IRREGULAR VERBS

infinitive past simple past participle

be was/were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bite bit bitten
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
build built built
burst burst burst
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
deal dealt dealt
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forbid forbade forbidden
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held

364 G R A M M A R S U M M A RY
infinitive past simple past participle

hurt hurt hurt

keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit lit
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
sew sewed sewn
shake shook shaken
shine shone shone
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shrink shrank shrunk
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
split split split
spread spread spread
spring sprang sprung
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
stick stuck stuck
sting stung stung
stink stank stunk
strike struck struck
swear swore sworn
sweep swept swept
swim swam swum
swing swung swung
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written

G R A M M A R S U M M A RY 365
 SUMMARY CHART
OF MODALS

AUXILARY USES PRESENT / FUTURE PAST

may 1- polite requests May I borrow your pen?

2- formal permission You may leave the room.
3- less than 50% Where's John? He may have been
certainty He may be at the library at the library.

might 1- less than 50% Where's John? He might have been

certainty He might be at the library at the library.
2- polite request (rare) Might I borrow your pen?

should 1- advisability I should study tonight I should have studied last night
2- 90% certainty She should do well on the test. She should have done well
(future only, not present) on the test.

ought to 1- advisability I ought to study tonight I ought to have studied last night.
2- 90% certainty She ought to do well on the test. She ought to have done
(future only, not present) well on the test.

had better 1- advisability with You had better be on time, (past form uncommon)
threat of bad result or we will leave without you.

be 1- expectation Class is supposed to begin at 10. Class was supposed to begin at 10.
supposed to

be to 1- strong expectation You are to be here at 9:00. You were to be here at 9:00.

must 1- strong necessity I must go to class today. I had to go to class yesterday.

2- prohibition You must not open that door.
(negative)
3- 95% certainty Mary isn't in class. She must Mary must have been sick
be sick. (present only) yesterday.

have to 1- necessity I have to go to class tolday I had to go to class yesterday.

2- lack of necessity I don't have to go to class I didn't have to go to class
(negative) today. yesterday.

have got to 1- necessity I have got to go to class today. I had to go to class yesterday.

will 1- 100% certainty He will be here at 6:00.

(future only)
2- willingness The phone's ringing. I'll get it.
3- polite request Will you please pass the salt?

be going to 1- 100% certainty He is going to be here at 6:00.

(future only)
2- definite plan I'm going to paint my bedroom. I was going to paint my room,
(future only) but I didn't have time.

366 G R A M M A R S U M M A RY
AUXILARY USES PRESENT / FUTURE PAST

can 1- ability/possibility I can run fast. I could run fast when

I was a child
2- informal permission You can use my car tomorrow.
3- informal polite Can I borrow your pen?
request
4- impossibility That can't be true! That can't have been true!
(negative only)

could 1- past ability I could run fast when

2- polite request Could I borrow your pen?
Could you help me?
3- suggestion I need help in math.
You could talk to your teacher.
4- less than 50% Where's John?
certainty He could be at home.
5- impossibility That couldn't be true!
(negative only)
I was a child.
You could have talked
to your teacher.
He could have been at home.
That couldn't have been
true!

be able to 1- ability I am able to help you. I was able to help him.

I will be able to help you.

would 1- polite request Would you please pass the salt?

Would you mind if I left early?
2- reference I would rather go to the park I would rather have gone
than stay home. to the park.
3- preference When I was a child,
I would visit my grandparents
every weekend.

used to 1- repeated action I used to visit my

in the past grandparents every weekend.

shall 1- polite question Shall I open the window?

to make a suggestion
2- future with "I" or I shall arrive at nine
we as subject (will=more common)

G R A M M A R S U M M A RY 367
 OPPOSITES

Elementary Intermediate Advanced

arm: leg accidentally: on purpose, absent: present

begin: end active: passive accept: reject
black: white all: none admire: despise
boy: girl, man ask: answer, reply amateur: professional
broad: narrow asleep: awake ascend: descend
buy: sell back: forward, front bless: curse
clean: dirty boring: interesting child: adult
cold: hot brave: cowardly coastal: inland
drink: eat bride: groom conceited: modest
far: near cause: result concrete: abstract
fat: thin cheap: expensive contract: expand
father: mother, son common: rare drunk: sober
foot: head, hand cool: warm educated, knowledgeable
full: empty deep: shallow essential: optional
hard: soft, easy, gentle defense: attack exterior: interior
light: dark, heavy deliberately extremist: moderate
old: new, young die: live, be born holy: profane
right: wrong, left fail: succeed hope: despair
short: long, tall female: male ignorant:
small: large, big few: many joy: sorrow
summer: winter first: second, last modern: old-fashioned
wife: husband friend: enemy multiple
future: past native: foreigner
guilty: innocent natural: artificial
increase: decrease, lessen negative: positive, affirmative
kind: unkind, cruel niece: nephew, aunt
lose: find, gain poverty: riches
maximum: minimum pride: humility, modesty
noisy: quiet, silent private: public
polite: rude prosecution: defense
punishment: reward omit include
remember: forget raise: lower
simple: complicated, complex refuse: consent
stay: leave rough: smooth, exact
together: apart, separate safety: danger, peril
true: false single: double, married,
war: peace theory: practice
well: badly, ill, sick vacant: occupied
vague: exact, precise
victory: defeat

368 G R A M M A R S U M M A RY
 TENSES

TENSE USE SENTENCE

Present Simple for something which happens
for something which remains true
for a long time or for a scientific fact
to give instructions
to describe events in jokes, stories Real Madrid beats A.C Milan.
or news items
for future events on a timetable
or a fixed program
We go out every Saturday night
regularly or which is a habit
The earth travels round the sun.
First you check the gears and handbrake,
then you switch on the engine.
The match begins at 3.30.

Present for an event in progress at the Look, they're coming out of the cinema now.
Progresive present time
with always, to show surprise or She's always borrowing money from me.
disapproval when an action is repeated
for a definite arrangement, plan or We're flying to Spain next week.
appointment

Present for an event which happened at an I've seen "The Truman Show" twice.
Perfect indefinite time in the past
for an event which began in the She's been a widow for about six months.
past and is still going on
for an event which is finished but I can't write because I've broken my arm.
still effects the present

Present Perfect for an activity which has begun We've been living here
for 6 years.
Progressive in the past and is still going on

Past Simple when a definite point in time is Last night I went to a concert.
mentioned when talking about the past
to describe a past habit When I was at school,
I got up every day at 7 o'clock.

Past for an event which was in progress
Progressive when another event happened
for two or more events which were
in progress at the same time in
the past
for an event which had been
arranged but which didn't happen
I was driving along the motorway when
I had a puncture.
I was digging the garden while John was
painting the kitchen.
He was coming to dinner but he had
to go away on business.

Past Perfect for an event which happened I went back home because I'd forgotten
before another in the past my keys.

Past Perfect to emphasize the continuous activity They had been studying for hours when
Progressive which happened before another in the past they suddenly realized it was midnight.

Be going to for an intention I'm going to write some letters.

for an indication that something is Look at those black clouds.
probable I think it's going to rain.

Will/Shall to make a prediction about the future I guess our team will win the match next week.

Future for an event which will be in progress This time next week I'll
be swimming in
progressive at a certain time in the future the Black Sea.

Future perfect for an event which will be over not They'll have done their homework by
later than a certain time in the future tomorrow.

Future perfect for something still in progress but He'll have been working for the bank
progressive which will be complete not later for 30 years next summer.
G R A M M A R S U M M A RY 369
 INFINITIVE AND GERUND

1. verb + to

Some verbs require an infinitive in the complement.

afford agree aim

arrange attempt decide
deserve fail forget
hope learn manage
offer plan promise
threaten .... ....

(ex) He decided to study in USA.

(ex) How old were you when you learnt to play golf?

2. verb + ...ing

Some verbs require an -ing form in the complement.

admit avoid consider

delay deny fancy
finish imagine involve
miss practice postpone
stop enjoy ....

(ex) Have you considered studying in another country?

(ex) I enjoyed talking with my friend.

Some verb phrases require an -ing form in the complement.

approve of be better off count on

forget about get through insist on
look forward to object to think of

(ex) How about going to China when you get through studying?
(ex) I looked forward to meeting my old friend.

370 G R A M M A R S U M M A RY
 REFERENCES

™ The Lighter Side of TEFL-Thomas Kral

U.S Department of State Office of English Language Programs-1994

™ Lessons with laughter-George Woolard

Language Teaching Publications-1999

™ English Sketches Elementary-Doug Case, Ken Wilson

MacMillan Heinemann Publication

™ English Sketches Intermediate-Doug Case, Ken Wilson

MacMillan Heinemann Publication

™ Chicken Soup for the Soul-Jack Canfield & Mark Victor Hansen
Health Communications Press-1993

™ A 2nd Helping of Chicken Soup for the Soul-Jack Canfield & Mark Victor Hansen
Ebury Press Random House-1993

™ A 3rd Serving of Chicken Soup for the Soul- Jack Canfield & Mark Victor Hansen
Health Communications Press-1996

™ Fairy Tales- SELT Press

™ Children's Favorite Songs- Ultimate Co. Ltd

™ The Book of Questions-Gregory Stock

Workman Publishing-1987

™ Five Minute Activities-Penny Ur&Andrew Wright

Cambridge University Press-1982

™ 101 English Idioms-Harry Collis

NTC Publishing Group-1992

™ 101 English proverbs- Harry Collis

NTC Publishing Group-1992

™ 101 English riddles- Harry Collis

NTC Publishing Group-1996

™ Letter Writing in English-Anna Maria Malkoç

U.S Department of State Office of English Language Programs-2001

™ ELT Materials Data CD- Osman Bedel

™ TOEFL CD- Barron's Educational Series, Inc.

™ Practical Expressions-Murat Öz

WEB RESOURCES:
™ www.pitara.com
™ www.inspirationalstories.com
™ www.dersimizingilizce.com

G R A M M A R S U M M A RY 371