Code No: RR411812 Set No.

1
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
X-RAY METALLOGRAPHY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. Discuss the history of X-radiations. Describe the methods for X-ray production.
[16]

2. (a) Draw the following planes and directions in a tetragonal unit cell (001), (011),
(113), [110], [201], [101]. Show cell axes.
(b) Rubidium is a BCC crystal. The angle of diffraction for (321) set of planes is at
270 for the first order reflection. The wavelength of X-rays used is 0.0711nm.
Calculate the interplanar distance of the planes. What is the atomic radius of
Rubidium atom? [8+8]

3. Write short notes on the following:

(a) Multiplicity factor

(b) Lorentz factor. [8+8]

4. (a) Describe how powder photograph is taken?

(b) Describe how powder pattern of Cubic crystals can be analyzed. [8+8]

5. Giving the principle, Describing the design and with a neat sketch explain the
working of focusing Cameras. [16]

6. (a) What is the principle involved in Diffractometre with monochromatic crystal.

(b) With a neat sketch explain the working of above Diffractometre. [8+8]

7. A Transmission pinhole photograph is made of a sheet of Aluminum 0.5 mm thick

with Cu Kα radiation. Consider only the (111) reflection which occurs at 2θ = 38.40
. Imagine the sheet to be divided into four layers, the thickness of each being equal
to one fourth of the total thickness. Calculate the fraction of the total diffracted
energy for each layer. [16]

8. Compare and Contrast Coherent and Incoherent radiation. [16]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1 of 1
Code No: RR411812 Set No. 2
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
X-RAY METALLOGRAPHY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) What is the frequency (per second) and energy per quantum (in joules) of
x-ray beams of wavelength 0.71A0 (Mo Kα ) and 1.54A0 (Cu Kα )? [7]
(b) Calculate the velocity and kinetic energy with which the electrons strike the
target of an X-ray tube operating at a voltage ‘V’. Determine the short-
wavelength limit of the continuous spectrum emitted and the maximum energy
per quantum of radiation? [9]
2. (a) Explain the phenomenon ‘scattering by a unit cell’ with neat sketch. [9]
(b) Structure factor is independent of the shape and size of the unit cell. Explain.
[7]
3. (a) Describe Laue method of X-ray diffraction. [9]
(b) What does the each intense point in X-ray diffraction represent in Laue pat-
tern? Explain. [7]
4. (a) How does Debye-Scherrer diffraction pattern look? [4]
(b) Where is Debye-Scherrer method useful? [6]
(c) Explain how a powder camera is superior to a Diffractometer with examples.
[6]
5. Compare the following:
(a) Powder method and Laue method
(b) Debye-Scherrer Camera and Guinier Camera. [8+8]
6. (a) Cu Kα radiation is incident on a Xenon filled proportional counter. Calculate
the ratio of average pulse size in the escape peak to that in the normal peak.
(b) Write a note on energy-intensive Diffractometry. [8+8]
7. What is the basic principle involved in crystal structure determination? Explain
various steps involved in determination of unknown structures. [16]
8. Write notes on the following:
(a) Focussing Cameras
(b) Techniques used in stress measurements. [8+8]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1 of 1
Code No: RR411812 Set No. 3
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
X-RAY METALLOGRAPHY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) Explain with a neat sketch, the order of reflection. [7]

(b) The atomic radius of Molybdenum atom is 0.1363 nm. Compute the inter-
atomic spacing for (111) set of planes in the molybdenum crystal. The crystal
structure of molybdenum is bcc. What is the interplanar spacing for (220) set
of planes? [9]

2. (a) In a drawing of a hexagonal prism, indicate the following planes and directions:
(1210), (1012), (1011), [110], [111], [021]. Show cell axes.
(b) What is Stereographic Projection? Show the lattice reorientation caused by
turning on stereographic projection. [8+8]

3. (a) Describe Laue method of X-ray diffraction. [9]

(b) What does the each intense point in X-ray diffraction represent in Laue pat-
tern? Explain. [7]

4. (a) How does Debye-Scherrer diffraction pattern look? [4]

(b) Where is Debye-Scherrer method useful? [6]
(c) Explain how a powder camera is superior to a Diffractometer with examples.
[6]

5. (a) With a neat sketch explain back-reflection Lane method.

(b) A Powder specimen in the form of a rectangular plate has a width of 0.45 in.,
measured in the plane of the diffractometre circle, which has a radius of 4.37
in. If it is required that the specimen entirely fill the incident beam at all
angles and that measurements must be made to angles as low as 2θ = 120 ,
what is the maximum divergence angle that the incident beam may have?
[8+8]

6. What is the principle involved in transmission Laue method? With a neat sketch
explain the transmission Laue method? [16]

7. With an example discuss the structure determination in detail. [16]

8. Compare and Contrast Coherent and Incoherent radiation. [16]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1 of 1
Code No: RR411812 Set No. 4
IV B.Tech I Semester Supplimentary Examinations, February 2008
X-RAY METALLOGRAPHY
(Metallurgy & Material Technology)
Time: 3 hours Max Marks: 80
Answer any FIVE Questions
All Questions carry equal marks
⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

1. (a) What is electromagnetic radiation? Explain the properties of Electromagnetic

radiation
(b) Write short notes on Stereographic projections. [8+8]

2. (a) For BCC Iron, compute (i) the interplanar spacing (ii) the diffracting angle for
the (220) set of planes. The lattice parameter of Iron is 0.2889 nm. Assume
that a monochromatic radiation having a wavelength of 0.1541 nm is used and
the order of reflection is done.
(b) (i) Calculate the interplanar spacing for (110) and (221) sets of planes in
Aluminum (ii) When a monochromatic X-ray beam of X-rays of wavelength
0.1542 nm is used, the first order reflection from (113) set of planes occurs at
θ . What is the value of θ ? [8+8]

3. Explain the following:

(a) Measurement of X-ray intensity [6]

(b) Stereographic projection [5]
(c) Resolving power of a Camera. [5]

4. (a) How does Debye-Scherrer diffraction pattern look? [4]

(b) Where is Debye-Scherrer method useful? [6]
(c) Explain how a powder camera is superior to a Diffractometer with examples.
[6]

5. (a) The transmission Laue Pattern is made up of Copper Crystal with a specimen
to film distance of 4 Cm. The (111) planes of the Crystal make an angle 4o
with the incident beam. What minimum tube voltage is required to produce
(111) reflection?
(b) Why is a diffractometer used for the measurement of the intensity of X-rays.
Explain the general features of this diffractometre. [8+8]

6. Write notes on the following:

(a) Depth of X-ray penetration [6]

(b) Crystal orientation [5]
(c) Special diaffractometer. [5]

1 of 2
Code No: RR411812 Set No. 4
7. A Transmission pinhole photograph is made of a sheet of Aluminum 0.5 mm thick
with Cu Kα radiation. Consider only the (111) reflection which occurs at 2θ = 38.40
. Imagine the sheet to be divided into four layers, the thickness of each being equal
to one fourth of the total thickness. Calculate the fraction of the total diffracted
energy for each layer. [16]

8. Compare and Contrast Coherent and Incoherent radiation. [16]

⋆⋆⋆⋆⋆

2 of 2