DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINE USING MATLAB

 Thus this project aims to develop a solution for designing transmission lines which will leave the
manipulation and calculation part for computer and just by feeding some basic data we will get an
optimized design of a new transmission line.
 This software approach will provide a handy means for new ones entering in this field and will help them to
solve complex problems in a lucid manner.

 The Voltage selection depends on the Load.

 The voltage selected has to be economical and also depends on cost of apparatus such as transformers,
circuit breakers, insulators etc.
 The voltages used as standards in India are 11kV, 22kV and 33kV for short transmission line, 66kV and
110kV for medium lines and 132kV, 166kV, 220kV and 400kV for long lines.
 Recently , 765kV transmission line is under running project.

CORONA LOSS
 Electrical factor
 Line voltage
 Atmospheric conditions
 Size of Conductors
 Surface conditions
 Number of Conductor per phase
 Spacing between Conductors

8) Transmission losses: a) Copper losses

b) Corona losses

9) Effects: a) Skin Effect

b) Proximity Effect

c) Ferranti Effect

10)Radio Interference

11) Tower design: a) Height of tower.

b) Ground and conductor clearance.

c) Right-of-way.

d) Tower spacing
e) Mechanical loading.

 Resistance, inductance , capacitance and conductance due to leakage from shunt circuit , per unit length of
line are the distributed constants of line. Resistance and inductive reactance forms impedance , shown in
series with line , similarly capacitive reactance and conductance forms admittance shown as shunt with the
line .

Z=R + jX

Y=G + jB

 Using these constants we can find A,B,C and D constants which can be expressed as hyperbolic cosine and
sine functions.

THANK YOU

Group members:

1. Nishigandha Daware

2. Minal Godbole

3.Kiran Nagarikar

4. Tejashree Shinde

5. Aditi Zade

6.Shweta Gupta

INDUCTANCE
 This project is implemented through MATLAB programming.

 Mainly, we dealt with the study of Electrical parameters.

 This project will be fruitful in designing of transmission line as calculation part will be done by computer.

CONCLUSION
 Various effects observed in transmission line are:

1)Skin effect
2)Proximity effect

3)Ferranti effect

 SKIN EFFECT: Skin effect is the tendency of an alternating electric current (AC) to become distributed
within a conductor such that the current density is largest near the surface of the conductor, and decreases
with greater depth of conductor.

 FERRANTI EFFECT:  The Ferranti effect  is an increase in voltage occurring at the receiving end of a
long transmission line, to the voltage at the sending end. This occurs when the line is energized but there is
a very light load or the load is disconnected.

 PROXIMITY EFFECT:  A conductor carrying alternating current, if currents are flowing through one or
more other nearby conductors, such as within a closely wound coil of wire, the distribution of current
within the first conductor will be constrained to smaller regions. The resulting current crowding is termed
the proximity effect.

 Insulation is defined as the separation between conducting surfaces by means of non conducting (dielectric)
material that would economically offer a high resistance to current.
 Insulators may be fabricated from porcelain, toughened glass, fibreglass rods and sheds of polymer or
silicone construction.

SAG AND TENSION

INSULATORS
 The interference to radio and TV, due to extra high voltage transmission lines, having corona effect should
be limited to tolerable limits.

 The recommended surface gradients for EHV lines for satisfactory radio interference (RI)levels are
different for urban and rural areas.

Long Transmission Line

DESIGN OF TRANSMISSION LINE USING MATLAB

Under the guidance of

Mr. P. S. PATIL

FUTURE SCOPE
 The corona discharges emit radiations which may introduce noise signals in the communication channels,
radio, TV receivers in the vicinity. This is called radio interference.
  Radio noise from overhead power lines is caused by corona on conductors and fittings, surface discharges
on insulators and poor contacts in fitting and insulator strings.

EFFECTS

TOWER DESIGN
Tower design includes-

1) Height of tower

2) Ground clearance

3) Conductor clearance

4) Tower spacing

5) span length

6) Mechanical loading

(9.9.1)

There are various application of insulator such as ,

 Strain insulators are used at the line terminal or at anchor tower.

 Shackle insulator are used for only 230V lines.

 Suspension type insulators are used for the above 33KV transmission line.

 The forces acting on the conductor are:

1. Conductor weight

2. Ice loading

3. Wind loading

CONDUCTOR WEIGHT:

The weight of conductor acts vertically downwards and depends upon type of conductor used. The forces acting on a
conductor are:
CAPACITANCE

APPLICATION OF INSULATOR

Equipments of transmission network:

EFFECTS
YESHWANTRAO CHAVAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute Affiliated by RTMNU)

CORONA

TYPES OF INSULATOR

TRANSMISSION LOSSES
To study the switchyard, Grid Control Room and the various equipments used in Transmission of Electric Power
from the Power Plant, We visited the switchyard of 220kV and 400kV and studied its specifications and general
information of the concerned layout .

The Supports shall be poles or narrow based lattice tower with fully galvanized structure as per site requirement.

POLES

 Poles may be used for 33KV, 22KV, 11KV and LT lines (line below 500v) as per requirement . The poles
must be pre-cast concrete(PCC) poles, pre-stressed cement concrete(PSCC) poles, rail pole or steel tubular
pole.
 Concrete poles shall be preferred in plain areas.
 For locations involving long span or higher clearance on account of crossing of power or communication
line or railway line, specially design pole/lattice towers may be used.

 The main points to be considered would be the voltage, current, power and power factor at the sending end
and receiving end.

 The difference between the sending end and receiving end voltages is defined as the regulation of the
transmission line

 If Vs is the sending end voltage and Vr is the receiving end voltage,then percentage regulation is given by,
Percentage regulation= (Vs-Vr)*100/(Vr)

INTRODUCTION
 Current transformer
 Potential transformer
 Isolators
 Circuit breakers
 Lightning arrestors
 Types of towers
 Shunt reactors
 Wave trapers
 Inter-connected Transformers(ICT).

 Tower is a lattice structure that supports insulators , overhead transmission line conductors and overhead
earth wire.

 Towers are also used for supporting flexible bus bar , insulators etc.

 Towers are three dimensional fabricated lattice structure made up by bolting/ welding the structural
members of galvanized steel.

 The spacing of conductor depends on the lines and the span used, the conductors should not touch each
other at sag conditions.
 For high voltage lines, bundled conductors may be considered as an alternative to a single conductor for
each phase or two , three or four sub-conductors belonging to the same phase may be used and the
separation between sub-conductors may be adjusted as required by reactance and corona considerations.

The DC resistance of a conductor is given by

DIFFERENT PARAMETERS IN TRANSMISSION LINE

 Wind exerts horizontal pressure

on the exposed surface.

 Pressure of the wind is dependent upon its velocity.

 Wind produces a transverse

loading by exerting a pressure

upon the projected area of conductor.

Sag depends on following factors:

  Weight of conductor: heavier the conductor, greater will be the sag.
 Span length: as the distance between the supports increases, sag increases.
 Tension : sag is inversely proportional to the tensile strength.
 Temperature : with the rise in temperature, all metallic bodies expand, hence conductor length increases
and hence the sag.

SPACING OF CONDUCTORS
 The flow of power across the transmission system causes power losses in the various elements of the
system.

 The transmission losses basically comprises of:

1) Variable Losses: They are also called as I2R losses.

2) Fixed Losses: ‘Fixed’ losses are associated with overhead lines and transformers.

‘Fixed’ losses on overhead transmission lines take the form of corona losses that are a function of voltage levels and
weather conditions.

 In future this project can further be extended by considering tower design, thereby studying mechanical
parameters.

 Various others factors can be included for the detailed study.

 Further in this project we can make use of graphic user interface.

EFFECT OF WIND LOADING

 When the conductor is supported between two supports, it will break due to too much tension on it. Hence
conductor should allow to hang down to the reasonable amount.
 The vertical distance between the conductor at the mid point and the line joining the two adjacent level
supports is known as sag.

While designing transmission lines various parameters are to be considered. They are as follows:

1) Voltage selection

2) Size of conductors and spacing between conductors.

3) Choosing number and type of type of insulators.

4) Sag and Tension.

5) Span Length and Ground clearance.

6) Calculation of R,L,C and self GMD.

7) Calculation of line constants (ABCD parameters)

8) Calculation of Voltage Regulation.

REFERENCES

TOWER DESIGN
 SHORT TRANSMISSION LINE

In case of short transmission line, the capacitance is negligible and hence Y=0, and the values of the constants of the
line simplify to,

A=D=1; B=Z; C=0 .

 MEDIUM TRANSMISSION LINE

Solution by nominal T method: In case of medium transmission lines one of the way of simplifying the solution is to
assume the capacitance of the line to be lumped constant located at centre of the line. This is known as nominal T
method.

A=D( 1+YZ/2);B=Z( 1+YZ/4 ) ; C=Y

CHOICE OF CONDUCTORS
 Pin type insulator
 Suspension type insulator
 Strain type insulator
 Shackle type insulator

Number of insulator is decided by the system voltage, switching and lighting over voltage amplitude and pollution
level.

When the ratio E/Ed is less than 1.8, Peterson’s formula holds good and is given as

Where , E=rms phase voltage(line to neutral);

f=frequency(Hz);

∂=air density factor;

r=radius of the conductor;

D=spacing between conductors;

Ed=disruptive critical voltage(kV);

 Transmission line transfers power from power rich centres to power deficient centres with minimum power
loss.
 Now-a-days design of transmission line is a very complex task, since it includes designing of constantly
changing parameters.
 Transmission line should transmit power over required distance economically and should satisfy the
electrical and mechanical requirements prescribed in particular cases also designing includes very clear
idea of efficiency, regulation and losses.

 When corona occurs it produces loss of power. It is very much affected by the size and spacing of the
conductors.

 Ozone and Oxides of nitrogen are produced by corona .

 It also gives rise to radio interference.

 The horizontal distance between two adjacent supports such as poles or towers is called as span.
 The choice of the span length depends on the voltage level and the size of conductors used for the
transmission line.
 If the span increases sag will be more, tension will be reduced and clearance from the ground will also be
reduced which will result in the greater tower height.

FACTORS AFFECTING CORONA AND CORONA LOSS

Where , E= rms phase voltage(line to neutral);

f=frequency(Hz);

r=radius of the conductor;

D=spacing between conductors;

F=factor which varies with ratio

It can be calculated by Peek’s formula as,

REGULATION OF TRANSMISSION LINE

VOLTAGE SELECTION
EFFECT OF LOADING ON CONDUCTORS
The clearances to be provided between the lowest conductor of the line and the ground as per Rule 77 of the Indian
Electricity Rules, 1956 are shown in the table.

kW/km/conductor

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

INTRODUCTION
Where l is the length of conductor; A – cross-sectional area,  is the resistivity of the conductor. Therefore, the DC
resistance per meter of the conductor is

The resistivity of a conductor is a fundamental property of the material that the conductor is made from.It varies
with both type and temperature of material. At the same temperature,the resistivity of aluminium is higher than the
resistivity of the copper.

E/Ed

The series inductance of a transmission line consists of two components: internal and external inductances which are
due to the magnetic flux inside and outside the conductor respectively.The inductance of a transmission line is
defined as the no. of flux linkages [Wb-turns] produced per ampere of current flowing through the line.

GROUND CLEARANCE
 When the conductor is supported between the poles or towers, it will sag or dip due to its own weight. It is
necessary to maintain a certain minimum clearance between the lowest point of the conductor and the
ground for the safety. Such clearance is known as ground clearance.
 It depends on the voltage level of transmission line.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE SAG

DIFFERENT PARAMETERS IN TRANSMISSION LINE

INTRODUCTION

ABCD PARAMETERS

CALCULATION OF LINE CONSTANTS

figure showing sag formation

ABCD PARAMETERS

RADIO INTERFERENCE
 Depending on the type of circuit and transmission voltage, conductors vary in number and size. The basic
parameters are weight per unit length, conductivity of materials, cross sectional area, cost of material.
 For high transmission line ACSR (aluminium cored steel reinforced) conductors are used.
 The choice of conductors depends upon receiving end current(Ir).

KORADI VISIT

RESISTANCE
 Overhead transmission lines are the backbone in every electrical power transmission system.
 Because the consumers are not concentrated at the location of the generation it is not possible to use power
plants with high output.
 For the connection between the power plants and the consumers integrated network which consists of
transmission line systems like overhead lines or power cable are in use.

CORONA LOSS
Since a voltage V is applied to a pair of conductors separated by a dielectric (air) charges of equal magnitude but
opposite sign will accumulate on the conductors.

q=CV

where C is the capacitance between the pair of conductor.

SUPPORTS (POLES AND TOWER)

SPAN LENGTH
 M. V. Deshpande, “Electrical Power System Design”

Ashfaq Hussain, “Electrical Power Systems”

 R. Rajshree, “Fundamentals of Power System”

 S. Rao, “EHV-AC HVDC Transmission and distribution Engineering”
 Nagrath and Kothari, “Modern Power System Analysis”
 V.K.Mehta, Rohit Mehta, “Principles of Power system”
 R.J.Edwards, “Calculate Line Characteristics from Open and Closed Impedance Measurements”
 F.K.Kirsten, “Transmission Line Design”
 Tower Spotting Pdf
 IEEETPCTutorial_Sag-tensionCalcs