CHAÁT THAÛI NGUY HAÏI

hazardous waste
ThS. Traàn Minh Haûi

6/19/2005 1

Khaùi nieäm: Chaát nguy haïi

(hazardous materials)
zlaø nhöõng chaát coù tính ñoäc haïi töùc thôøi ñaùng keå
hoaëc tieàm aån ñoái vôùi con ngöôøi vaø sinh vaät
khaùc
zdo:
{ khoâng phaân huûy sinh hoïc hay toàn taïi laâu beàn trong
töï nhieân;
{ gia taêng soá löôïng ñaùng keå khoâng theå kieåm soaùt;
{ lieàu löôïng tích luõy ñeán moät möùc naøo ñoù seõ gaây töû
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vong hay gaây ra nhöõng taùc ñoäng tieâu cöïc.

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 Tính chaát

{Deã chaùy (Ignitability): T < 60oC, masat,…

{Tính aên moøn (Corossivity): pH < 3; pH >12,5;
{Hoaït tính hoaù hoïc cao (Reactivity)
{Tính ñoäc haïi (Toxicity):
{Khaû naêng gaây ung thö (Carcinogenicity) vaø ñoät bieán
gen

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DOT Hazard Classes

HAZARD CLASS HAZARD TYPE

1 Explosives
2 Gases
3 Liquids
4 Solids
5 Oxidizers, organic peroxides
6 Poisons, etiologic agents
7 Radioactive materials
8 Corrosives
9 Miscellaneous (ORMs)
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2
Explosives

Explosives: Designed to function with instantaneous

release of gas and heat (i.e., by exploding).

Blasting Agents: Designed to explode, but require a

blasting cap to trigger the explosion
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Gases

Poison A: Gases or liquids producing vapors highly

hazardous to human health.
Anhydrous Ammonia is classified as a non-flammable gas
However, it is flammable and highly toxic!
Chlorine gets its own placard because it is toxic, corrosive,
and an oxidizer!
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3
Liquids

Flammable Liquid: Flash point < 100oF

Combustible Liquid: Flash point > 100oF

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Solids

Any solid material other than an explosive that is liable to

cause fires through friction, through retained heat from
manufacturing, or which can be ignited readily and when
ignited burns vigorously and persistently.
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Oxidizers

Liquid oxygen is an oxidizer and a cryogenic agent.

Oxidizers will readily give up oxygen and support
combustion.
Organic oxidizers will readily give up oxygen, support
combustion, and will burn!
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Poisons
Class B Poisons: Solids and liquids known
to be so toxic as to afford a risk to human
health or which, in the absence of adequate
data are assumed to be toxic to man.
Irritants, substances that give off irritating
fumes when heated or exposed to air, are
included in Class 6, but are placarded only
as DANGEROUS and only if >1000 pounds
is present.
Etiologic agents are included in Class 6 but
are not placarded.
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Radioactive Materials

Vehicles transporting radioactive materials are

placarded ONLY if the packages contains material
measures >50 millirem/hr on the entire package
surface or >3 millirem/hr at 3 feet. (Radioactive III
package labeling)

Defense material being moved under authority of

the Department of Energy or Department of
Defense is NOT placarded.

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Corrosives

Materials that attack and destroy

living tissue or that produce severe
corrosion of steel.

Frequently are also toxic and

reactive.

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6
Dangerous
Class C Explosives
Irritants
Mixed motor vehicle loads of
>1000 but <5000 pounds of all
HAZMAT except Poison A,
Poison B, Solid Dangerous
when Wet, Explosive A,
Explosive B, and Radioactive

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UN Numbers

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Nhaõn baùo chaát nguy haïi

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z Nhaõn baùo chaát nguy haïi

Nhaõn höôùng daãn söû duïng

z Handling labels
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Xöû lyù chaát nguy haïi
zTaän duïng

zÑoát
zThaûi boû cuoái cuøng

6/19/2005 17

Taän duïng dung moâi

z Ñoàng Nai, DNTN. Taân Phaùt Taøi

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 Taùch daàu khoaùng

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Loø nung thuøng quay

z Rotary kiln
incinerator

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 Ñoát taàng soâi

z Bubbling
fluidised
bed

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Ñoát taàng soâi

• Circulating
fluidised
bed

6/19/2005 22

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