fkny 5

Fkny6

Fkya 7
Fkny 8

Fkny 9

Sochii qaamaafi dhaabbii/ Body movements and posture

Sochi qaamaafi dhaabbiin kenneen akka ,haala dhaabbannaa,
sochii, taa`umsa, haala sochii mataa.ilaallannaa fi kkf of keessa
hammata.Haalonni kunneen adeemsa walqunnamtii keessa dhiibaa
olaanaa qabu.

Consider how your perceptions of people are affected by the way they sit, walk,
stand up, or hold their head. The way you move and carry yourselfcommunicates a
wealth of information to the world. This type of nonverbal communication includes
your posture, bearing, stance, and subtle movements.

Ilaallannaa /Eye contact

Ijaan fedhii, jaalala, amanamummaa, kadhannaa, dhiifamafi kkf
agarsiisuu dandeeya.

Since the visual sense is dominant for most people, eye contact is an especially
important type of nonverbal communication. The way you look at someone can
communicate many things, including interest, affection, hostility, or attraction. Eye
contact is also important in maintaining the flow of conversation and for gauging
the other person’s response.

Fageenya qunnamaa waliin jiru /Space

Kun akka aadaafi walitti siqeenya jaara walqunnamanitti garaagara
dha. Fakkeenyaaf bay`ee walitti siqanii taa`uu yookiin dhaabachuu
yookoon baayee walirraa fagaatanii taa`uu /dhaabachuu.

Have you ever felt uncomfortable during a conversation because the other person
was standing too close and invading your space? We all have a need for physical
space, although that need differs depending on the culture, the situation, and the
closeness of the relationship. You can use physical space to communicate many
different nonverbal messages, including signals of intimacy and affection,
aggression or dominance.

Sagalee/ Voice
Sagalee yeroo jennu wanta nuti dubbannu osoo hinta`iin akkaataa
dubbannu dha. Yeroo nuti dubbannu namootni jechoo dubbachaa
jirru caalaa akkaataa nuti dubbachaa jirru xiinxalu. Akkaataa
sagalee yeroo jennu yeroonuti fudhannu, walirra fageenya jecha
tokkoofi kaan jidduu jiru, olka`iinsa sagalee, ciccitnsa sagalaleeahh”
afi “uh-huh.” Jechuu. Isaan kunneen mamii, shakkii, ofitti
amanamummaa, aafii, jaalala tuffii fi kkf muli`isu.

It’s not just what you say, it’s howyou say it. When we speak, other
people “read” our voices in addition to listening to our words.
Things they pay attention to include your timing and pace, how loud you
speak, your tone and inflection, and sounds that convey understanding, such as
“ahh” and “uh-huh.” Think about how someone's tone of voice, for example, can
indicate sarcasm, anger, affection, or confidence.
Mallattoolee kunneeniinfayyadamuun salphaa fakkaata garuu yeroo tokko tokko
dogongora guddaa uumuun walqunnamitiin gara hin yaadamneetti adeemuu
danda’a.

Walqunnamtii bu’aa qabeessa uumuuf ergaa dabarsan (sender) mallattoo sirrii ta’e
filachuun namoonni mallattoo inni fayyadama jiru haalaan hiika itti kennuu yoo
dandahani dha. Dubbataafi dhaggeeffataan mallattoo sanaaf hiika walfakkaataa
yoo kennaan walqunnamtiin ni milkaa’a.Kana jechuun garuu lachanuu gutummaan
guutuutti hiika tokko ta`e kennu jechuu miti.

Verbal Communication

Verbal communication jechoota afaaniin fayyadamuun karaa yaada Kenya ibsinu

dha. Afaan kamiyyuu seera mataasaa qaba.Seera jechoonni itti uumaman, Caasaa
himaafi kkf. Kanaaf kallattii kanaatiin seera afaanichaa eegune dubbii afaanitiin
yookiin barreeffamanyaada Kenya yeroo ibsinu wal qunnamtii afaaniitiin
fayyadamaa jirra.

Qooddachuu (Sharing)

Walqunnamtiin itti fufiinsaan qaamoonni lamaan kan irratti hirmaatani dha. Inni
tokko kaan irratti kan dhiibbaa geessisudha. Adeemsi kunis “the transactional
nature of communication” jedhama.
Traanzakshinii
Dubbachuu Dhaggeeffachuu
Kana jechuunis adeemsa walqunnamtii keessatti yaada waliin qoddachuu ykn
mallattoo dhiyateef hiika walfakkaatu kennamuu qaba.

Hiikawwan (Meanings)

Mallattooleen (jechaafi miti jecha) waan nuti yaadine qaama biraaf dabarsuufkan
gargaarani dha.Ta’us, ergaa tokko haalaan hubachuuf mallattooleenwalqunnamtiif
dhiyaatan qaamoolee lamaaniitiin kan beekaman ta’uu qabu. Ergaa dabarsaafi
simatanis mallattoo kanaan gargaramuun ergaa dabarsus fudhats.

Mallattoolee keesa hiikti hinjiru.Mallattoolee dhiyaatanif hiika kan kennu nama

dha.Saaba kananiis“Words do not mean people do”jedhama.

Adeemsa mallattooleef hiika kennuu keessatti muxannoo namootaa, maatii

keessatti guddatan, aadaa, haala qunnamaan keessa jirufi kkf dhiibbaa matasanii
qabu.
Qaamoota (elements) adeemsa wal Qunnamtii
Ergaa dabarsaa (Sender) :- qaama ergaa ta’e nama biroof dabarsuuf kaayyeeffate.
Ykn walitti dhufeenyauumuu barbaade.

Ergaa (Message):- Dhimma walqunnamtiif ka`umsa ta`e.Ergaa akka darbu

barbaadame.

Ergaa Simataa (Recever) :nama /namoota ergaan kan itti qajeelfame.

Hubachiisuu- (Encoding) : adeemsa ergaa sammuu keessa jiru gara

mallattooittijijjiiru.

Toora /channel: Ergaan gara mallattootiin jijjiirame /Mallatteeffamebooda

garaaergaa simataatti geessu
Communication Channels is the term given to the way in which we communicate.
There are multiple communication channels available to us today, for example
face-to-face conversations, telephone calls, text messages,  email, the Internet
(including social media such as Facebook and Twitter), radio and TV, written
letters, brochures and reports to name just a few.
Hubachuu (Decoding): Ergaa simataan jechootaafi mallattowwan ergaa dabarsuuf
tajaajilan xiinxaluudhaan adeemsa hiika itti kennu dha.
Yaad deebii (feedback) addeemsa bu’aa qabeessummaa ergichaa ittiin ilaalani dha.

Walqunnamtii Gahumsa Qabu/effective communication

Walqunnamtiin ragaa waldabarsuurraa kan darbu dha. Walqunnamtiin

yaadaa, kakka`umsa fi fedhii ragaa dhiyaate duuba jiru hubachuu dha.
Walqunnamti ga`umsa qabu yaada gama tokkoon yaa`u qofa miti. Hirmaannaa
gamlachuu kan gaafatu dha. Akkasumas akkaataa odeeffannoo namtokko
dabarsu qofa osoo hinta`iin akkaataa namni dhaggeeffatus kan ilaallatu dha.
Karaa biraatiin wanti jedhameefi wanti hubatame walfakaachuu qaba.
Walqunnamtii gahumsa qabu fedhii kakka`umsa namootas hubachuu dha.

Communication is about more than just exchanging information. It's about

understanding the emotion and intentions behind the information. Effective
communication is also a two-way street.

Walqunnamtiin gahumsa qabu qindaamina afaanifi miti afaanii kanbarbaadu

dha. Karaa biraatiin yaada keenya jechootaatin qofa ibsachuu hinqabnu.
Dhageeffata keenya hirmaachisuuf akkasumas qabachuuf miti afaaniitiinis
dhimma bahuu qabna.

Gufuwwan walqunnamtii gahumsaa qabu.

Miira ofii to`achuu dhadhabuu; akka malee aaruu, yookiin

gammaduufi kkf.

Xiyyeeffannaa dhabuu/Lack of focus: hoji garaagaraatiin abamuu. Fkynf,

osoo nama waliin haasawan waa yaaduu, bilbila haasahuu, ….

.sochii qaamaa faallaa jechoota ta`e/Inconsistent body language; jecha

afaaniifi sochiin qaamaa yoo simachuu baate dhaggeeffatan keenya ergaa
dabarfachaa jiru shakkuu danda`a. Fknyf harka sochoosaa afaaniin “tole”
jechuu.
Sochii qaamaa nama mufachiisu/Negative body language; Fknyf osoo
namni haasawaa jiru fuula nuffii agarsiisuu,bakka biraa ilaaluu,harka
waldabarsanii taa`uu fi kkf

Ilaalcha dhuunfaa/Attitude /Namni hundiinuu ilaalcha dhuunfaa isaa qaba.

Ilaalcha nama tokko kan tolchan dhimmoonni hedduun jiru. Haala
guddina,naannoo, aadaa, maatii,fi kkf .Kanaaf namoonni walqunnamaan
dhimmoota amma caqafaniin baa`yy wal irraa fagaata taanaan ilaalchaafi
hubannoo wantootaaf/mallattooleef kennan gargar ta`uu danda`a.
Walqunnamtii keenya akkamiin Foyyeesina?

Dhaggeeffataa gaarii ta`uu/Become an engaged listener

Qunnamaa gaarii ta`uun dubbataa gaarii ta`uu miti.Ga`umsi

walqunnamtiin ga`umsa dubbachuu qofa miti.“effective
communication is less about talking and more about listening”.
Akkasumas dhaggeeffachuu jechuunis jechoota dubbatama jiran
dhagahuu miti. Gahumsi dhaggeeffachuun fedhiifi miira
jechootaatiin duuba jiru hubachuu dha.

Listening well means not just understanding the words or the

information being communicated, but also understanding the
emotions the speaker is trying to communicate.

Dheggeeffataa gaarii akkamiin ta`uu dandeenya?

Guutummaan guututti dubbataa hordofuu/Focus fully on the speaker,

Miiraafi qalbii guutuun dhageeffachuu gocha adda addaarraa of qusachuu.

Fknf bilbila haasahuu,ergaa dubbisuu,bakka biraailaallachuu,nama kaan
walin haasa`ufi kkf irraa of qusachuu.

Haasawaa namaa addaan kutuudhiisuu, akkasumas, garaa yaadafiitti

qajeelchuu dhisuu.

Fedhii dhageffachii qabaachuu Kenya itti mul`isuu.Fknyf “tole,huu,sana

boodahoo”fi kkf jechuudhaan.Yaada dhiyaachaa jiru irratti yaadaafi ilaalcha
ofii mul`isuu.
Walqunnamtiimitiafaaniif xiyyeeffannaa kennuu/Pay attention
to nonverbal signals

When we communicate things that we care about, we do so mainly using

nonverbal signals. Nonverbal communication, or body language, includes facial
expressions, body movement and gestures, eye contact, posture, the tone of
your voice, and even your muscle tension and breathing. The way you look,
listen, move, and react to another person tells them more about how you’re
feeling than words alone ever can.

Developing the ability to understand and use nonverbal communication can

help you connect with others, express what you really mean, navigate
challenging situations, and build better relationships at home and work.

• You can enhance effective communication by using open body language

—arms uncrossed, standing with an open stance or sitting on the edge of your seat, and
maintaining eye contact with the person you’re talking to.

• You can also use body language to emphasize or enhance your verbal
message—patting a friend on the back while complimenting him on his success, for
example, or pounding your fists to underline your message.

Tips for improving how you read nonverbal communication

• Be aware of individual differences. People from different countries and

cultures tend to use different nonverbal communication gestures, so it’s
important to take age, culture, religion, gender, and emotional state into
account when reading body language signals. An American teen, a
grieving widow, and an Asian businessman, for example, are likely to use
nonverbal signals differently.

• Look at nonverbal communication signals as a group. Don’t read too

much into a single gesture or nonverbal cue. Consider all of the
nonverbal signals you receive, from eye contact to tone of voice to body
language. Anyone can slip up occasionally and let eye contact slip, for
example, or briefly cross their arms without meaning to. Consider the
signals as a whole to get a better “read” on a person.

Tips for improving how you deliver nonverbal communication

 • Use nonverbal signals that match up with your words. Nonverbal
communication should reinforce what is being said, not contradict it. If
you say one thing, but your body language says something else, your
listener will likely feel you’re being dishonest. For example, you can’t say
“yes” while shaking your head no.

• Adjust your nonverbal signals according to the context. The tone of

your voice, for example, should be different when you’re addressing a
child than when you’re addressing a group of adults. Similarly, take into
account the emotional state and cultural background of the person
you’re interacting with.

• Use body language to convey positive feelings even when you're not

actually experiencing them. If you’re nervous about a situation—a job
interview, important presentation, or first date, for example—you can use
positive body language to signal confidence, even though you’re not feeling it. Instead of
tentatively entering a room with your head down, eyes averted, and sliding into a chair,
try standing tall with your shoulders back, smiling and maintaining eye contact, and
delivering a firm handshake. It will make you feel more self-confident and help to put the
other person at ease.

Moodeeloota Walqunnamtii
• Modela liinarii (linear Model)
• Modeliin kun akka ibsuutti walqunnamtiin sender fi receiver qaba.
• Walqunamtiin adeemsa walxaxaa hin qabu.
• Odeeffannoon kallattii tokkoon yaa’a.

• Modeela Interactionalii (International Model)

Naannoo Waqtiin Rawwatamu

Ergaa dubasa Hubachiisuu Toora Chanal Hubachuu Esimataa

Yaaddeebii

Naannoo walqunnamtii rawwatamu

 3. Moodeela Trantaakishinaalii (Transactional Model)

Receive & Interpret

Message in Medium

Encode with language

Communicator A

Communicator B

Encode with language

Message in Medium

Receive interpret

Toora

Ergaa dabarsaa Ergaa simotaa

4. Shanoon – Veaver Model

 Message Channel Message

Noise Source

Berlo’s Model of Communication

Encodes Decoding

Gutuwwan Walqunnamtii

-Garaagarummaa afaaniifi hubannaa (d/f in perception & language preseptionii)

-Haalaan caqasuu daabuu (poor listening)

-Dhiibaa miira namootaa (emotional interference)

-Garagarummaa aadaa (cultural d/s)

-Dhiibbaa naannoo (physical distruction)

-Garaagarummaa Afaaniifi hubannaa

-Haal itti waa tokko hubatan

-Garaagarummaa Aadaa
 -Lammummaa umurii
-Sadarkaa hawaasumma
-Sadarkaa diinagdee
Moodeeloota Walqunnamtii
• Modela liinarii (linear Model)
• Modeliin kun akka ibsuutti walqunnamtiin sender fi receiver qaba.
• Walqunamtiin adeemsa walxaxaa hin qabu.
• Odeeffannoon kallattii tokkoon yaa’a.

• Modeela Interactionalii (International Model)

Naannoo Waqtiin Rawwatamu

Ergaa dubasa Hubachiisuu Toora Chanal Hubachuu Esimataa

Yaaddeebii

Naannoo walqunnamtii rawwatamu

 3. Moodeela Trantaakishinaalii (Transactional Model)

Receive & Interpret

Message in Medium

Encode with language

Communicator A

Communicator B

Encode with language

Message in Medium

Receive interpret

Toora

Ergaa dabarsaa Ergaa simotaa

 4. Shanoon – Veaver Model

Message Channel Message

Noise Source

Berlo’s Model of Communication

Encodes Decoding

Gutuwwan Walqunnamtii

-Garaagarummaa afaaniifi hubannaa (d/f in perception & language preseptionii)

-Haalaan caqasuu daabuu (poor listening)

-Dhiibaa miira namootaa (emotional interference)

-Garagarummaa aadaa (cultural d/s)

-Dhiibbaa naannoo (physical distruction)

 -Garaagarummaa Afaaniifi hubannaa
-Haal itti waa tokko hubatan

-Garaagarummaa Aadaa

-Lammummaa umurii
-Sadarkaa hawaasumma
-Sadarkaa diinagdee

Adeemsa walqunnamtii keessatti qaamooleen wal qunnamaam dhimmoota armaan olii

caqafamaniin bay`ee walirraa fagaatu taanaan walqunamtiin milka’uu dhiisuu danda’a.

BOQONNAA LAMAA
SEENAA GUDDINA WAL-QUNNAMTII
1. Afaan
Afaan yoom eegale?
Namoonni dur durii miti afaaniin waliigalaa turan.Hojii isaanii kan gaggeessaniis non verbal
communicationiin fayyadamaniiti. Adeemsa keessa afaaan akka uumame bektonni dubbatan ni
jiru.Ta`uus uumama afaalii ilaalchisee yaadoolii adda addaan ni ka`u. Yaadolee ka`an keessa
muraasni afaan bu`aa hojiiti kan jedhan dha. Qamooleen yaada kana deeggaran ilmii namaa
jelqaba miti afaaniin fayyadamaa ture; adeemsa keessa hojiisaa salphisuuf afaan uume jedhu.
Gareen kaan ammo sagalee naannoosaa jiran yeroo fakkeessu achumaan afaan kalaqe kan jedhan
dha. Gareen kanbiroommoo afaan kennaa waaqaati kan jechan jiru. Yaadoleen garaagaraa
haajiraatu malee umriin afaan umriiilmaan nama wajjiin akka wal gitu hundumtu itti waliigala.
Adeemsa walqunnamtii keessa verbal communication maaliif filatamaa ta`e?
• Namoonni qaroo hin qabne ittiin waliigaluu hin danda’an
• Dukkanaa keessatti itti gargaaramuu hin danda’amu
• Yaada barbaadame irra caalaa dabarsuuf gargaara.
• Mallattoon walfakkaatu biyya adda addaatti hiika adda addaa qabaachuu
danda’a.
Seenaa Afaan Barreefamaa

Barreeffamawwan adda addaa akka fedhanitti barreessuu osoo hin eegaliin dura dhimmoonni
sadii fala argachuu qaban tura. Isaanni tokkoffaan mallattowwan (symbol) akkamiitu dubbii
afaanii bakka bu’uu; lammaffaan, mallattowwan kunneen maalirratti akka barreeffammanfi
sadaffaan, maaliin akka beerreeffamu uumuufi filachuu dha.

Afaan yoom barreeffamuu eegale?

Afaan yoom barreeffamuu eegale? gaaffii jedhuuf deebii gabaabaa argachuun rakkisaa
dha.Ta`uus raga barreeffamaan argameerra ka`uun tilmaamuu ni danda`ama.Haala kanaan
waa’ee seenaa barreeffama yemmuu qoratamu akka ragaatti kam fudhataman barreeffamoota
dhagaa irratti barreeffamani dha. Kallattii kanaatiin yoo adeemame barreeffamni umrii 500
(kuma shan) caalaa hinqabu.

Barreeffama kanjedhamu, fakkii yoo dabalata yoo ta`e garuu ta’e fakkiiwwan dhaga’arratti
kaafaman waggoota kuma 10 lakkofsisan akka jiran ragaaleen dhugaa bahu. Garuu barreeffamni
ffakkii hindabalatu yoo ta`a marreeffam jalqabaati dhamee kan beekamu,durii biyya
Misopotamiyaa amma Eraq jedhamtee beekamtu keessa kan argamefi Afaan samaariyaatiin
barreeffame dha.Innis umrii kuma 5-6tti lakkofsiiseera jedhamee amanama.

Eraaqitti aanuudhaan barreeffamaan walqabatee seenaa dheeraa kanqabdu biyyi chaalinaa akka
taate qorannoon adda adda ni mul`isa. Biyyi Chaaayinaa “Pictography or sign writing” bara
2000-1500 BC itti gergaaramteetti jedhamee yaadama.

Sadarkaalee guddina barreeffamaa

1. Pictography:- Bifa barreeffamaa isa jelqabaati kunis, suurichi /fakkichi waan tokko qofa
bakka bu’a. fakkichis pictogram yeroo jechamu fakkii dhiyaatuufi waan ibsamuu barbaadame
walfakkaatu.

Fkn: Iffa aduu

2. Ideographic; Gosti barreeffamaa akkanaa ffakkiintokko yaada tokko bakka bu`a.Isa

jalqabaarraa adda kan isa taasiisu inni jalqabaa fakkiifi dhimmi dhyaate kallattiidhaan
walsimachuu qabu. Seera barreeffamaa kana keessa garuu, fakkichi bakka bu`aa yaadaati.
Karaabiraatiin yaada fakkii dhiyaate duuba jiru xiinxaluudhaan yaada barreeffamichaa
argatu.Kanaaf fakkicharraa yaadatu bakka bu’u. Yaadatu mallattooleetoon bakka bu`a. Haala
kanaan fakkicharra yaada duuba fakkichaa jiru nixinxalama. Barreeffamni bifa akkasiin
ammallee tajaajilarraa oolaa jira.
 Fkn :-Suurri maankaafi shukaan yaada nyaata jedhu bakka bu’u

3. Logography; Ideographic itti aanee logography dhufe. Innis, seera barreeffaman akkanaa
mallattoon tokko jecha tokko bakka bu’a. Barreeffamichis Logogram jedhama. Barreeffama
chaayiinaana ammaa yeroo dhiyootti fayyadamtu logographic jedhama. Hanqinni barreeffamni
kanaa mallattoo dhiyaateefi jechi bakka buufame sun waliin dhiyaatee qo`atamuu qaba. Karaa
biraatiin mallaattoo dhiyaatee sana jecha kam bakka akka bu`e beekuu baannaan hiika
mallattichaa hubachuu hindanda`amu.Yemmuu baratamuus, jechichaafi mallattoo bakka bu’u
sana waliin baruu qabna.

Logographic hanqinni /saa mallattoolee hedduu akka beeknu nu dirqisiisa beekus qabna.
Mallattoo sanaafi wanta bakka bu’u wal biraa qabanii hubachuun dirqamadha.Ciminni isaa
garaagarummaa loqodaarraa ka’uun waligalteen hin daangeeffamu.

Fkn:- Puphaa

Killee

Hanqaaquu

4.Alphabet (Qubee); Seera barreeffama akkanaa sagaleelee afaanii karaa mallattooleetiin

bakka buufamanii dha. Karaa biraatiindubbachiiftuufi dubbifamaan fayyadamanii barreessu dha.

Warri qubee kana yeroo jalqabaaf uuman Faanooshiyaansii “Phoenicians” jedhamu.

Foniishaayaanii daldaltoota waan ta’aniif galaana madirtaniyaanii ca’anii Giriik akka galanii fi
barreeffamchis biyya Giriik keessa akka babal`ate ragaaleen adda addaa nidubbatu.

Haala kanaan qubeewwan 24 Afaan Girik barreessuuf filatamanii qindaffaman. Walaloo yeroo
jalqabaaf dhaloota kirstoos dura bara 800 qubee kanaan barreeffame “epic” yeroo jedhamu yoo
ta`u, Biyya Giriik keessa lammii Giriik kanta`e nama “Homer” jedhamu kanbarreeffame dha.

Warri Roomaa ammoo qubee Giriik fudhatanii foyyeessanii qubee lama itti dabaluun
mallattoollee 26 taasiisunittiingargaaramuu jalqaba. Isaan kunis ha’ra Afaan Ingiliiziii keessatti
tajaajilanidha.

Wanta irra Barreeffatan

Yeroo jalqabaaf waraqaafi meeshaalee elektirooniksiin osoo hindhufiin dura, wanti irratti
barreeffamu rakkoo guddaa barreeffama waliin walabatedha ture. Rakkoo kana furuufis tattaaffii
adda addaa taasifameera. Tattaafii inni jalqabaa Warra Samariyaan “clay tablet” waan
jedhamurratti boca “Wedged shaped” jedhamuuirratti barreessaa akka turan qo’annoon seenaa
barreeffamaa ni dubbatu.

Innis supheerraa hojjetamuufi umrii dheeraa jirachuu akka danda’u akkasumas gatii salphaatiin
bitamuakka danda`u barreeffamoonni ni mul`isu. Garuu irrattii barreessuuf miijataa hin turre.
Kanamalees haala salphaa ta’een bakkarra bakkaatti sochoosuuf miijataa miti.

Tattaaffiin lammaffaa, warri Ijibti biqiltootarra hojjetamee “Papyurs” jedhamurra qalama

“Heroglpics” jedhamuun barreessa kan turani dha. Inni sadaffaan, warri Giriik “Parchment”
gogaare’eerra hojjatemurratti barreesa turanidha.Parchment paypures caalaa yeroo dheeraa turuu
danda’a. Garuu, omishnisa mi’aadha.

Dadhabbii baay`ee boodaa meeshaan har’aa waraqaa jennee waamnu kanayeroo jalqabaaf kan
oomshte Biyya chaayinaa dha .Oomshini kun seenaa guddina barreeffamaa keessatti shoora
olaanaa taphateera.

Gahee Harreeffamaa Hawaasa warra Durii Keessattii

• Garaagarummaa Haaraa Hawwaasa Jiddutti Uume

Hawaasni durii osoo barreeffamni hin eegaliin dura dandeettiin namootaa walfakkaata qabu ture

Hunduu dubbachuufi dhageeffachuu danda’a. Garuu hunduu barreessuufi dubbiisuu hin

danda’an. Haal kanaan warri barreessuufi dubbisuu danda’an odeeffannoo bal’aa argachuu
jalqaban. Isaanis hawasicha keessattis akka addaatti ilaalamuu eegalan.

Odeeffannoo qabaachuun human horachuu jalqaban kun ammo daandii aangoo qabachuu isaaniif
mijeesse.Knf “Ijipt” keessatti warri baratanfi aangoo qaban firoottan Far`on yoo ta`an, carraa
barnoota argatanis ijoollee isaanii dha. Akkasumas luboota amantaafi barreessitoota Fari’oon
firottan far`oni dha.

• Impaayeroonni garaagara akka uumamaafi jabaatan sababa ta’e

Tokkoffaa gibirri walitti qabamu bifa barreeffamaatiin akka galmeeffamu ta’eera. Akkasumas,
ajajni barreeffamaan dhiyatu dhimma bulchinsaa keessatti kennamuun hojii bulchiinsaa
salphiseera. Lammaffaa daldalaa biyyaa fooyyeessuun galii biyyootaa cimseera.Keessumaayyuu
impaayeroonni Roomaafi Giriik akka uumamaaniifi babal’atan taasiiseera.Garuu dimmoonnii
kenneen akka siyaasaa, diinagdee fi hawwasummaanisni jiru.

• Beekumsi akka kuufamu taasiseera

Beekumsa dhalootarra gara dhalootaatti dabarsuuf afaaniin gargaaramaa turan.Adeemsi kun

garuu beekumsi akka harac’u taasiseera. Farreeffamaneegaluunsaa garuu rakkoo kana fureera.
Kanaaf beekumsa dhaloota haaraa dhalchisuuf barreessuun gahee guddaa qaba.Kanaaf ammo
fakkeenya gaariin Giriik turte.Giriik bara 311 B.C tti mana kitaaba guddaa Alaksandeeryaa
keessatti ijaartee turte.

Mana kitaabichaa keessattis hanga kitaaba walakkaa miiliyoona ta’uutu keessa akka ture ni
himama. Nammoonni Girik marti keessumaayyuu beektonni Alksaandeeryaatti deemuu mana
kitaabichaa gargaaramu ture.

• Seerri galmeeffamee akka taa’u godheera

Namoonni durtii seera ittiin bulamu galmeeffamee itti fufiinsaan hojjiirra hin oolu ture. Murtiin
kan kennamuus, abbootii seeraatiin ture. /Manguddoota/ ganda ganda keessa jiraataniin. Kanaaf
yekka walfakkaatuuf murtii garaa garaatu kannama ture.Uumama barreeffamaan waliin
walqabate galmeen seeraa jalqaba barreeffame “the code of “Hammurabi” kan jedhu yoo ta’u
summaariyaa keessatti bara 2000 (BC) tti barreeffame.

Barreeffama bara gidduu gala (Writing in the middle age)

Impaayeriin Room jaarraa 16ffaa xumurarratti kufe. Itti aanee sirna fiiwudaalaa Iroopi keessatti itti
fufe.Yeroos amantiin kirstaanaa yiroop keessatti babal’achaa waan tureef kitaabooleen
barreeffamaniis irra caalaa amantii waliin walqbatanidha.Luboonni amantaa yeroos “parchment”
irratti dhimmoota amantii barreessu ture.

Kitaabooleen barreeffaman kunneen akka hojii aartiitti ilaalamu waa ta’eef baay’ee
eegamu.yeroo kanan (yeroos) kitaaboota barreessuufi haata`u dubbisuuf rakkooleen garaagaraa
turan isaan keessa muraasni

• Harkaan waan barreessaniif rakkisaa ture

 • Kitaabootaa barreeffamaan mana amantaa keessatti taa’u kanaaf takka bannaan hin
argaman

• Namoonni barreessanis kan barreeffame dubbisaniis namoota amanitti dha.Dhimmi

barreeffamuus dhummuma amantii dha.

Garuu Sirni Fiiwdaalaa motummaa gidduu galeessa ta’ee waan jabaachaa deemeef, gibira
sassaabuufi daangaa isaanii babal`isuuf odeeffannoo dabalataa isaan barbaachise.Kun ammo
barreeffamni mana amantii qofa osoo hinta’iin bakka kaanittillee akka baballatu sababa ta’e
Kanaaf suuqii barreeffamaa (Witing shope )bakka baay’eetti baname.

• Dhimmi kitaaba barreessuus babal’achuu waraqaatiin deeggarame

• Jalqaba chaayinatti uumamuus Iroppitti beekamaa deeme barreeffamoota

/kitaaboota “Parchement” barreeffamanirraa gatiin isaanii salpha dha ture.

Ta’uus gatii isaaniifi adeemsa barreessuun salphaa hin turreFkn: jaarraa 14ffaa keessa kitaaba
tokko barreessuuf yoo xinnaate waggaa tokko fudhata.

Haata’u malee fedhiin namoota kitaaba dubbisuuf qaban guddaa ture. Garuu dhiyeessi kitaabaa
baay’ee gadaanaa fi gatiiniis guddaa ture.Kanaaf yeroo sanaa kitaababitanii dubbisuuf carraa
qaban warra qabeenya fi aangoo qaban ture.

Rakkoon kun nannoo bara 1450 dhaabbatini maxxansaa deddeema (mobile) ta’e uumamuusaatiin
furmaata argate.

Seenaa Maxxansaa (Printing)

Umama maxxansaatiin wantoonni hedduun sababa yoo ta’anis inni jalqabaan warri chaayiinaa
waraqaa uumuusaaniti. Chayinaan yeroo jalqabaatiif meeshaa mukarraa tolfame “block
printing” jedhamu uumuu isheetiin beekamti

Kanamalees meeshaa supheefi mukarraa maashiinii asiifi achi (mobile) deemu uumanii
turan.Warri kooriyaanis jaarraa 15 keessaa maashiinii maxxansaa deddeemaa sibiila irraa
hojjataniiru.

Dhumarratti Johan Guten Berg lammii Jarman mana maxxansaa (printing press) deddeemaa
sibilaa irraa hojjeteera.
Kanumaan kitaaba qulqulluu bara 1453 maxxanseera.Kalaqa nama kanaa biyya Awurooppaa
keessatti babal’ate.Waggaa30 boodas magaaloota 110 Awrooppaalixa keessatte mana maxxansaa
gargaaramaa turan.Kana booda kitaaboota heddu maxxanfamaniiru. Fkn : Bara 1500 keessa
kitaabilee kumaataman lakka’aman jiru ture.Kitaaboonni waan baay’eefaa deemaanif gatiin
isaanii gadi bu’aa deeme.Gatiin kitaabaa baay’ee gadibu’aa deemeef akka durii warraa aangoofi
sooreessa qofatu fayyadama hinturre.

Jijjiirama kalaqaGutanberg Booda Dhufe

Afaanoota Awurooppaa akka guddatan taasiseera.Kitaaboleen kanaan dura Afaan

Laatiiniitiin harkaan barreeffamani turan meeshaa kanaatiin maxxanfaman.Afaanoonni kunneen
afaan amantii kaatooliikiifi dhaabbillee barnootaa olaanaa ta`an.

Suuta suuta ammo Afaan Jarman Firenchi fi Engliziin gargaaramanii kitaaba maxxansuu
eegalan.

Haalli kun ammo baballachaa deemuun afaan ofiitiin fayyedamanii kitaaba maxxansuun kun
miira sabbontummaa Awurooppaa keessatti uume.

Qorannowwan saayiinsawaa ta’an alla maxxansamaniiti babal’atan taasiise

Fkn: qorannoon saayinstoota Galillo fi Newton gaama saayinsiitiin gomaacha godhan jaarraa
17ffaa keessa haata’umalee kitaaboota isaanii kan maxxanse maxxansa kitaaba jaarraa 15ffaa keessa
kan kalaqame dha.

Colombus Ameerkaa yeroo jalqabaaf argatu, maxxansi sadarkaa gaariirraa waan jiruuf hojiin
isaa yeroo waggaa tokko booda Iyiroop keessa sirritti beekameera.

Dhaabbata barumsa keessatti gahee guddaa tabateera.Haala kanan walqunnamtiin gara

walqunnamtii sabaa guddate.

Telegraafii Telefoonii

Walqunnamtii hamma yoonaa jiran furuu kan hin dandeenye rakkoo guddaa kan ta’e rakkoo
yeroofi bakka dhufaatii telegraafiif telephooniin furame.

Toftaaleen kunneen 1700 eegale uumamnisaas uumama elektirikii waliin walqabata dha.jechi
“Teelegraaf” jedhu kun maddi isaa “Girik” yemmuu ta’u jedha Girik “Telegraph” jedhurraa
fuudhame. Hiikti isaas “to write at distance” jechuu dha.

Bara 1830 fi 1840 keessa biyyoota Amerikaafi Ingliz keessatti telegirafiin haalaan hojiirra
ooleera.Meeshaan kun akka uumamu gahee guddaa kan taphate lammii biyya Amerikaa
samu’eel morsee jedhama.

Uumamuu telephon walqabate nama Alexsander graham Belljedhamu gahee guddaa

taphatanbara Innis kan uumame 1847 Edinburgh Scotland kunis guddina diinagdee siyaasaafi
hawassummaa keessatti gahee guddaa akka taphate barreessitoonni ni dubbatu.

Footography fi Suura Socho’aa /photograph and Motion Picture/. Yeroo jalqabaaf kan
kalaqame bara 1827 nama “Joseph Nice Phore”yoo ta`uguddina keemisitiiriiwaliia kan
walqabatee dha.

BOQONNAA SADII

GOSOOTA WALQUNNAMTII (tyes of communication)

BOQONNAA SADII

GOSOOTA WALQUNNAMTII (Types of Communication)

Walqunnamtii dhunfaa/ Intrapersonal Communication.

Malummaa walqunnamtii dhunfaa

Of wajjiin haasa’uu, ofii wajjiin dhubbachuu,waliigaluu jechuu dha. Gosoota walqunnamtii

keessa isa bu’uuraati. Sababni isaas walqunnamtii kaaniif bu’uura waan ta’eef. Walqunnamtii
gaarii ta’e kaan waliin adeemsisuuf dursa ofii waliin walqunnamtii gaarii qabachuun
barbaachisaa dha.

Walqunnamtii ofii waliin taasisnu ilaalcha ofiif qabnu waliin kanwal qabata dha.Karaa biraatiin
walqunnamtii ofii waliin taasisuun: akkaataa waan tokki simannu dha; akkaataa waan tokkoof
ilaalcha qabnu dha badaa, gaarii jennee wantoota karaa ilaallu dha.

Isaan kana kan murtessus, aadaa, amantaa, naannoo, dandeettii, beekumsa, gatii wantootaf
kenninu, ilaalcha wantootaf qabnu dha.

Walqunnamtii dhuunfaan, hubannoo tofiif qabnu dha.hubannoo ofiif qabnu yemmuu jennu,
ilaalcha ofiif qabnu namoonni waa’ee kootti ilaalcha akkanaa qabu jennee yaadnu, haala nuti
keessa jirruu akkaataa ilaalluufi gara fuula duraa ta’uuf kan feenu waliin kan walqabate dha.

Moodeela armaan gadii ilaali.

Know to Self Not Know to Self

• Open

It is called open because many of a person’s behaviors, motivation, feelings likes and dislike are
openly communicated to other.

2. Blind

Your are blind to what others perceive about you Feed back can make you aware of this
information but you may or may not decide to adapt or change.

Know to Others Know toOthers

Know to Self Not Know to Self
Not Know to Other Not Know to Other

Gosoota walqunnamtii dhuunfaa

• Of keessatti haasa’uu /dubbachuu /Internal discourse yaaduu, xiyyeeffannoo kennuu,

xinxaluu

• Kophaa dubbachuu /solo vocal communication/

• Barreeffama dhuunfaa /solo written communication/

Faayidaa Walqunnamtii dhunfaa

• Murteef , Jireenya gara fuldura ni murteessa

• Walqunnamtii namoota waliin qabnurratti dhiibbaa qaba

• Sansaka keenyarratti dhiibaa qaba.

Walqunnamtii nama lama

Haasaa /dubbii nama lama jiddutti adeemsifamu dha.

Amalonni isaa gurguddoon

• Face to face meetings /fuulaafi fuulatti wal arguu

• Role/ gahee namoota lamaanii jiraachuu isaa Two-way: kallattii lamaanuu gaggeeffamuu
isaa.

• New adia marged : ergaa ykn yaada haaran uumamunsaa

• Unavoidable: kan hafuu hin dandeenye dha.

• Irreversible: Ergaa takka darbe deebisuu hin danda’amu.

• Adeemsa walxaxaa qaba (complex process)

• Wantoota Walqunnamtii namlama keessattii dhiibbaa geessinsan

Biiroo
 Yomeessa eessatti bakka gabaa

Wal gahii

Bara

Yeroo yeroo aarii

Gammachuu gadda . . .

Wantoota Walqunnamtii namlama keessa beekamu malla

• Enyummaa qunnamaa

• Jarriwalqunnamtii keessatti hirmaataan eenyufaati

• Gaheen isaanii maali? qooda?

• Walitti dhufeenya akkamii qabu?

• Kaayyoon namoota lamanii maal fakkaata?

• Haasaa dubbii walii akkamiin hiiku?

Sababni isaas walqunnamtii keessatti akka yaadatti namoota 6tu hirmaata.

• Eenyu jennee akkaataa of yaadnu

• Namni nu waliin gaggeessu eenyu jeennee akka nuti yadnu

• Namni biraan akkaataa nu yaadu

• Namni biraan akkaataa itti of yaadu

• Namni biraan akkaataa itti nu yaadu haala itti inni hubatu

• Namni biraan akkaataa itti yaannu haala itti yaadu

Walqunnamtiin namlamaa haala garaagaraa keessatti gaggeeffama haala garaagaraa yrroo

jennu; haala xiin sammuu/Situation, haala walitti dhufeenya, haala nannoo aadaa fi kkf

Walqunnamtii garee (Group communication)

Kun gosa walqunnamtii keessa isa sadaffaati. Walqunnamtiin kun walqunnamtii dhunfaan
namoota kaan waliin cimsachuuf gahee olaanaa qaba.Fknf nama naannoo (olla), mana barumsaa,
bakka hojiifi k.k.f ta’uu danda’a.

Innis kallattii garaagaraatiin ibsamuus 3-20 jiddutti akan adeemsifamu dha.Walqunnamtii garee
keessatti hirmachuuf /qooda fudhachuuf:-Odeeffannoo kennuu/yaada kaasuu gaaffii
dhiyeessuu,deeggarsa taasisuu fknf mallattoon, afaaniin

• Yaada namotaatiif gatii (bakka) value

• Raga qabatamaa ta’e dhiyeessuu

• Yaada hirmaattootaa dhaggeeffachuu qooda kennuu hordofuu

• Waldhabuu hanbisuuf dhabamsiisuuf yaaluu

Karaalee walti bu`insaa hirisan ykn hambisan

• Walitti bu’iinsi yeroo hundumaa jirachuu akka malu beekuu

• Walitti bu’uun gaariif ykn bu’aa fiduu akka danda’u hubachuu

• Walitti bu’iinsa to’achuu/ furmaata akka argaru of amansiisuu

• Xiyyeeffannaan dhaggeeffachuu (active listening)

• Gahee wal jijjiiruu /reversing roles)

• Mari’achuu (negotiation) fi kkf barbaachisoo dha.

Walqunnamtii sabaa (mass communication)

Malummaa walqunnamtii sabaa

Walqunnamtiin sobaa odeeffannoo/ergaa barbaadame tokko namoota hedduuf biraan gahuu

danda’u dha.Raga /ykn ergaa barbaadame namoota hedduuf gahuuf ammo meeshaalee adda
addaan barbaachisu; Fknf:- Gaazeexaa, TV, Radiyoo,Interneetii, Bolile Fkkf tanii dha.

Amaloota Sabqunnamtii Sabaa

• Maddi ergaa gosa walqunnamtii kanaa namoota ykn garee kayyoo tokko galmaan gahuuf
waliin hojjetani dha.

• Ergaan gama kanaan darbu adeemsa waxxaxaa keessa kan darbudha. Itti yaadamee
qophaa’ee sadarkaa adda addaa keessa kan darbu dha.
 • Kallatiin odeeffannoon itti darbu baay’ee dha. Fknf:- TV, Raadiyoo, Interneetii

• Namoonni ergaa fudhatan odeeffannoo barbaadan qafarratti xiyyeeffachuuf mirga qabu.

• Namoonni ergaa fudhatan ergaa fudhatanirratti yaada kennuuf carraa qaban baay’ee
dhiphaadha.

Sababnisaas jara odeeffannoo dabarsaan waliin baffalatti walarguuf carraan waan hin jirreef

• Faayida walqunnamtii sabaa

Odeeffannoo kennuu, Barsiisuuf: (kaan caalaa yeroo gabaabaa keessatti namoota heddu bira
gahuun barsiisuu danda`a).Walitti dhufeenya sabaafi saba fi akkasumas namoota jidduu jiru
cimsachuuf. Aadaa naannoo tokka naannoo biraa wajjiin wal barsiisuu muuxannoo nannoo
hawaasa tokko hawaasa biroof barsiisuu beeksisuu. Bashansiisuuf……

Walqunnamtii sabaafi meeshaalee sabqunnamtii.

Walqunnamtii sabaafi meeshaalee sabqunnamtii gargar baasuun hin danda’amu.Sababnisaas

ergaan walqunnamtii sabaa ergaa simataa bira kan gahu, meeshaalee sab qunnamtii kenneenitiin.

• Gosoota Meeshaalee Sabqunnamtii

• Meeshaalee sabqunnamtii barreeffamaa (print media)

• Meeshaalee sabqunnamtii electronicsi) (Electronic media)

• Meeshaalee Sabqunnamtii Barreeffamaa (Print Media)

Seenaa meshaalee sabqunnamtii keessaa inni kun isa jalqabaati. Meeshaaleen elekitironiksii akka
ammaa hin babal’atin dura odeeffannoo/ergaan mallattooleebarreeffamaniin tamsa’aa ture.
Meeshaalee sabqunnamtii barreeffamaa kan jedhaman kenneen gurguddoo ta’an, gaazexaa,
kitaaba, biroosharii, barrulee fi kkf ni dha.

• Kitaabolee :-

Seenaan kitaabooleen hammayyaa hojii Gutanbarg (meeshaa maxxansaa isa jalqbaa kan
uumedha) waliin wal qabata.

• Yeroo ammaa kana meeshaaleen elekitironiksi dhiibbaa irran gahanis tajaajilli isaan
kennaa jiran akka salphaatti kan ilaalamu miti
 • Meeshaaleen elekitironiksi gatiin isaanii mi’aa yoo ta’u kitaaboleen garuu gatii madaala
wan haala salpha ta’eetiin dubbistoota biraa gahuu danda’a. Ragaan kanelekitironiksi
yeroo gabaabaa booda yammuukibaabni garuuyeroo dheeraaf odeeffannoo isaa tursuu ni
danda’a.

• Barullee:- Gosti barreeffaman akkanaa barreeffamoota gaggabaaboo torbee, torbee

lama 3 ykn 4tti maxxanfamanii ba’u

• Odeeffannoo wayitaawaa kennuurratti xiyyeeffata

• Dhaabbilee daldalaa beeksisu

• Amala bashannansiisuu qabu

• Qabannaaf mijaawaa dha.

• Galaalchawwan /Gazexaa/

Odeeffannoo wayitaawaa bal’inaan dhiyeessuu sirritti kan beekamedha.Gaazeexaan bifa

hammayyaatiin qopha’ee dhiyaachuu kan eegale jaarraa 17ffaa keessa dha. Innis Qabiyee
adda addaa qaba fkn. Oduu, yaada namoota, beeksisa, oduu ispoortii.Ykn ammo qabiyyee
muraasarratti xiyyeeffachuu danda’a. fkn sportii

• Biroosharii

Barreeffamoota hojii beeksisa waliin kun wal qabatanidha.Kunis wa’ee dhimma tokko
waraqaa dadacha’u fi qabanaaf ta’urratti kan odeeffannoo bal’aa ittiin dhiyaatu dha.Sagantaa
mataasaa kan qabu osoo hin ta’iin haala yeroo irratti hunda’uun kan barreeffamu dha.

• Kaayyoon maxxanfamuuf ergaa wan tokko dabarsuuf malee gurgurtaaf ykn kallattiin
gatii itti argachuuf miti.

• Meeshaalee Sabqunnamtii Eleektiroonikisii (Electronics)

Meeshaalee walqunnamtii Eleektiroonikisii karaa walqunnamtii itti gaggeeffamu ta’ee, karaa

odeeffannoon yeroo gabaabaa keessatti uummata hedduuf kan qaqabu dha.Meeshaalee
sabqunnamtii Eleektiroonikisiin guddina “saayiinsiifi teekinology” waliin kan walqabate dha.

Meeshaalee sabqunnamtii Eleektiroonikisiikeessa kenneen gurguddaan TVfi Raadiyoo dha.

Keessumaayyuu tamsaasni radiyoon, biyyoota guddatan keessattis ta’e hin guddanne keessatti
tajaajila ballaa kennaa kan jiru dha. Kanaaf ummata baadiyyaa jiruuf haala salphaa ta’eetuun
waan ga’uuf bal’inaan hojirra oola

Tamsaasini isaas qabiyyeefi sagantan qoqoodanii guyyaafi yerootiin dhiyeessu. Sagantaaleen

kunneen qabiyeen oduun, beekumsa waliigalaa, beeksisa adda addaa, bohaartii fi kan barnoota
ta’uu danda’a.Sagantaan raadiyoo, barsiisaa, hawwataafi amamamaa ta’uu qaba. Kanaan achi
dhaggeeffatoota biraa fudhatamaa hin qabaatu.

Tamsaasa Raadiyoon tokko dhaggeeffatoota bira fudhatamaa akka qabaatu.

• Hojjettoonni dhabbatichaa ciminaan hojechuu qabu.

• Teknolojii hammayyaa waliin tarnkaanfachuu qabu.

• Hojjetoonni leenjii adda addaa teeknoloogii waliin wal barsiisu fudhachuu qabu

• Hojjettota Gaazexessuumman leenji’aniin fayyadamuun kayyoo isaanii galmaan gahuuf

murteessa dha.

• Tamsaasni raadiyoon jedhamee amanamu kamiyyuu guddina biyya tokkof hojjechuu

qaban. Kanaaf oduun, odeeffannoon beeksisni, barnoonni, buhaartiin fi k.k.f, guddina
biyya tokkoof kan gargaaru ta’uu qabu.

• Sagantaaleen dhiyaatan kana malee sagantaaleen seenaa, eenyummaa, aadaa nannoo sana
guddisuuf kan hojjetu ta’uu qaba.

• Hawaasa sana guddisuuf kan hojjetu ta’uu qaba.

• Tamsaasa radiyoo tokko osoo hin jalqabiin dura fedhii ummataa sakatta’uun beektonni ni
dubbatu. Kana malees yeroo jalqabuus sagantichi fedhii ummataa baadiyyaafi magaala
kan gidduu galeessa qodhate ta’uu qaba.

• In biroon, tamsaasni raadiyoon gurraan kan dhaggeeffatamu waan ta’eef, sagantaa

kamiyyuu keessatti jechoota gurra namaa harkisuu danda’aniifi suura sammuu
dhaggeeffattoota keessa kaasuu danda’aniin fayyadamuu mala.

Tamsaasa Radiyoo keessatti Wantoota Guutamu qaban

• Dhabbata uummataa, mootummaa ykn dhuunfaa

 • Kaayyoofi sagantaalee tamsaasa raadiyoo dhabbata sanaa

• Caasaafi kutaalee bulchiinsa dhaabbata raadiyoo sanaa

• Qopheessitootaafi gulaaltoota sagantaalee guyyaafi sa’aatii dhaan qoqqoodaman adda

addaa.

Tamsaasa TV

Kunis akkuma karaa odeeffannoo miyaaEleektiroonikisiittiin uummataaf darbu keessa isa

tokkodha.Kan isa adda taasisu keessa inni guddaan suuraan deeggaramuu isaati. Rakkoo
dhageettii qaban ijaan ilaaluun ergicha fudhachuu danda’u.

Ergaan waan dhagahan caalaa wanta arganitu caalaatti amanamaafi fudhatamaa qaba. Hin
dagatamus.Sagantaan TV Sagantaa adda addaa qaba fknf:- Oduu, beeksisa, bohaartii, marii
ummataa, odeeffannoo waliigalaa, waa’ee misoomaa fi kkf.

Tamsaasni TVn karaa lamaatiin darbuu danda’a. Isaanis sagantaan gulaalamee darbuufi sagantaa
kallattiin (live recorded transmission and live transmition). Akka hayyonni jedhanitti gabaasa
(jedhan) jedhanii dubbachuurraa kallattiidhaan “live”n irra caalaa amanamaa dha.

Tamsaasa Tv keessatti wantoonni jirachuu qaban

• Dhabbata Televisiiniin motummaa ummataa dhufaa qabachuu

• Bulchiinsa dhaabbata TV sana

• Gaazeexessitoota, qopheessitoota, teeknishaaloota tamsoosaa, ogeessoota kaameeraa

gulaaltoota suur-sagalee

• Sagantaalee guyyaafi yeroodhaan qoqqodanii qopha’an

• Meeshaalee tamsaasaa televiziinii istoodiyoo ykn dirree keessaatti hojjetan kaameeraa

warabbii dabaltee

• Namusa tamsaasa midiyaa Eleektiroonikisii biyyaa sana ykn kan adduunyaa

• Karaa yaadaafi ilaalcha ummataan ittiin keessummeessan.

• Leenjii adda addaa leenjii gaazexessitootaa fi teekinishaaloota akkasumas hojjettoota

biroo haala yeroo waliin deemu.

• Guddina biyyaaf, aadaa Afaan eenyummaa hawaasa sanaa ykn biyya tokkoof hojjechuu
 qaba.

• Waraabbii sagalee ykn suur sagalee baa’isuun raabsuu

• Kaasseetti

• DVD, CD filaashii . . . . .

• Walqunnamtii Interneetii ykn websayitii (Internet & Website)

• Tajaajila Mobayilli. Facebook twitter Interneetii

BOQONNAA AFUR

Malleen Walqunnamtii Namootaa Itti Rawwataman /Methods In Human Communication

Namoota waliin walqunnamtii yeroo uumnu mallattoo akka fayyadamnu boqonnawwan darban
keessa ilaalleerra. Mallattoolee walqunnamtiif fayyadamnu ammo, mallattooafaanii/jecha
fayyadamuun yookiin ammoofi miti afanii/jechoota afaaniiverbal and none verbal
communication) malee walqunnamtii akka uumuu hindandeenye ilaalleerra. (Boqonnaa kana
keessatti gosoota walqunnamtii isaan kana ilaalla.

Gosoota walqunnamtii afaanii /Types of Verbal Communication

---Nam lama jiddutti adeemsifamu/ Interpersonal Verbal Communication

Walqunnamtiin gosa akkanaa yeroo baay`ee hojiirraa kan oolu dha.Innis gahumsa kan barbaadu
dha.Fknf namni ergaa dabarsu sun dhaggeeffatan isaa akka hin mufanne of eeggachuu qaba;
nama dubbachaa jiru yaada isaa akka xummuuru taasisuu qaba; yaadafi ilaalcha namaataa
kabajuu qaba; dhimma haasa`amu irratti muuxannoofi yaada dhuunfaasaa kaasuu danda`a;
garaagarummaa yaada akka jiraachuu malu beekuu qaba.

Haasaawaa Walgahii Irratti Taasifamu/Public speech

Odeeffannoo dabarsuuf, amansiisuuf, damaqsuuf, kakkaasuuf namni wal gahii keessatti

dubbachuu danda’a.Walgahii keessatti dubachuu kan danda’an fi amansiisuufi dammaksuu kan
danda’an kennaa addaa kan qaban ni jiru.Innis muxannoofi dandeettii gaafata

Walgahii Irratti Dubbachuuf

• Dhima irratti haasofnu qopheessuu akkasumaas, mataduree dhaan qoqqooduun

• Afaan walta’eetiin fayyedamuu/filannoo jechootaaf xiyyeeffannaa guddaa kennuu

• Seerluga afaanichaa eesuu

• Olba’uufi gadbu’uu sagaleetiin fayyadamuu

• Yadannorra dubbisuu dhiisuu /darbanii darbanii ilaaluu

• Uffannaa ofii sirreessuu /namni dura isaa alaa ilaala malee isa keessaa hin ilaalu.

• Non verbal communication dhaan dhimma bahuu

Dhimmoota Haasaawaa walgahii daangeessuu danda’an.

- Dandeettii Afaanii dubbataafi dhaggeeffataa jidduu jiru.

- Iddoodhaa walirraa fagaatanii argamuu

- Haala naannoo

-Garaagarummaa hubannoo fi kkf

Mariin/ Conversation

Adeemsa marii keessatti namoonni garichaa keessatti hirmaatan hundumti dubbachuudhaaf

carraa walqixa qabu. Malli kun yeroo baayee hariiroo gaarii uumufi tajaajila. Yeroo mariin
gaggeeffamuus xiyyeeffannoo guddaa kan kennamu walitti dhufeenya jira walqunnamaniifi
malee dhimma haasawamuuf miti.-

Mariin tokko ergaafi muxannoo wal jijjiiruuf bu’aa qabeessa kan ta’u, namoonni hirmaatan
dhimmicharratti hubannoo walgitu yoo qabatan, Walitti dhufeenyi namoota hirmaatan jidduu jiru
gaarii yoo ta’e dha. Sababiibnsaas mariin walitti dhufeenya namootarratti xiyyeeffata waan
ta`eef.

Haasawaa/ Speech

Hasawaa keessatti irri caala nama tokkootu dubbata baayooliin ammo dhaggeeffatu.
Hirmaannaan hirmaattootaa daangahaa dha.xiyyeeffannaan isaas irri caalaaa wanta dubbatamu
irratti dha malee namootarratti miti.

Karaalee Malli Walqunnamtiin AfaanBarreeffamaa Ittiin Gaggeeffamu/Karaa

barreeffamaatiin

Fknf Xalayaa,

Xalayaa waajiraa: waajjira tokko irraa gara waajira kaaniitti ergamu dha.

Office Memoo: yadannoo xalayaa waajira tokko keessatti bakka adda addaatti barreeffamu dha.

Yaada /odeeffannoo haaraa hojjettoota waajirichaaf kan itti darbu dha.

• Keeyyata lama ykn sadiitiin ni xumurama

• Keeyyatichi jalqabaan dhimmicha yemuu beeksisu. Kan ittiaanu ibsa dhimmichaati.

Waliigaltee Afaanii Karaa Meeshaalee Teechonoloogiin Haaraan rawwatamu

• Daangaa yeroofi bakka ni hanbisu

• Saffisaan bakka barbaadameetti ergaan barbadame gahuu danda’a

• Ergaa barbaadame dabarsuuf gahumsa qabaachuu qabna.

• Walqunnamtii Mala Afaanii Bilbilaan Rawwatamu

• Irra caalaa walqunnamtii afaaniin (verbal) tiin kan darbu.

• Kanaaf ergaa barbaadame sirritti kallattidhaan dabarsuuf, dhimmicha karaa ifa ta’eefi,
tartiibaan dhiyeessuun barbaachisaa dha.

Wal qunnamntii Bilbilaan taasifamu

 • Jechoota muraasaan maqaafi bakka /teessoo ibsuu

• Walgaltee cimsuuf nagaa dursanii gaafachuu

• Dhimmicha haala ifafi kallattii ta`eetiin ibsuu

• Haasaa osoo hinfxiin addaan kutuu dhiisuu dirqama yoo ta’e dhiifama gaafachuun
turtee akka bilbiltu ibsuu

• Osoo hin cutiin dura nama siwaliin haasahu dubbii isaa xumurusaa mirkaneessuu.

• Nagaa jechuun/galateffachuun xumuruu

Konteransii Bilbilaa (Telephone Conterence)

Conferensiin bilbilaaTV yknRadiyoodhaangaggeeffamuu danda’a.

Magarsaa Caltuu

Ambo Jimma

Tola Mariachisaa Tujuba

Ficherra caalaa Jimmarran

Iddoo Fifinnee Cala

Jalanne Tolera Adanarra

Naqamteera Baaleerra

• Marsisuuf yeroo dhaan argamuu bakkaafi enyummaa isaanii akka beeksisan yadachisuu

• Mataduree irratti mari`atan ibsuu

• Hirmaattota hundumaa hirmaachisuuf keroo muraasaafi walquxa ta’e kennuu

• Marii taasifamaa jiru jidduutti yaada walqabataa kaasuu fi kakkaasuu

• Mataduree ala yoo kaasan gara matadurichatti akka xiyyeeffatan taasisuu

• Qabxiilee irratti waligalame walitti qabachuun gudunfuu

• Mariachi hin xumuramne taamaan beelemuun xumuruu.

Interneetii

• Tajaajila eimail qabachuu qaba

Walqunnamtii Miti Afaanii (Non Verbal Communication)

Fakkiiwwan addaa addaa (symbols), suura /photograph, fakkii (painting), girafiksii,Mallattoolee

(Marks) tirafikaa

Mallattoolee Waliigaltee Adunyaa fi kan Aadaa kan adunyaa fkn fannoo diimaa kanHIV

Aadaadhaan daangeffaman fkn: wayyaa gurraacha, Mataa haddachuu,Goferee – lootii

Sochii Qaamaa: Body Languageibsa fuulaa, sochiiharkaa, ijaa, mataa raasuu haala miillaa fi kkf