Mahatma Gandhi

Mahatma Gandhi

Born Mohandas Karamchand

Gandhi
2 October 1869
Porbandar, Kathiawar
Agency,British Indian
Empire[1]

Died 30 January 1948 (aged 78)

New Delhi, India

Cause of Assassination by shooting

death

Resting Cremated at Rajghat, Delhi

place 28.6415°N 77.2483°E
Other Mahatma Gandhi, Bapu,
names Gandhiji

Ethnicity Gujarati

Alma  ma
ter

Known f Leadership of Indian

or independence movement,
philosophy
of Satyagraha,Ahimsa or nonv
iolence.
pacifism

Political Indian National Congress

moveme
nt

Religion Hinduism,
with Jain influences

Spouse(s Kasturba Gandhi

)

Children Harilal
Manilal
Ramdas
Devdas

Parents Putlibai Gandhi (Mother)

Karamchand Gandhi (Father)

Signatur
e
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi  2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948)
was the preeminent leader and freedom fighter of Indian
nationalism in British-ruled India. Employing nonviolent civil
disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired
movements for civil rights and freedom across the world.
The honorific Mahatma (Sanskrit: "high-souled," "venerable")—applied
to him first in 1914 in South Africa,is now used worldwide. He is also
called Bapu (Gujarati: endearment for "father,") in India.
Born and raised in a Hindu, merchant caste, family in
coastal Gujarat, western India, and trained in law at the Inner Temple,
London,
Gandhi first employed nonviolent civil disobedience as an expatriate
lawyer in South Africa, in the resident Indian community's struggle for
civil rights. After his return to India in 1915, he set about organising
peasants, farmers, and urban labourers to protest against excessive
land-tax and discrimination. Assuming leadership of the Indian National
Congress in 1921, Gandhi led nationwide campaigns for easing
poverty, expanding women's rights, building religious and ethnic
amity, ending untouchability, but above all for achieving Swaraj or
self-rule.
Gandhi famously led Indians in challenging the British-imposed salt tax
with the 400 km (250 mi) Dandi Salt March in 1930, and later in calling
for the British to Quit India in 1942. He was imprisoned for many years,
upon many occasions, in both South Africa and India. Gandhi attempted
to practise nonviolence and truth in all situations, and advocated that
others do the same. He lived modestly in a self-sufficient residential
community and wore the traditional Indian dhoti and shawl, woven with
yarn hand spun on a charkha. He ate simple vegetarian food, and also
undertook long fasts as means of both self-purification and social
protest.
Gandhi's vision of a free India based on religious pluralism, however,
was challenged in the early 1940s by a new Muslim nationalism which
was demanding a separate Muslim homeland carved out of
India Eventually, in August 1947, Britain granted independence, but
the British Indian Empire was partitioned into two dominions, a smaller
Hindu-majority India and Muslim Pakistan. As many displaced Hindus,
Muslims, and Sikhsmade their way to their new lands, religious violence
broke out, especially in the Punjab and Bengal. Eschewing the official
celebration of independence in Delhi, Gandhi visited the affected areas,
attempting to provide solace. In the months following, he undertook
several fasts unto deathto promote religious harmony. The last of these,
undertaken on 12 January 1948 at age 78, also had the indirect goal of
pressuring India to pay out some cash assets owed to Pakistan. Some
Indians thought Gandhi was too accommodating. Among them
was Nathuram Godse, a Hindu nationalist, who assassinated Gandhi on
30 January 1948 by firing three bullets into his chest at point-blank
range.
Gandhi is commonly, though not officially, considered the Father of the
Nation in India. His birthday, 2 October, is commemorated there
asGandhi Jayanti, a national holiday, and world-wide as the International
Day of Nonviolence.

Early life and background

In May 1883, the 13-year-old Mohandas was married to 14-year-
old Kasturbai Makhanji (her first name was usually shortened to
"Kasturba", and affectionately to "Ba") in an arranged child marriage,
according to the custom of the region. In the process, he lost a year at
school. Recalling the day of their marriage, he once said, "As we didn't
know much about marriage, for us it meant only wearing new clothes,
eating sweets and playing with relatives." However, as was prevailing
tradition, the adolescent bride was to spend much time at her parents'
house, and away from her husband.

English barrister
In 1888, Gandhi travelled to London, England, to study law at University
College London, where he studied Indian law and jurisprudence and
trained as abarrister at the Inner Temple.
Gandhi was called to the bar in June 1891 and then left London for India,
where he learned that his mother had died while he was in London and
that his family had kept the news from him. His attempts at establishing
a law practice in Bombay failed because he was too shy to speak up in
court. He returned to Rajkot to make a modest living drafting petitions for
litigants, but he was forced to close it when he ran foul of a British
officer. In 1893, he accepted a year-long contract from Dada Abdulla &
Co., an Indian firm, to a post in the Colony of Natal, South Africa, then
part of the British Empire.

Civil rights movement in South Africa (1893–

1914)
Gandhi was 24 when he arrived in South Africa to work as a legal
representative for the Muslim Indian Traders based in the city of
Pretoria. He spent 21 years in South Africa, where he developed his
political views, ethics and political leadership skills.
Gandhi and the Africans
Gandhi focused his attention on Indians while in South Africa and
opposed the idea that Indians should be treated at the same level as
native Africans while in South Africa. He also stated that he believed
"that the white race of South Africa should be the predominating
race. After several treatments he received from Whites in South Africa,
Gandhi began to change his thinking and apparently increased his
interest in politics.

Struggle for Indian Independence (1915–47)

In 1915, Gandhi returned to India permanently. He brought an
international reputation as a leading Indian nationalist, theorist and
organiser. He joined the Indian National Congress and was introduced to
Indian issues, politics and the Indian people primarily by Gopal Krishna
Gokhale.

Role in World War I

In April 1918, during the latter part of World War I, the Viceroy invited
Gandhi to a War Conference in Delhi. Perhaps to show his support for
the Empire and help his case for India's independence, Gandhi agreed
to actively recruit Indians for the war effort.

Khilafat movement
In 1919 Gandhi, with his weak position in Congress, decided to broaden
his base by increasing his appeal to Muslims. The opportunity came
from the Khilafat movement, a worldwide protest by Muslims against the
collapsing status of the Caliph, the leader of their religion.
Noncooperation

With Congress now behind him in 1920, Gandhi had the base to employ
noncooperation, nonviolence and peaceful resistance as his "weapons"
in the struggle against the British Raj. His wide popularity among both
Hindus and Muslims made his leadership possible; he even convinced
the extreme faction of Muslims to support peaceful noncooperation.
Women
Gandhi strongly favoured the emancipation of women, and he went so
far as to say that "the women have come to look upon me as one of
themselves." He opposed purdah, child marriage,untouchability, and the
extreme oppression of Hindu widows, up to and including sati.
Untouchables
In 1932, through the campaigning of the Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar,
the government granted untouchables separate electorates under the
new constitution, known as the Communal Award. In protest, Gandhi
embarked on a six-day fast on 20 September 1932, while he was
imprisoned at theYerwada Jail, Pune.[95] The resulting public outcry
successfully forced the government to adopt an equitable arrangement
(Poona Pact) through negotiations mediated by Palwankar Baloo.[95] This
was the start of a new campaign by Gandhi to improve the lives of the
untouchables, whom he named Harijans, the children of God.
World War II and Quit India
Gandhi initially favoured offering "nonviolent moral support" to the British
effort when World War II broke out in 1939, but the Congressional
leaders were offended by the unilateral inclusion of India in the war
without consultation of the people's representatives. All Congressmen
resigned from office. After long deliberations, Gandhi declared that India
could not be party to a war ostensibly being fought for democratic
freedom while that freedom was denied to India itself. As the war
progressed, Gandhi intensified his demand for independence, calling for
the British to Quit India in a speech at Gowalia Tank Maidan. This was
Gandhi's and the Congress Party's most definitive revolt aimed at
securing the British exit from India.

Assassination
Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was assassinated in the garden of the
former Birla House (now Gandhi Smriti) at 5:17 PM on 30 January 1948.
Accompanied by his grandnieces, Gandhi was on his way to address a
prayer meeting, when his assassin, Nathuram Godse, fired three bullets
from aBeretta 9 mm pistol into his chest at point-blank range.

Principles, practices and beliefs

There is no such thing as "Gandhism", and I do not want to leave any
sect after me. I do not claim to have originated any new principle or
doctrine. I have simply tried in my own way to apply the eternal truths to
our daily life and problems...The opinions I have formed and the
conclusions I have arrived at are not final. I may change them tomorrow.
I have nothing new to teach the world. Truth and nonviolence are as old
as the hills.
Muslims
One of the Gandhi's major strategies, first in South Africa and then in
India, was uniting Muslims and Hindus to work together in opposition to
British imperialism. In 1919–22 he won strong Muslim support for his
leadership in the Khilafat Movement to support the historic Ottoman
Caliphate. By 1924 that Muslim support had largely evaporated.
Jews
In 1931, he suggested that while he could understand the desire of
European Jews to emigrate to Palestine, he opposed any movement that
supported British colonialism or violence. Muslims throughout India and
the Middle East strongly opposed the Zionist plan for a Jewish state in
Palestine, and Gandhi (and Congress) supported the Muslims in this
regard. By the 1930s all major political groups in India opposed a Jewish
state in Palestine
Fasting
Gandhi used fasting as a political device, often threatening suicide

Legacy and depictions in popular culture

The word Mahatma, while often mistaken for Gandhi's given name in the
West, is taken from the Sanskrit words maha (meaning Great)
and atma(meaning Soul). Rabindranath Tagore is said to have accorded
the title to Gandhi. In his autobiography, Gandhi nevertheless explains
that he never valued the title, and was often pained by it.
Awards

Time magazine named Gandhi the Man of the Year in 1930. Gandhi was

also the runner-up to Albert Einstein as "Person of the Century" at the
end of 1999. The Government of India awards the annual Gandhi Peace
Prize to distinguished social workers, world leaders and citizens. Nelson
Mandela, the leader of South Africa's struggle to eradicate racial
discrimination and segregation, is a prominent non-Indian recipient. In
2011, Time magazine named Gandhi as one of the top 25 political icons
of all time.
Gandhi did not receive the Nobel Peace Prize, although he was
nominated five times between 1937 and 1948