Chapter # 03

Enzymes
Enzymes are substance which increase rate of chemical reaction.

Term enzyme coined by Friedrich Wilhelm Kuhni (en-inside zyme-yeast) for

biocatalysts which are mainly composed of protein.

In 1980 Sydney Atman and Thomas they said that certain enzymes are composed
of ribonucleic acid such enzymes are called riboenzyme.

Energy of Activation
Amount of energy require to initiate chemical reaction is called energy of
activation. Enzymes reduce requirements of energy of activation so chemical
reactions become speed up.

Enzyme reacts with high energy and low energy compound to break their bonds
which reduces requirements of energy of activation.

Characters of Enzymes
 Mostly enzymes are proteinous in nature like pepsin and amylase but
certain contain non proteinous part such are called conjugated enzymes.
 Enzymes react with acid and base because of proteinous in nature.
 Enzymes have specific site where substrate attach with enzyme called
active site.
 Enzymes are larger than substrate.
 Enzymes are biocatalysts (they speedup chemical reactions but don’t
initiate).
 Enzymes activity can be inhabit such are called inhabitors (concentration of
substrate).
 Inorganic substance increases activity of enzymes called activator.
 Enzymes are specific in pH and temperature sensitive called thermoliablie.
 Enzymes are specific in nature.
  Enzymes never consumed during the chemical reaction.
 Enzymes are of two types on the basis of functions.
1. Endoenzyme or Intracellular Enzymes
Enzyme work within the cell where it is produced.
2. Exoenzyme or Extracellular Enzymes
Enzyme work outside the cell where it is produced.

Mode of Action of Enzyme:

Enzymes are three dimensional in shape so it contain dimple or groove like site
called active site.

Key lock theory

It was given by Fischer but later it was modified by D.D Wood and Paul
Filder.

“Each lock have particular key to unlock the lock so each enzymes have
specific substrate whose chemical reaction speed up.”

Sometimes substrate similar to normal substrate can enter active site but enzyme
cannot catalyses chemical reaction because enzymes are specific in nature.

Induced Fit Model:

It was given by Koshland in 1959. He said “when substrate fit in enzyme

that change enable enzyme to perform catalytic activity”.

Types of Enzymes:
1. Proteozyme or Simple Enzyme
Those enzymes which are composed of protein.
2. Conjugated Enzyme
Enzymes contain non-protein part called conjugated enzyme.
Euler in 1952 said that conjugated enzyme show complete activity so called
Holoenzyme.
Holoenzyme contains two parts.
 a. Apeoenzyme
b. Prosthetic Group

On the basis of prosthetic group enzyme are of two types.

i. Co-enzyme
It prosthetic group is an organic compound then enzyme is called co-
enzyme.
ii. Co-factor
It prosthetic group is an inorganic compound then enzyme is called
co-factor.

Factors Affecting Enzymes Activity:

1. Substrate Concentration
Increase in substrate concentration will increase activity of enzyme but up-
to certain limit further increase in substrate concentration will stop activity
of enzyme.
2. pH
Enzymes works in specific pH like pepsin enzyme work in acidic medium but
stop in neutral and base medium.
3. Temperature
Enzyme are temperature sensitive enzyme show optimum or maximum
activity at 37• so called optimum.
0•C enzymes are freeze while at 100•C enzymes denature so called lethal
temperature.
4. Co-factor
Those substances which accelerate or inhabit activity of enzyme are called
co-factor.
5. Co-enzyme
If co-factor/prosthetic group an organic compound then it is called co-
enzyme. Mostly co-enzyme enzymes are vitamin constituent NAD, FAD
(flavin adenine dinucleotide).
 Mostly enzyme work in presence of co-enzyme. If it is absent then enzyme
doesn’t work.
6. Activator
Inorganic substances which accelerate activity of enzyme are called
activator.
Like Zinc is an activator of carbonicanhydrase enzyme (transport of CO2).
Inhabitor
Those substrate which inhabit the activity of enzyme is called Inhibitor.
1. Competitive inhabitor:
Those inhabitor which block activate site, so they compete with normal
substrate so called competitive inhabitor.
If inhabitor is reversible then activity of enzyme can be increase by
increasing substrate concentration.
2. Non competitive inhabitor:
Inhabitor attach with enzyme other than active site called allosteric site so
called non competitive/allosteric inhabitor due to which shape of active site
change.
Negative feed back /feed back inbabition:
When enzyme convert reactant into product then product attach with
enzyme either active or allosteric so inhabit activity of enzyme.
Water:
Activity of enzymes is directly proportional to water.
Radiation:
Activity of enzymes is inversely proportional to radiation.