Exam

Name___________________________________

MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.

1) Which of the following does not act as a stimulus to initiate a muscle contraction? 1)
A) a change of temperature B) hormonal activity
C) neurotransmitters D) a change in the pH of a muscle

2) Rigor mortis occurs because ________. 2)

A) the cells are dead
B) sodium ions leak out of the muscle
C) proteins are beginning to break down, thus preventing a flow of calcium ions
D) no ATP is available to release attached actin and myosin molecules

3) Which of the following statements is true? 3)

A) Cardiac muscle cells are found in the heart and large blood vessels.
B) Smooth muscle cells have T tubules.
C) Cardiac muscle cells have many nuclei.
D) Striated muscle cells are long and cylindrical with many nuclei.

4) One functional unit of a skeletal muscle is ________. 4)

A) the sarcoplasmic reticulum B) a sarcomere
C) a myofibril D) a myofilament

5) Muscle tissue has all of the following properties except ________. 5)

A) contractility B) secretion C) extensibility D) excitability

6) Muscle tone is ________. 6)

A) the ability of a muscle to efficiently cause skeletal movements
B) a state of sustained partial contraction
C) the condition of athletes after intensive training
D) the feeling of well-being following exercise

7) The muscle cell membrane is called the ________. 7)

A) sarcolemma B) perimysium C) epimysium D) endomysium

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 8) An individual has just ingested a chemical that binds irreversibly to the ACh receptors in the 8)
sarcolemma. By itself it does not alter membrane potential, yet prevents normal neurotransmitter
binding. Ignoring the effects on any other system, the consequence to skeletal muscle would be
________.
A) contraction if stimulated by an external electrode
B) no contraction at all by nervous mechanisms, but contraction if stimulated by an external
electrode
C) no contraction at all by nervous mechanisms
D) irreversible contraction as soon as the first nervous stimulation reached the sarcolemma

9) Myoglobin ________. 9)
A) breaks down glycogen
B) produces the end plate potential
C) is a protein involved in the direct phosphorylation of ADP
D) stores oxygen in muscle cells

10) Most muscles contain ________. 10)

A) a mixture of fiber types B) muscle fibers of the same type
C) a predominance of fast oxidative fibers D) a predominance of slow oxidative fibers

11) When a muscle is unable to respond to stimuli temporarily, it is in which of the following periods? 11)
A) fatigue period B) refractory period
C) relaxation period D) latent period

12) The strongest muscle contractions are normally achieved by ________. 12)
A) increasing the stimulation up to the maximal stimulus
B) increasing stimulus above the treppe stimulus
C) increasing stimulus above the threshold
D) recruiting small and medium muscle fibers

13) Which of the following is not a usual result of resistance exercise? 13)
A) increase in the efficiency of the circulatory system
B) increase in the number of myofibrils within the muscle cells
C) increase in the number of muscle cells
D) increase in the efficiency of the respiratory system

14) Smooth muscle is characterized by all of the following except ________. 14)
A) it appears to lack troponin
B) there are more thick filaments than thin filaments
C) there are noncontractile intermediate filaments that attach to dense bodies within the cell
D) there are no sarcomeres

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15) The term aponeurosis refers to ________. 15)
A) the bands of myofibrils
B) the tropomyosin-troponin complex
C) a sheetlike indirect attachment to a skeletal element
D) the rough endoplasmic reticulum

16) The giant protein titin maintains the organization of the ________ assisting in muscle stretching. 16)
A) A band B) M line C) I band D) Z disc

17) An elaborate network of membranes in skeletal muscle cells that functions in calcium storage is the 17)
________.
A) sarcoplasmic reticulum B) myofibrillar network
C) intermediate filament network D) mitochondria

18) After nervous stimulation stops, ACh in the synaptic cleft is prevented from continuing stimulation 18)
of contraction by ________.
A) acetylcholinesterase destroying the ACh
B) calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae
C) the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved
D) the action potential stopped going down the overloaded T tubules

19) During vigorous excercise, there may be insufficient oxygen available to completely break down 19)
pyruvic acid for energy. As a result, the pyruvic acid is converted to ________.
A) hydrochloric acid B) lactic acid
C) a strong base D) stearic acid

20) The oxygen-binding protein found in muscle cells is ________. 20)

A) ATP B) myoglobin C) hemoglobin D) immunoglobin

21) The major function of the sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle contraction is to ________. 21)
A) regulate intracellular calcium concentration
B) provide a source of myosin for the contraction process
C) make and store phosphocreatine
D) synthesize actin and myosin myofilaments

22) The functional role of the T tubules is to ________. 22)

A) synthesize ATP to provide energy for muscle contraction
B) hold cross bridges in place in a resting muscle
C) stabilize the G and F actin
D) enhance cellular communication during muscle contraction

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23) Fatigued muscle cells that recover rapidly are the products of ________. 23)
A) intense exercise of short duration B) slow exercise of long duration
C) intense exercise of long duration D) slow exercise of short duration

24) Which of the following is most accurate? 24)

A) The I band lenghtens during isotonic contraction.
B) Muscle tension remains relatively constant during isotonic contraction.
C) Myofilaments slide during isometric contractions.
D) T-tubles may be sliding during isotonic contraction.

25) Immediately following the arrival of the stimulus at a skeletal muscle cell there is a short period 25)
called the ________ period during which the events of excitation-contraction coupling occur.
A) relaxation B) latent C) contraction D) refractory

26) The role of calcium ions in muscle contraction is to ________. 26)

A) bind to regulatory sites on troponin, changing the configuration
B) initiate the conversion of carbon dioxide to oxygen for storage
C) reestablish glycogen stores
D) act as a third messenger

27) The warm-up period required of athletes in order to bring their muscles to peak performance is 27)
called ________.
A) treppe B) incomplete tetanus
C) twitch D) wave summation

28) Of the following muscle types, which has only one nucleus, no sarcomeres, and rare gap junctions? 28)
A) multiunit smooth muscle B) cardiac muscle
C) skeletal muscle D) visceral smooth muscle

29) In an isotonic contraction, the muscle ________. 29)

A) changes in length and moves the "load"
B) rapidly resynthesizes creatine phosphate and ATP
C) never converts pyruvate to lactate
D) does not change in length but increases tension

30) The most distinguishing characteristic of muscle tissue is ________. 30)

A) the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B) the diversity of activity of muscle tissue
C) the design of the fibers
D) the ability to transform chemical energy into mechanical energy

31) Which of the following surrounds the individual muscle cell? 31)
A) epimysium B) fascicle C) endomysium D) perimysium

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32) An anaerobic metabolic pathway that results in the production of two net ATPs per glucose plus 32)
two pyruvic acid molecules is ________.
A) glycolysis B) hydrolysis
C) the electron transport chain D) the citric acid cycle

33) The cells of single-unit visceral muscle ________. 33)

A) contract all at once
B) consist of muscle fibers that are structurally independent of each other
C) exhibit spontaneous action potentials
D) are chemically coupled to one another by gap junctions

34) Which of the following is true about smooth muscle contraction? 34)
A) Certain smooth muscle cells can actually divide to increase their numbers.
B) Smooth muscle, in contrast to skeletal muscle, cannot synthesize or secrete any connective
tissue elements.
C) Smooth muscle has well-developed T tubules at the site of invagination.
D) Smooth muscle cannot stretch as much as skeletal muscle.

35) Which of the following would be recruited later in muscle stimulation when contractile strength 35)
increases?
A) motor units with larger, less excitable neurons
B) many small motor units with the ability to stimulate other motor units
C) large motor units with small, highly excitable neurons
D) motor units with the longest muscle fibers

36) Smooth muscles that act like skeletal muscles but are controlled by autonomic nerves and 36)
hormones are ________.
A) red muscles B) multiunit muscles
C) single-unit muscles D) white muscles

37) Smooth muscle is significantly different from striated muscle in several ways. Which of the 37)
following is true?
A) Smooth muscle contracts in a twisting way.
B) The fibers of smooth muscle are arranged quadrangularly.
C) Smooth muscle has transverse tubules.
D) Smooth muscle is larger and more powerful than striated muscle.

38) Creatine phosphate functions in the muscle cell by ________. 38)

A) inducing a conformational change in the myofilaments
B) forming a temporary chemical compound with myosin
C) storing energy that will be transferred to ADP to resynthesize ATP
D) forming a chemical compound with actin

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39) A sarcomere is ________. 39)
A) the area between two Z discs
B) the area between two intercalated discs
C) the nonfunctional unit of skeletal muscle
D) the wavy lines on the cell seen in the microscope

40) The mechanism of contraction in smooth muscle is different from skeletal muscle in that ________. 40)
A) actin and myosin interact by the sliding filament mechanism
B) ATP energizes the sliding process
C) the site of calcium regulation differs
D) the trigger for contraction is a rise in intracellular calcium

41) During muscle contraction, myosin cross bridges attach to which active sites? 41)
A) myosin filaments B) thick filaments
C) Z discs D) actin filaments

42) The site of calcium regulation in the smooth muscle cell is ________. 42)
A) troponin B) calmodulin C) actin D) myosin

43) The main effect of the warm-up period of athletes, as the muscle contractions increase in strength, 43)
is to ________.
A) tone the muscles and stabilize the joints for the workout
B) convert glycogen to glucose
C) enhance the availability of calcium and the efficiency of enzyme systems
D) increase the myoglobin content

44) The striations of a skeletal muscle cell are produced, for the most part, by ________. 44)
A) the sarcoplasmic reticulum
B) the arrangement of myofilaments
C) a difference in the thickness of the sarcolemma
D) the T tubules

45) The sliding filament model of contraction involves ________. 45)

A) the Z discs sliding over the myofilaments
B) actin and myosin sliding past each other and partially overlap
C) actin and myosin shortening but not sliding past each other
D) the shortening of thick filaments so that thin filaments slide past

46) The contractile units of skeletal muscles are ________. 46)

A) microtubules B) mitochondria C) myofibrils D) T tubules

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 47) Three discrete types of muscle fibers are identified on the basis of their size, speed, and endurance. 47)
Which of the following athletic endeavors best represents the use of red fibers?
A) playing baseball or basketball B) a long, relaxing swim
C) mountain climbing D) a sprint by an Olympic runner

48) In skeletal muscle contraction, calcium apparently acts to ________. 48)

A) release the inhibition on Z discs
B) increase the action potential transmitted along the sarcolemma
C) remove the blocking action of tropomyosin
D) cause ATP to bind to actin

49) Hypothetically, if a muscle were stretched to the point where thick and thin filaments no longer 49)
overlapped, ________.
A) no muscle tension could be generated
B) cross bridge attachment would be optimum because of all the free binding sites on actin
C) ATP consumption would increase since the sarcomere is "trying" to contract
D) maximum force production would result since the muscle has a maximum range of travel

50) After nervous stimulation of the muscle cell has ceased, the calcium ________. 50)
A) is actively pumped into the extracellular fluid for storage until the next contraction
B) level in the cytoplasm drops
C) is destroyed by cholinesterase
D) is chemically bound to the filaments

51) Calcium ions bind to the ________ molecule in skeletal muscle cells. 51)
A) tropomyosin B) myosin C) actin D) troponin

52) Which of the following are composed of myosin? 52)

A) thick filaments B) all myofilaments
C) thin filaments D) Z discs

TRUE/FALSE. Write 'T' if the statement is true and 'F' if the statement is false.

53) When a muscle fiber contracts, the I bands diminish in size, the H zones disappear, and the A 53)
bands move closer together but do not diminish in length.

54) A contraction in which the muscle does not shorten but its tension increases is called isometric. 54)

55) Once a motor neuron has fired, all the muscle fibers in a muscle contract. 55)

56) During isometric contraction, the energy used appears as movement. 56)

57) Recruitment is an option in a single-unit smooth muscle cell. 57)

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58) Oxygen debt refers to the oxygen required to make creatine phosphate. 58)

59) Whereas skeletal muscle cells are electrically coupled, smooth muscle cells appear to be chemically 59)
coupled by gap junctions.

60) Smooth muscles relax when intracellular Ca2+ levels drop but may not cease contractions. 60)

61) During isotonic contraction, the heavier the load, the faster the velocity of contraction. 61)

62) Contractures are a result of a total lack of ATP. 62)

63) The effect of a neurotransmitter on the muscle cell membrane is to modify its ion permeability 63)
properties temporarily.

64) Single-unit smooth muscle is found in the intestines. 64)

65) The force of muscle contraction is controlled by multiple motor unit summation or recruitment. 65)

66) A motor neuron and all the muscle cells that it stimulates are referred to as a motor end plate. 66)

67) Eccentric contractions are more forceful than concentric contractions. 67)

68) The more slowly a skeletal muscle is stimulated, the greater its exerted force becomes. 68)

69) Although there are no sarcomeres, smooth muscle still possesses thick and thin filaments. 69)

70) Peristalsis is characteristic of smooth muscle. 70)

71) The thin filaments (actin) contain a polypeptide subunit G actin that bear active sites for myosin 71)
attachment.

72) A resting potential is caused by a difference in the concentration of certain ions inside and outside 72)
the cell.

73) Muscle contraction will always promote movement of body parts regardless of how they are 73)
attached.

74) One of the important functions of skeletal muscle contraction is production of heat. 74)