Coordination in a Multi-Cell Multi-Antenna Multi-User W-CDMA System: A

Beamforming Approach
Botella, C. Pinero, G. Gonzalez, A. Diego, M.D.
Student Member, IEEE;

This paper appears in: Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on

Publication Date: November 2008
Volume: 7, Issue: 11, Part 2
On page(s): 4479-4485
ISSN: 1536-1276
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/T-WC.2008.070844
Current Version Published: 2008-12-02

Abstract
The problem of designing Joint Power Control and Optimal Beamforming (JPCOB) algorithms for the downlink of a
coordinated multi-cellW-CDMA system is considered throughout this paper. In this case, the JPCOB design is
formulated as the problem of minimizing the total transmitted power in the coordinated multi-cell system, subject to
a certain quality of service requirement for each user. In this paper, the performance of two JPCOB algorithms
based on different beamforming approaches is compared over the coordinated multi-cell system. The first one,
obtains local beamformers by means of the well-known virtual uplink-downlink duality. In contrast, the second
algorithm implements multi-base beamformers, taking into account match filter equalizers at the receivers.
Moreover, realistic system parameters, such as per-base station power constraints or the asynchronous nature of
the signals arriving at the receivers, are taken into account. Simulation results show that the algorithm based on
multi-base beamforming presents attractive properties, such as an inherent multi-base scheduling technique or a
decreasing total transmitted power as the degree of coordination between base stations is increased.

WAP and SMS based emerging techniques for remote monitoring and
control of a process plant
Ravi, S. Chathish, M.S. Prasanna, H.
Anna Univ., Chennai, India;

This paper appears in: Signal Processing, 2004. Proceedings. ICSP '04. 2004 7th International Conference
on
Publication Date: 31 Aug.-4 Sept. 2004
Volume: 3, On page(s): 2672- 2675 vol.3
ISSN:
ISBN: 0-7803-8406-7
INSPEC Accession Number: 8412376
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/ICOSP.2004.1442332
Current Version Published: 2005-06-27

Abstract
Remote monitoring and control of data (usually large in number) present in a plant is conventionally done using
structured cables (large number of wires) running between the field devices and the control room. The control
room makes use of custom made programs to perform the necessary man-machine-interface (MMI). Now-a-days,
new devices appear (mobile phones supporting WAP protocols, PDA's etc.) offering the possibility to be instantly
and more efficiently informed, the instantaneous changes occurring in the critical parameters of the plant. This
paper presents how cellular telephony technologies like the short message service (SMS) and the wireless
application protocol (WAP) may be implemented effectively to assist the control and monitoring of a process plant.
The techniques that can be used to provide visualization and control signals along with messages and alarms from
the plant is explored in this paper. This is particularly useful in large and distributed processes such as chemical,
oil industry etc. The objective is to equip the plant decision makers with all the possible plant information as quickly
as possible in pocket-sized devices and also eliminate the need for wires. The work enables the technical and
maintenance personnel supervision and control of machinery and processes from a single mobile phone. The
proposed work has been implemented in a real time process plant (used in the manufacture of additives)
consisting of heat exchanger elements, drums, reactors etc. On-line data are successfully transferred to the mobile
device of the expert people at regular time intervals. An alarm management program is written using WAP protocol
to provide an alert signal as and when any received data exceeds a set threshold value. The operational range of
the plant is expected to improve significantly with these new emerging data transfer techniques. In this paper, the
WAP content is provided with a graphic screen along with the usual text display. Graphical displays are
incorporated in the form of trend graphs for the selected process variables in the mobile device itself. The paper
also presents a scheme for secure transfer of data by using crypto coding schemes. Each information packet is
coded to consist of the plant-id, parameter-id, user-id along with t- he actual data. Varying access rights are
incorporated to define different data to be viewed.

Optimizing Joint Erasure- and Error-Correction Coding for Wireless Packet

Transmissions
Berger, C.R. Zhou, S. Wen, Y. Willett, P. Pattipati, K.
Student Member, IEEE;

This paper appears in: Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on

Publication Date: November 2008
Volume: 7, Issue: 11, Part 2
On page(s): 4586-4595
ISSN: 1536-1276
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/T-WC.2008.070581
Current Version Published: 2008-12-02

Abstract
To achieve reliable packet transmission over a wireless link without feedback, we propose a layered coding
approach that uses error-correction coding within each packet and erasure-correction coding across the packets.
This layered approach is also applicable to an end-to-end data transport over a network where a wireless link is
the performance bottleneck. We investigate how to optimally combine the strengths of error- and erasure-
correction coding to optimize the system performance with a given resource constraint, or to maximize the
resource utilization efficiency subject to a prescribed performance. Our results determine the optimum tradeoff in
splitting redundancy between error-correction coding and erasure-correction codes, which depends on the fading
statistics and the average signal to noise ratio (SNR) of the wireless channel. For severe fading channels, such as
Rayleigh fading channels, the tradeoff leans towards more redundancy on erasure-correction coding across
packets, and less so on error-correction coding within each packet. For channels with better fading conditions,
more redundancy can be spent on error-correction coding. The analysis has been extended to a limiting case with
a large number of packets, and a scenario where only discrete rates are available via a finite number of
transmission modes.

On the Performance of Spectrally-Encoded Spread-Time Ultrawideband

CDMA Communication Systems
Farhang, M. Salehi, J.A.
Student Member, IEEE;

This paper appears in: Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on

Publication Date: November 2008
Volume: 7, Issue: 11, Part 2
On page(s): 4608-4616
ISSN: 1536-1276
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/T-WC.2008.070633
Current Version Published: 2008-12-02

Abstract
In this paper we study the performance of Spectrally-Encoded Spread-Time (SE/ST) technique when applied to
ultrawideband (UWB) signals in the context of wireless code-division multiple-access (CDMA) communication. In
this technique UWB pulses are spectrally encoded with pseudorandom codes that are assigned uniquely to each
user. We shall show that the SE/ST ultrawideband system provides an appropriate multi-user capacity in realistic
UWB channels, along with the ability of narrowband interference (NBI) suppression. To this end, after obtaining a
suitable statistical model for spectrallyencoded spread-time signals, we investigate the performance of the system
in the presence of multiple-access and narrowband interferers, and simple and accurate approximations will also
be developed which are in good agreement with simulation results. Furthermore, the effect of variations of the
main system parameters and some of the relevant trade-offs will be numerically demonstrated.

Coverage Analysis for IEEE 802.16e/WiMAX Systems

Jalloul, L.M.A. Alex, S.P.
Senior Member, IEEE;

This paper appears in: Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on

Publication Date: November 2008
Volume: 7, Issue: 11, Part 2
On page(s): 4627-4634
ISSN: 1536-1276
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/T-WC.2008.070665
Current Version Published: 2008-12-02

Abstract
This paper describes a frame work for evaluating the coverage performance of an orthogonal frequency division
multiplexing (OFDM) system as defined in the IEEE 802.16e/ WiMAX standard. Both the downlink and the uplink
coverage are presented under a system with multiple cells and sectors. The spatial area coverage for a single
frequency reuse and reuse of 3 are evaluated. Our results show that a WiMAX system can be uplink coverage
limited for base station receivers with only two antennas. It is shown that there is a tradeoff between the uplink
sector throughput and coverage performance. On the downlink, it is shown that a combination of cyclic delay
diversity (CDD) with segmented frequency reuse of 3 significantly improves coverage performance. Also, shown is
a comparison of downlink coverage performance between maximum ratio combining (MRC) and minimum mean
square (MMSE) receivers at the subscriber station. It is shown that for a single frequency reuse an MMSE receiver
with CDD at the transmitter are needed for adequate downlink coverage performance
Capacity and Error Performance of Reduced-Rank Transmitter Multiuser
Preprocessing Based on Minimum Power Distortionless Response
Lie-Liang Yang
Senior Member, IEEE;

This paper appears in: Wireless Communications, IEEE Transactions on

Publication Date: November 2008
Volume: 7, Issue: 11, Part 2
On page(s): 4646-4655
ISSN: 1536-1276
Digital Object Identifier: 10.1109/T-WC.2008.070724
Current Version Published: 2008-12-02

Abstract
In this contribution we first derive a transmitter multiuser preprocessing (TMP) scheme for a general multiuser
multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) system based on the minimum power distortionless response (MPDR)
criterion, which minimizes the power in the context of a given downlink mobile terminal (MT) under the
distortionless condition. This optimization problem results in a solution, which has the same form as the minimum
mean-square error (MMSE) multiuser detection (MUD). Hence, we then extend the well-known rank-reduction
techniques in MMSE-MUD to the MPDR-TMP in order to mitigate the possible implementation problems of the
MPDRTMP. In our study three classes of rank-reduction algorithms are considered, which are derived,
respectively, based on the eigen-analysis methods of principal components (PC) and crossspectral metrics
(CSMs) as well as on the Taylor polynomial approximation (TPA) approach, which does not depend on the eigen-
analysis. In this contribution both the capacity and error performance of a downlink space-division multiple-access
(SDMA) system is investigated, when either the full-rank or reduced-rank MPDR-TMP is invoked. From our study
and simulation results, it can be shown that the MPDR-TMP scheme is highly efficient for achieving the capacity
and for suppressing the multiuser interference (MUI). The reduced-rank techniques can be employed by the
MPDR-TMP, so as to reduce its implementation complexity while achieving the near full-rank performance of the
full-rank MPDR-TMP.

WAP Applications
“At first, the most popular mobile Internet service is likely to be e-mail. SMS (short message
service) messages have proved a big success in the Nordic nations and volumes are growing
rapidly throughout western Europe”

One of the most significant advantages of Internet access from mobile rather that your PC is the
ability to instantly identify users geographic location. This opens up a huge opportunity for highly
customized services.

As Ericsson puts it,

“the content providers will know where their users are geographically and will be able to direct
them to specific destinations - restaurants or theaters, for example handheld devices are mobile,
but their position is instantly identifiable. So think of content that knows where the user is, and
offers content tailored to that geography. Weather forecasts, restaurant locations (with table
availability and instant reservations fast food delivery, finding and booking a plumber, dating
services (with pre-recorded video profiles and e-mail or voicemail exchanges) any service where
physical proximity is important can migrate a vital part of its value-added to the new devices.”

Some of the interesting applications of WAP (already existing or being worked on) are:

• Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) and Nokia are working with a Finnish fashion
retailer who plans to send clothing offers direct to mobile telephones using a combination
of cursors, touch screen technology and WAP to allow would-be shoppers to hot-link to
order-entry pages on the web.
• In Finland, children already play new versions of competitive games such as
"Battleships", via the cellular networks. In the music world, Virgin Mobile in the UK offers
to download the latest pop hits to customers in a daily offering.
• Scala has developed several WAP products for small to medium-sized companies which
would allow, for example, a field sales force to access customer order information and
stock availability details via a WAP handset.
• A key growth area for the technology will be business-to-workforce, with companies using
WAP applications to reach employees at any time. Scala is currently working on time-
sheet applications and techniques for entering and filing expense claims via the mobile
phone.
• Nokia says applications that will benefit from WAP include customer care and
provisioning, message notification and call management, e-mail, mapping and location
services, weather and traffic alerts, sports and financial services, address book and
directory services and corporate intranet applications.

As brought out by [1] and the examples above WAP services are currently limited to simple
information services, but as higher speeds become available and some of the technical issues
specific to WAP are resolved, several new service types will emerge, including:

• Infotainment : They could include weather forecasts, stock quotes, horoscopes

and news
• Messaging : services such as e-mail, voicemail and unified messaging
• Personal information management : services such as call management and
personal directories, which enable the modification of personal information
• Financial services : mobile banking and mobile e-commerce services
• Location-based services : services that are dependent on location include
mapping and vehicle location information
The table below should give an idea about the kind of services being offered by operators around
the world.

Operator/country Examples of the current services offered

France Telecom Cinema information, share prices and some banking services
KPN Telecom, The
Movie information, hotel information and news
Netherlands
Omnitel, Italy News, flight information, lottery information and movie listings
Optus, Australia Share prices, news, weather forecasts and e-mail
Cinema information, last minute offers (via lastminute.com), news
Orange, UK
and business directories
News, e-mail, SmarTone WAP portal, language translation and
SmarTone, Hong Kong
directories
Sonera, Finland Information services, e-mail, directories and financial data
News, share prices, mapping, weather forecasts, directories and e-
Sprint, US
mail
News, traffic updates, some banking transactions, directories and e-
Telefonica Moviles, Spain
mail

Source: Ovum (WAP Market Strategies/B)

The Problem areas

One of the problem, basically to do with infrastructure (and not WAP) is that as the mobile
Internet access, thanks to WAP, increases it is likely to put ever greater demands on existing
technology infrastructures as it encourages higher m-commerce volumes. A live example is I-
mode services in Japan, where the mobile data access has seen a unprecedented rate of growth.
So, unless the infrastructure is geared up to expect unexpected volumes, this can have significant
impact on these data services since most of these systems are simply inadequate for big
volumes. So there is a possibility of unsatisfactory performances observed by mobile data users.

Another problem area is that the delay in the delivery of long-promised terminals and service
launches are narrowing the window of opportunity for WAP, while the proposed developments in
faster mobile networks and more sophisticated terminals come closer. Further developments in
WAP are still required and in the meantime, other solutions will emerge.

Also as with many other technologies what matters most and what guides the development of a
technology is the emergence of “killer applications”. So, unless some killer applications hit the
market, which influence the mood of the enduser, WAP just like other technologies has a difficult
path ahead. Already due to lots of hype WAP proponents find them selves in a little tight position.
So, this presents a big opportunity for the developer community to develop new and innovative
applications that can realize the advantage of WAP. There is going to be big appetite for WAP
applications in the very near future.