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Electrophoresis
is the motion of dispersed particles relative to a fluid under the influence of
a spatially uniform electric field.[1][2][3][4][5][6] This electrokinetic pheno
menon was observed for the first time in 1807 by Reuss,[7] who noticed that the
application of a constant electric field caused clay particles dispersed in wate
r to migrate. It is ultimately caused by the presence of a charged interface bet
ween the particle surface and the surrounding fluid.The dispersed particles have
an electric surface charge, on which an external electric field exerts an elect
rostatic Coulomb force. According to the double layer theory, all surface charge
s in fluids are screened by a diffuse layer of ions, which has the same absolute
charge but opposite sign with respect to that of the surface charge. The electr
ic field also exerts a force on the ions in the diffuse layer which has directio
n opposite to that acting on the surface charge. This latter force is not actual
ly applied to the particle, but to the ions in the diffuse layer located at some
distance from the particle surface, and part of it is transferred all the way t
o the particle surface through viscous stress. This part of the force is also ca
lled electrophoretic retardation force.
A fume hood or fume cupboard is a type of local[1] ventilation device that is de
signed to limit exposure to hazardous or noxious fumes, vapors or dusts. A fume
hood is typically a large piece of equipment enclosing five sides of a work area
, the bottom of which is most commonly located at a standing work height.
Two main types exist, ducted and recirculating. The principle is the same for bo
th types: air is drawn in from the front (open) side of the cabinet, and either
expelled outside the building or made safe through filtration and fed back into
the room.
Other related types of local ventilation devices include: clean benches, biosafe
ty cabinets, glove boxes and snorkel exhausts. All these devices address the nee
d to control airborne hazards or irritants that are typically generated or relea
sed within the local ventilation device. All local ventilation devices are desig
ned to address one or more of three primary goals:
1. protect the user (fume hoods, biosafety cabinets, glove boxes and pictures
are now);
2. protect the product or experiment (biosafety cabinets, glove boxes);
3. protect the environment (recirculating fume hoods, certain biosafety cabin
ets, and any other type when fitted with appropriate filters in the exhaust airs
tream).
Secondary functions of these devices may include explosion protection, spill con
tainment, and other functions necessary to the work being done within the device
.
A general but non-specific term for some of these local ventilation devices is L
aminar flow cabinet. This category may include clean benches, biosafety cabinets
and other devices characterized simply by the laminar nature of their airflow.
The term laminar flow cabinet, however, is insufficient to identify their actual
design and use - some will protect the product but not the user, and others wil
l protect both. Terminology for local ventilation devices has been, and remain,
unclear and non-specific, and the reader is advised to take special care in thei
r selection and specification based upon which of the three primary goals (liste
d above) are to be met.
Fume hoods typically protect only the user, and are most commonly used in labora
tories where hazardous or noxious chemicals are released during testing, researc
h, development or teaching. They are also used in industrial applications or oth
er activities where hazardous or noxious vapors, gases or dusts are generated or
released.
Because one side (the front) of a fume hood is open to the room occupied by the
user, and the air within the fume hood is potentially contaminated, the proper f
low of air from the room into the hood is critical to its function. Much of fume
hood design and operation is focused on maximizing the proper containment of th
e air and fumes within the fume hood.
As most fume hoods are designed to connect to exhaust systems that expel the air
directly to the exterior of a building, large quantities of energy are required
to run fans that exhaust the air, and to heat, cool, filter, control and move t
he air that will replace the air exhausted. Significant recent efforts in fume h
ood and ventilation system design have focused on reducing the energy used to op
erate fume hoods and their supporting ventilation systems.