CIVE 5959M

Advanced
Structural
Analysis –
Computational
Project

Anil Jangra

200337437

University of Leeds
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Contents
Contents................................................................................................................ 2
Introduction........................................................................................................... 4
Model Construction process in Abaqus..................................................................5
2.1 Creating a Part in Abaqus:.........................................................................5

2.2 Creating a Material....................................................................................5

2.3 Creating a Section.....................................................................................6

2.4 Creating an Instance.................................................................................7

2.5 Creating an analysis step..........................................................................8

2.6 Creating a Boundary Condition..................................................................9

2.7 Applying a Load on the plate...................................................................10

2.8 Meshing the Model..................................................................................12

2.9 Creating and submitting an analysis job.................................................13

Results from elastic material with hole in centre ................................................15

3.1 Analysis and Summary of Von Mises Stress:...........................................16

3.2 Analysis and Summary of Principal Stresses...........................................18

3.3 Analysis and Summary of Displacement.................................................18

3.4 Analysis and Summary of Principal Strains..............................................20

Creating an elastic model without the hole for comparison.................................21

4.1 Comparison of Von Mises Stresses..........................................................21

4.2 Comparison of Principal Stresses.............................................................23

4.3 Comparison of Displacement...................................................................23

4.4 Comparison of Principal Strains...............................................................25

Conclusion........................................................................................................... 26
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List of Figures

Figure 1 Diagram showing model..........................................................................4

Figure 2 Creating a Part.........................................................................................5
Figure 3 Creating a Material..................................................................................6
Figure 4 Creating a Section...................................................................................6
Figure 5 Assigning section to the plate..................................................................7
Figure 6 showing the model once sections have been assigned............................7
Figure 7 Creating an Instance................................................................................8
Figure 8 Creating a analysis step...........................................................................8
Figure 9 Editing a step...........................................................................................9
Figure 10 Creating a pinned boundary condition...................................................9
Figure 11 Creating a roller pin boundary condition..............................................10
Figure 12 Creating a Load....................................................................................11
Figure 13 Editing a load.......................................................................................11
Figure 14 showing the loadings on the plate.......................................................12
Figure 15 Assigning mesh controls......................................................................12
Figure 16 Assigning element type to mesh..........................................................13
Figure 17 Meshed Model......................................................................................13
Figure 18 Creating a Job......................................................................................14
Figure 19 Editing a Job.........................................................................................14
Figure 20 Selecting contours option for results...................................................15
Figure 21 Von Mises Stress Result.......................................................................16
Figure 22 Max Principal Stress.............................................................................17
Figure 23 Min Principal Stress..............................................................................18
Figure 24 Displacement.......................................................................................18
Figure 25 Max Principal Strain.............................................................................19
Figure 26 Min Principal Strain..............................................................................20
Figure 27 Von Mises.............................................................................................21
Figure 28 Max Principal Stress.............................................................................22
Figure 29 Min Principal Stress..............................................................................22
Figure 30 Displacement.......................................................................................23
Figure 31 Max Principal Strain.............................................................................24
Figure 32 Min Principal Strain..............................................................................24
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Introduction

The main process of this computational project is to analyse a thin plate which
has a hole in the middle. The plate measures 2m by 2m and has a thickness of
0.2m. The plate is a simply supported at two opposite edges and distributed
loads with intensity of 20N/mm2 are applied on the other two free edges. The
plate is made up of homogeneous elastic material with a young’s modulus of
6.93 x104 MPa and a Poisson ratio of 0.3.

Abaqus is needed to build the model to test and to analyze the distribution of
displacement field within the plate and the distribution of strain and stress fields
within the plate.

This report will look at the at the construction process in abaqus for the 3d
elements for modeling the plate and comparing the results. The results
produced from the computer modeling will focus on the contour figures of
displacements, strains and stresses. It will also focus on the stress and strain
localisation in the plate because of the whole.

Below is a diagram of the model which is going to be analyzed in abaqus:

Figure 1 Diagram showing model

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Model Construction process in Abaqus

2.1 Creating a Part in Abaqus:

To create a part in abaqus to start the modelling process, select create a part
tool from the model tree. The next option would be to name the part. In this
scenario the part was named plate. Accept the default settings for the three-
dimensional deformable body and then press continue. Abaqus will then enter
sketcher mode, where it is now possible to draw the model.

Figure 2 Creating a Part

In sketcher mode abaqus works in a two dimensional plane, select the

rectangular drawing tool to draw the plate. It is possible to draw the plate using
co-ordinates. For the start co-ordinates enter (0,0) and end co-ordinates enter
(2000,2000). Then sketch a circle within the rectangle, using co-ordinates again
to state the centre of the rectangular part. Once complete press the done button
and abaqus will then automatically sketch the model.

Once the square has been drawn, abaqus would then ask for the depth of the
section, enter 20mm.

2.2 Creating a Material

Now that the model has been drawn, it is needed to create the material
properties. Select the materials tab on the model tree; this will open up a window
allowing the user to define the material properties. Due to the plate being a
homogenous elastic material, select the mechanical tab, then elasticity, then
elastic. Abaqus then allow the user to add the Young’s Modulus and Poisson’s
ratio. In this case take Young’s Modulus as 6.93 x10 4 MPa and a Poisson ratio of
0.3.
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Figure 3 Creating a Material

2.3 Creating a Section

From the model tree, select the Create a section option, a box will then appear
and Choose Solid, Homogenous. Press continue to proceed with creating a
section. In the dialog box that then appears accept the default selection for the
material that was created in the previous step. Accept the default value of 1 for
the plane stress/strain thickness. Then press ok to proceed to the next stage.

Figure 4 Creating a Section

It is then required to assign the section to the plate. The section created needs
to be assigned to the part. From the model tree, expand the plate option and
select section assignments. Click anywhere on the plate to select the area where
the section will be applied. Press done option to continue to editing the section
assignment. Accept the default values found in the popup menu. When a section
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is assigned to a region of the part, that region takes on the material properties
associated with the section.

Figure 5 Assigning section to the plate

Figure 6 showing the model once sections have been assigned

2.4 Creating an Instance

From the model tree expand the Assembly option. To create and instance, select
the instances option from the drop down menu. In the box that appears, choose
the part to instance, and whether or not to mesh dependently or independently.
For the plate select dependent.
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Figure 7 Creating an Instance

2.5 Creating an analysis step

To create an analysis step, select Step from the Module Tree. A box will then
appear. In the box that appears, choose general for the procedure type, and
Static - General in the list. You can also change the name of the step. Select
Continue to proceed with creating a step. It is also possible to add a description
of the step by selecting the basic tab and entering the details in the description
field.

Figure 8 Creating a analysis step

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Figure 9 Editing a step

2.6 Creating a Boundary Condition

To create a boundary conditions select the BC option from the model tree. The
create a boundary condition dialog box will then appear. From the box choose
the type of boundary condition and which step to apply the condition to. For the
plate 2 boundary conditions are needed pinned and roller pin to show that the
plate is simply supported at each side.

To create a pinned boundary condition select Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre,

choose which side to apply it, in this case it is the left hand edge, and then
select pinned from the options.

Figure 10 Creating a pinned boundary condition

For the roller pin, repeat the same process but instead of selecting
Symmetry/Antisymmetry/Encastre choose the next option
Displacement/Rotation. Again select the face to apply the boundary condition to;
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in this case it is opposite to the pinned boundary condition. In the edit menu
select the option U1.

Figure 11 Creating a roller pin boundary condition

Once the boundary conditions have been defined little arrows should appear on
the edge that is now constrained.

2.7 Applying a Load on the plate

To create a load to act on the plate, click load from the module tree. The create
load popup menu will then appear, it is possible to rename the load. In the menu
that appears choose the category to be mechanical and accept this as the
default category selection. In the possible types of mechanical loadings select
pressure from the possible options and then select continue. Now the surface
which needs to be loaded is to be selected, for the plates choose the remaining
edges, two separate loading cases are to be created for top and bottom of the
plate. Click done after selecting the face and edit load menu will then appear on
the screen. It is now possible to enter the magnitude of the load, for the plate
enter -20, as the diagram shows the arrows are pointing upwards along each
face of the plate, it indicates that the load is applied in a positive direction.
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Figure 12 Creating a Load

Figure 13 Editing a load

Once the Loads have been defined little arrows should appear on the edge that is
now loaded as shown in figure 14.
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Figure 14 showing the loadings on the plate

2.8 Meshing the Model

From the model tree, expend the plate field underneath the parts option and
select the mesh option that appears. From the main menu select mesh and then
controls to access the mesh edit section. In the dialog box that appears accept
hex as the default element shape selection and accept the default techniques
selection. Accept these options and press ok to assign the mesh controls.

Figure 15 Assigning mesh controls

The next step is to assign an abaqus element type to the mesh. From the main
menu, select mesh and then element type. The Element type box will then
appear and accept the default selections that are available. In the hex tab select
incompatible modes from the list of element controls.
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Figure 16 Assigning element type to mesh

The next stage is to mesh the model. From the main menu select Seed and then
select part to seed the part instance. This will then open the global seeds box.
The global seeds box displays the default element size that will be used to seed
the part instance. In the box enter an estimate of the global size. For the plate a
global size of 50.0 was entered. Click ok this will dismiss the global seeds box.
For the next stage, select mesh from the main menu and select part to mesh the
part instance. In the prompt area click yes to confirm that the plate is what is
wanted to be meshed.

Figure 17 Meshed Model

2.9 Creating and submitting an analysis job

Now that the model has been configured it is ready for analysis. From the model
tree select the jobs option to create a job. Once this has been selected it is
possible to name the job and edit its description. It is also possible to view the
default settings of the job editor, press ok to accept the default settings.
Commencing the next step, expand the jobs option from the model tree, right
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click the job that has just been created and select submit. This will then submit
the job for analysis. After the job has been submitted its status can be followed:

• Submitted - the analysis input file is being generated

• Running – Abaqus is analysing the model

• Completed – the analysis has been completed and the output has been
written to the output database.

• Aborted – This occurs when abaqus has found a problem with the input file
or the analysis and the program is aborted during the analysis section.

Figure 18 Creating a Job

Figure 19 Editing a Job

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Results from elastic material with hole in centre

To view the results from the model that has been created, select the results
option from the model tree, once displace select the contour option, when
selecting the plot state.

Below are the results from the analysis from the model created in the previous
section.

Figure 20 Selecting contours option for results

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Figure 21 Von Mises Stress Result

3.1 Analysis and Summary of Von Mises Stress:

Figure 21 represents the results of the plate subjected to a pressurised vertical
load acting in a single direction. The loads have been applied on the top and
bottom of the plate at 20MPa. The maximum values of stress can be located in
red, and these are mainly in small areas at the pinned corners and in sides of the
hole which is located in the centre of the plate. It can be seen from the contours
have a butterfly type effect this is due to hole in the middle affecting the way the
stresses act on the plate. If the plate was loaded further it could lead to further
deformation of the shape.
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Figure 22 Max Principal Stress

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Figure 23 Min Principal Stress

Analysis and Summary of Principal Stresses 3.2

The maximum principal stress result shown in figure 22 has a similar result to
the Von Mises stress result, the main difference being the higher stress value
that the plate sustains. The areas in red represent the maximum stresses while
the areas in blue represent the minimum principal stresses that are occurring on
the plate from the loading. It can be seen that the maximum stresses are located
near to the hole. The contours spread in all directions of the plate. The blue
areas that are on the plate show that the plate has been pressurised and due to
.possible deformation it has changed to a plastic hinge

With the minimum principal stress result shown in figure 23, the load is
distributed uniformly across the whole plate, with the left hand side where the
.plate has pinned boundary conditions it seems to be slightly less affected

Figure 24 Displacement

3.3 Analysis and Summary of Displacement

The results from figure 24 show that the main displacements are located where
the loads are placed such as the top and bottom of the plate. The red areas show
the maximum displacements while the blue areas show the minimum
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displacements. It can be seen that the pinned area of the plate has a low
displacement; this may be due to the boundary conditions affecting the area.

Figure 25 Max Principal Strain

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Figure 26 Min Principal Strain

3.4 Analysis and Summary of Principal Strains

The results from the maximum principal strains shown in figure 25 are similar to
those from the von mises stress, such as the contours forming the butterfly wing
shape. It also seems that the loadings are pulling the plate from opposite ends
and due to the hole being located in the centre of the plate

The results in figure 26 show that the main principal strains are located near to
the hole in the centre which makes possible failure regions. The results shown in
figure 26 indicate that the minimum strain affects the whole plate apart from the
pinned boundary condition corners.
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Creating an elastic model without the hole for

comparison.

Same process was followed as in section 2 and the results are as follows:

Figure 27 Von Mises

4.1 Comparison of Von Mises Stresses

Comparing the above figure to figure 21, the contours are smoother and the
butterfly contours shown in figure 21 do not exist in this model. The main
stresses are once again on the pinned side and this is due to the boundary
conditions.
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Figure 28 Max Principal Stress

Figure 29 Min Principal Stress

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4.2 Comparison of Principal Stresses

Comparing the maximum principal stresses with the plates with and without the
hole, a plate without a hole has more stresses acting on it, the contours are a lot
smoother, as they are moving from top to bottom and not flowing out from the
centre where the hole would be located.

The minimum principal stresses the load patterns is distributed uniformly across
the whole plate, with the left hand side where the plate has pinned boundary
.conditions it seems to be slightly less affected. Both plates are very similar

Figure 30 Displacement

4.3 Comparison of Displacement

The displacement follow a very similar pattern, with the lowest displacements
being in the centre and along the pinned edge of the plate and the maximum
displacements being located on the top and bottom of the plate. It can be seen
that without the hole the contours are a lot smoother.
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Figure 31 Max Principal Strain

Figure 32 Min Principal Strain

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4.4 Comparison of Principal Strains

The main principal strains without a hole show that the largest strains are
located at the pinned edge. The contours are a lot smoother again, and the
butterfly pattern doesn’t occur as the contours are not spreading from the
centre. The localisations of lower strains are in a similar point in both maximum
strain results.

It is the same case with the minimum principal strains, the amount of strains are
still high but not as much as with the hole.
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Conclusion

It can be seen that the most vulnerable area within the plate is the area in the
centre where the hole is located and the contours move from the centre out
towards the edge. Also the pin jointed side proves to be where it is more likely to
be affected by the stresses and strains of loading this is due to the less degrees
of freedom compared to the roller pin as it allows for rotation.

Comparing a plate with a hole and a plate without, a plate with a hole can be
treated as a different plate as the stress is in higher concentration around the
hole, than the average stress in the whole plate. When the plates are loaded, a
uniform stress distribution exists throughout the whole plate. Stress
concentration is higher around any discontinuity on the plate, such as holes,
which results in non-uniform stress distribution. If the continuity was present the
stress would have been uniformly distributed throughout the plate.