Switch-Mode Power Supply

DC-DC converters
choppers

Step Down DC-DC Converter (Buck Converter)

vo

Vo Vd

ton toff

Ts
Id S
L
iL Vo

Vd R

vL

Vd -Vo
A
t
-Vo B

ton toff

Ts
 vL

Vd -Vo
A
t
-Vo B

ton toff

Ts
TS ton TS
∫ vL dt = ∫ vL dt + ∫ vL dt = 0
o o ton
VO ton
(Vd − VO ) ton = VO (TS − ton ) = =D
Vd TS
Pd = Po Vd I d = Vo I o I O Vd 1
= =
I d VO D
 Δi I LB = I oB
B

Δi
vL = L
Δt
iL , peak ton
Apply this equation on ton Vd − Vo = L iL , peak = (Vd − Vo )
ton L
1 t DTs
I LB = iL, peak = on (Vd − Vo ) = (Vd − Vo )
2 2L 2L
Vd Ts
VO
VO = DVd I LB = D(1 − D)
=D 2L
2L
Vd
VO DVoTs 1 VT
Vd = I LB = ( − 1) = o s (1 − D)
D 2L D 2L
 Δi I LB = I oB

Δi
vL = L
Δt
Apply this equation on toff
− iL , peak (1 − D )Ts
− Vo = L iL , peak = (V
o)
(1 − D)
D)Ts L
1 (1 − D)TsVo
I LB = iL , peak =
2 2L
 Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd

TS Vd TS Vd
I LB = D (1 − D ) D = 0.5 max =
I LB,ma
2L 8L

I LB = 4 I LB,max D (1 − D )
iL,peak

iL
I L = Io
vL
Vd -Vo

-Vo

Δ1Ts Δ 2Ts
ton

Ts
 Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd (continue)

(Vd − Vo ) D TS + ( −Vo ) Δ1 TS = 0 − I L , ppeak

− Vo = L
Vo D Δi Δ1TS
∴ =
Vd D + Δ1 vL = L
Δt
Vo
I o D + Δ1 ∴ I L , peak = Δ1TS
∴ = L
Id D
iL,peak
area
I L = Io =
period iL
I L = Io
0.5( DTs + Δ1Ts ) I L , peak vL
= Vd -Vo
Ts
-Vo
D + Δ1
= I L , peak
2 Δ1Ts Δ 2 Ts
ton

Ts
 Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Vd (continue)

Vo D + Δ1
Q I L, peak = Δ1TS Q I o = I L , peak
L 2
Vo TS
∴ Io = ( D + Δ1 ) Δ1 Q Vo = D ∴Vo =
D
Vd
2L Vd D + Δ1 D + Δ1
Vd TS
∴ Io = DΔ1 Q I =
TS Vd TS Vd
2L
2L LB , max Q 4 I LB , max =
8L 2L
∴ I o = 4 I LB , max D Δ1
IO
∴ Δ1 =
4 I LB , max D
Vo D2
=
Vd 2 1⎛ Io ⎞
D + ⎜
4⎝ I LB,max ⎟⎠
 Discontinuous Conduction Mode with Constant Output Voltage

TS Vo T V
I LB = (1 − D ) D=0 ∴ I LB,max = S o
2L 2L
∴ I LB = (1 − D ) I LB,max
Vd
V
Q o =
D ∴ Δ1 = D −D
Vd D + Δ1 Vo Vo TS
Q Io = ( D + Δ1 ) Δ1
2L
Vo TS 2 Vd ⎛ Vd ⎞
∴ Io = D ⎜ − 1⎟
2L Vo ⎝ Vo ⎠

2 Vd ⎛V
⎛ Vd ⎞
∴ I o = I LB,max D ⎜ − 1⎟
Vo ⎝ Vo ⎠
Vo ⎛ I o I LB , max ⎞
∴D = * ⎜⎜ ⎟
Vd ⎝ (1 − Vo Vd ) ⎟⎠
 Output Voltage Ripples

I LB = I OB
vL
Vd -Vo

-Vo
2
ΔVo π 2
⎛ fC ⎞
= (1 − D )⎜ ⎟
ton toff Vo 2 ⎝ fS ⎠
Ts 1
iL,peak fC =
2π LC
iL
ΔQ I LB = I OOB

Ts / 2

Δ VO

VO
 In discontinuous conduction mode,
ΔVo =
[DTS ( Vd − Vo ) − L I O ][ DTS ( Vd − Vo )Vo − L I oVo + (Vd − Vo )(DTS (Vd − Vo ) − LI o )]
i 2 LC Vo (Vd − Vo )
L,peak

iL
I L = Io
vL
Vd -Vo

-Vo

Δ1Ts Δ 2Ts
ton

Ts
iL,peak

iL
ΔQ
I L = Io
t 2 − t1

t1 t2

ΔVo

Vo
 Step Up (Boost) Converter
IT + VL - Io

Vo
Vd RL

iL
IL

ton Ts toff
 Vd ton + (Vd − VO ) toff = 0 Vo TS 1
= =
Vd Toff 1 − D
Io
∴ = (1 − D )
Q Pd = PO ∴ Vd I d = Vo I o Id
 Boundary Between Continuous And Discontinuous Conduction

Δi
vL = L
Δt

ton
iL , peak iL , ppeak = Vd
Apply this equation on ton
Vd = L L
ton
1 t DTs
⇒ Vd = Vo (1 − D )
I LB = iL , peak = on (Vd ) = (Vd ) Vo 1
2 2L 2L =
Vd 1 − D
TS Vo
∴ I LB = D (1 − D )
2L
 1 1 Vd TS Vo
Q I LB = I L, peak = ton = D (1 − D )
2 2 L 2L
TS VO
. D = 0.5 maximum value at ∴ I LB,max =
8L
= (1 − D )
Io I OB
∴ = (1 − D ) ⇒
Id I LB
TS Vo
∴ I OB = D (1 − D ) 2 its maximum at D
D=1/3=0 3333 Then I OB
1/3 0.3333.
2L
2 TS Vo TS Vo
I OB,max = = 0.074
27 L L
I LB = 4 D (1 − D ) I LB,max

27
I oB = D (1 − D ) 2 I oB ,max
4
 Discontinuous Conduction Mode

Δi
vL = L
Δt
Apply this equation on ton

iL , peak
Vd = L
ton

ton DTs
iL , peak = Vd = Vd
Vd DTS + (Vd − Vo ) Δ1TS = 0 L L
Vo Δ1 + D Io Δ1 area 0.5 * (D + Δ1 )Ts * iLpeak
= And = Id = =
Vd Δ1 I d Δ1 + D period Ts
Vd
∴ Id = DTS ( D + Δ1 )
2L
Q Id =
Vd
DTS ( D + Δ1 ) Io Δ1
Q =
2L Id Δ1 + D

∴ Δ1 =
Io ⎛ TSVd ⎞
⎛T V ⎞ ∴ Io = ⎜ ⎟ DΔ1
D⎜ S d ⎟ ⎝ 2L ⎠
⎝ 2L ⎠
Vo Δ1 + D D D D 2TsVd
Q = =1+ =1+ =1+
Vd Δ1 Δ1 Io 2 LI o
⎛ TSVd ⎞
D⎜ ⎟
2 LI o ⎛ Vo ⎞ ⎝ 2L ⎠
D= ⎜ − 1⎟⎟
⎜
TsVd ⎝ Vd ⎠
4 Vo ⎛ Vo ⎞ Io
2 TS Vo ∴ D = ⎜ − ⎟
Q I OB , max = 27 Vd ⎜⎝ Vd
1⎟I
27 L ⎠ oB , max
 Output Voltage Ripple For Continuous Conduction Mode

ΔQ IO DTS VO DTS
ΔVO = = =
C C RC
 Output Voltage Ripple for Discontinuous Conduction Mode

ΔQ 1 (Vd DTs − LI o )2
∴ ΔVo = =
C 2 LC (Vo − Vd )