MA 51000 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #9 SOLUTIONS

Problem 1. Sec. 5.1, pg. 326; prob. 5

A lumberjack cuts out a wedge-shaped piece W of a cylindrical tree of radius r obtained by making two
saw cuts to the tree’s center, one horizontally and one at an angle θ. Compute the volume of the wedge W
using Cavalieri’s principle.

Solution: Assume that the cylindrical tree of radius r can be described by the equation x2 + y 2 = r2 . Let
Pa denote the plane x = a. Then we have the cross-sectional area
1 1 1 2
A(x) = area of (W ∩ Px ) = b h = b2 tan θ = r − x2 tan θ


2 2 2
for −r ≤ x ≤ r. Cavalieri’s principle states that
Z r Z r x=r
x3
 
1 2 1 2
r − x2 tan θ dx = r2 x − = r3 tan θ.


volume of W = A(x) dx = tan θ
−r −r 2 2 3 x=−r 3

Problem 2. Sec. 5.2, pg. 340; prob. 5

Let f be continuous on [a, b] and g be continuous on [c, d]. Show that
"Z # "Z #
ZZ
  b d
f (x) g(y) dx dy = f (x) dx g(y) dy
R a c

where R = [a, b] × [c, d].

Solution: Define the function

Z b Z b
G(y) = f (x) g(y) dx = λ g(y) where λ= f (x) dx.
a a

Then we have the identity

"Z # "Z #
ZZ
 
Z d b Z d d
f (x) g(y) dx dy = f (x) g(y) dx dy = G(y) dy = λ g(y) dy
R c a c c
"Z # "Z #
b d
= f (x) dx g(y) dy .
a c

Problem 3. Sec. 5.2, pg. 340; prob. 11

1
2 MA 51000 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #9 SOLUTIONS

Although Fubini’s theorem holds for most functions met in practice, one must still exercise some caution.
This exercise gives a function for which it fails. By using a substitution involving the tangent function, show
that Z 1Z 1 Z 1Z 1
x2 − y 2 π x2 − y 2 π
2 dy dx = , yet 2 dx dy = − .
0
2
0 (x + y )
2 4 0
2
0 (x + y )
2 4
Why does this not contradict Theorem 3 or 3’ ?

Solution: We have the (single) integrals

Z 1 y=1 1 x=1
x2 − y 2 x2 − y 2
Z
y  1 x  1
2 dy = x2 + y 2  = and 2 dx = − x2 + y 2  =− .

2
0 (x + y )
2
y=0 1 + x2 0
2 2
(x + y ) x=0 1 + y2
If we make the substitution
Z 1 Z π/4
dt 1 π
t = tan θ =⇒ = sec2 θ = 1 + t2 =⇒ dt = dθ = .
dθ 0 1 + t2 0 4
This gives the double integrals
Z 1Z 1 Z 1 1 1 1
x2 − y 2 x2 − y 2
Z Z Z
1 π 1 π
2 dy dx = 2
dx = , yet 2 dx dy = − dy = − .
0
2
0 (x + y )
2
0 1 + x 4 0 0 (x2 + y2 ) 0 1 + y2 4
This inequality does not contradict Theorem 3 because f (x, y) = (x − y )/(x + y 2 )2 is not continuous
2 2 2

on R = [0, 1] × [0, 1]. Indeed, f (x, y) is not defined when (x, y) = (0, 0). Similarly, this inequality does not
R1 R1
contradict Theorem 3’ because the integral 0 f (x, y) dy (respectively 0 f (x, y) dx) does not exist for all
x ∈ [0, 1]) (respectively y ∈ [0, 1]). Indeed, the integral does not exist for x = 0 (respectively, y = 0).

Problem 4. Sec. 5.3, pg. 348; prob. 3

Use double integrals to compute the area of a circle of radius r.

Solution: Consider the interior of a circle of radius r:

D = (x, y) ∈ R2  x2 + y 2 ≤ r2 .
 

This is a y-simple region because it is the collection of (x, y) ∈ R2 where −r ≤√x ≤ r and φ1 (x) ≤ y ≤
√φ2 (x) in
terms of the continuous functions φ1 , φ2 : [−r, r] → R defined by φ1 (x) = − r − x and φ2 (x) = r2 − x2 .
2 2

Hence we have the area

ZZ Z r "Z φ2 (x) # Z r p
area of D = dx dy = dy dx = 2 r2 − x2 dx.
D −r φ1 (x) −r

Upon substituting x = r sin θ we find the integral

Z r p Z π/2  θ=π/2
2 2 2
= π r2 .

2 2
2 r − x dx = r 2 cos θ dθ = r θ + cos θ sin θ 
−r −π/2 θ=−π/2

Hence the area of a circle of radius r is π r2 .

Problem 5. Sec. 5.3, pg. 348; prob. 12

Set up the integral required to calculate the volume of a cone of base radius r and height h.
 MA 51000 HOMEWORK ASSIGNMENT #9 SOLUTIONS 3

Solution: Let S denote the solid which is the interior of the region bounded by
" r #
x2 + y 2
z=0 and z =h 1− .
r2
We compute the volume using Cavalieri’s principle. Let Pa denote the plane z = a. Then we have
 z 2  z 2
A(z) = area of (S ∩ Pz ) = area of circle x2 + y 2 = r2 1 − = π r2 1 − , 0 ≤ z ≤ h.
h h
Hence we have Z h Z h
z 2 1
volume of S = A(z) dz = π r2 1− dz = π r2 h.
0 0 h 3