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ﺇﺫﻥ z ∈ \ ⇔ Im ( z ) = 0 ⇔ z = z :ﻭ . z ∈ i \ ⇔ Re ( z ) = 0 ⇔ z = − z ﻨﻌﺒﺭ ﻋﻥ ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﺠﻤﻊ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻀﺭﺏ ﻓﻲ ^ ﺒﻘﻭﻟﻨﺎ ﺃﻥ ) ( ^, +,.ﺠﺴﻡ ﺘﺒﺎﺩﻟﻲ .
-1-
Prof : BEN ELKHATIR L’ensemble des nombres complexes ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ 03ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ
( )
JG
n JJJJG
ﻟﻠﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ e1 ,OMﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ zﻭ ﻴﺭﻤﺯ ﻟﻪ ﺒﺎﻟﺭﻤﺯ ) arg ( z . z1 − z 2 ≤ z1 + z 2 ﻭ z1 + z 2 ≤ z1 + z 2 ﻭ z 1.z 2 = z 1 . z 2
( )
JG JJJJG z1 z 1 1
ﺇﺫﻥ . arg ( z ) ≡ e1 ,OM [ 2π ] : . = 1 ﻭ = ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ z 2 ≠ 0ﻓﺈﻥ :
z2 z2 z2 z2
• ﺤﺎﻻﺕ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ: ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ:02 •
ﻤﻬﻤﺎ ﻴﻜﻥ zﻤﻥ *^ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
) 3i ( 3 − 4i
2
] z ∈ \*+ ⇔ arg ( z ) ≡ 0 [ 2πﻭ ] z ∈ \*− ⇔ arg ( z ) ≡ π [ 2π = . z أ -ﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ zﺤﻴﺙ :
( () )
3
5 − 2i 1 + 3i
ﻭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ . z ∈ \* ⇔ arg ( z ) ≡ 0 [π ] :
z −3
π π ='. z ب -ﻟﻜل zﻤﻥ } ^ − {2iﻨﻀﻊ :
z ∈ i \*− ⇔ arg ( z ) ≡ − ≡ ) z ∈ i \*+ ⇔ arg ( zﻭ ] [ 2π ] [ 2π z − 2i
2 2 JG JJG
≡ ) . z ∈ i \* ⇔ arg ( z
π
ﻭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ [π ] :
( )
ﺤﺩﺩ ﺜﻡ ﺃﻨﺸﻰﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ ) ( Ρﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻭ ﻤﻤﻨﻅﻡ O , e1 , e 2
2 اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺎت اﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ :
• ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ:06 }\ ∈ ' ( Γ1 ) = {M ( z ) ∈ ( Ρ ) / zو }\ ( Γ 2 ) = {M ( z ) ∈ ( Ρ ) / z ∈ i
'
ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻋﻘﺩﻱ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻌﺩﻡ zﻴﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﻜﻴﻔﻴﺔ ﻭﺤﻴﺩﺓ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺸﻜل ) z = r ( cos θ + i sin θ
. ' ( Γ 3 ) = {M ( z ) ∈ ( Ρ ) / z =1 } و
ﺤﻴﺙ r = z :ﻭ ] . θ ≡ arg ( z ) [ 2π
2z − i
ﻨﻜﺘﺏ ﺒﺎﺨﺘﺼﺎﺭ ] z = [ r , θﻭ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺒﺎﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ . z = ". z ج -ﻟﻜل zﻤﻥ \ ^ −ﻨﻀﻊ :
z −z
JG JJG
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ z = x + iyﻓﺈﻥ :
ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ: •
( )
ﺤﺩﺩ ﺜﻡ ﺃﻨﺸﻰﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ ) ( Ρﺍﻟﻤﻨﺴﻭﺏ ﺇﻟﻰ ﻤﻌﻠﻡ ﻤﺘﻌﺎﻤﺩ ﻭ ﻤﻤﻨﻅﻡ O , e1 , e 2
اﻟﻤﺠﻤﻮﻋﺘﻴﻦ :
y x
= . sin θ
r
= cos θﻭ
r
r = x 2 + y 2ﻭ θﻋﺩﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ : { "
}
}\ ( Σ1 ) = {M ( z ) ∈ ( Ρ ) / z " ∈ iﻭ . ( Σ1 ) = M ( z ) ∈ ( Ρ ) / z = 1
ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ:07 • ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ:03 •
⎤⎡ π ﺤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ^ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺘﻴﻥ :
ﻟﻜل ) ( x , yﻤﻥ [∞ ]0, +∞[ × ]0, +ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ x = [ x , 0] :ﻭ ⎥ . iy = ⎢ y ,
⎦⎣ 2 . (E2 ) : z (
ﻭ + 3.z = 2 + 3i z ) ( E1 ) : z 2 + 2 z
2
−3 = 0
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Prof : BEN ELKHATIR L’ensemble des nombres complexes ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ 03ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ
ﺃﺤﺴﺏ z 2ﻭ ﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭﻩ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺩﺘﻪ ،ﺜﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻤﻌﻴﺎﺭ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺩﺓ . z ⎡ ⎤π
ﻭ ﻟﻜل ) ( x , yﻤﻥ [ ]−∞, 0[ × ]−∞, 0ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ x = [ − x , π ] :ﻭ ⎥ . iy = ⎢ − y , −
• ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ:05 ⎣ ⎦2
أ -ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ θﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﺎل [ [ −π , πﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ z θﺤﻴﺙ : • ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ:08
. z θ = 1 − cos θ + i sin θ ﻟﻜل ﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻌﺩﻤﻴﻥ z 1ﻭ z 2ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
1 ⎧⎪ z 1 = z 2
= zα ب -ﺃﻜﺘﺏ ﺘﺒﻌﺎ ﻟﻘﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ αﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ z αﺤﻴﺙ : ⎨ ⇔ z1 = z 2
1 + i tan α ] ⎪⎩arg ( z 1 ) ≡ arg ( z 2 ) [ 2π
⎫⎧ π π
ﻭ ⎬ . α ∈ [ −π , π [ − ⎨− , ⎞ ⎛z
⎭⎩ 2 2 ] arg ( z 1.z 2 ) ≡ arg ( z 1 ) + arg ( z 2 ) [ 2πﻭ ] arg ⎜ 1 ⎟ ≡ arg ( z 1 ) − arg ( z 2 ) [ 2π
ج -ﺤﺩﺩ ﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﻗﻴﻡ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﺍﻟﻨﺴﺒﻲ nﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻜﻭﻥ ﻤﻥ ﺃﺠﻠﻬﺎ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ : ⎠ ⎝z2
ﻭ ] arg ( z n ) ≡ n .arg ( z ) [ 2πﻟﻜل zﻤﻥ *^ ﻭ nﻤﻥ ] .
( ( 3) : ) ( ( 2) : ) ( (1) : )
n n n
. 3+i ﻭ *\ ∈ i 3 +i ∈ \*− ، 3 +i ∈ \*+
⎞⎛1
د -ﺤﺩﺩ ﺜﻡ ﺃﻨﺸﻰﺀ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ ) ( Ρﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ) ( Γﻟﻠﻨﻘﻁ ) M ( zﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﺘﺤﻘﻕ : ﻭﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ arg ⎜ ⎟ ≡ − arg ( z ) [ 2π ] :ﻭ ] arg ( − z ) ≡ π + arg ( z ) [ 2π
⎠ ⎝z
π
. arg ( z − 2i + 1) ≡ − ] [ 2π
2
1 z
) (
ﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ ﺃﻴﻀﺎ ) arg z ≡ − arg ( z ) [ 2π ] :ﻷن . ( = 2
z z
-(2ﺍﻟﺯﺍﻭﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻭﺠﻬﺔ ﻟﻤﺘﺠﻬﺘﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻋﻤﺩﺓ ﺨﺎﺭﺝ ﻟﺤﻘﻴﻬﻤﺎ:
• ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ:09 • ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ:
( )
JG JJJG ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ α > 0ﻓﺈﻥ :
ﻟﻜل ﻨﻘﻁﺘﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺘﻴﻥ Aﻭ Bﻤﻥ ) ( Ρﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ e1 , AB ≡ arg ( z B − z A ) [ 2π ] :
⎞ ⎛α
] arg (α .z ) ≡ arg ( z ) [ 2πﻭ ] arg ⎜ ⎟ ≡ − arg ( z ) [ 2π
ﻭ ﻟﻜل ﺃﺭﺒﻊ ﻨﻘﻁ Aﻭ Bﻭ Cﻭ Dﻤﻥ ) ( Ρﺒﺤﻴﺙ A ≠ B :ﻭ C ≠ Dﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ : ⎠ ⎝z
ﺃﻤﺎ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ α < 0ﻓﺈﻥ :
( )
JJJG JJJG ⎞ ⎛ z − zC
AB ,CD ≡ arg ⎜ D ] ⎟ [ 2π ⎞ ⎛α
⎠ ⎝ zB −zA ] arg (α .z ) ≡ π + arg ( z ) [ 2πﻭ ] . arg ⎜ ⎟ ≡ π − arg ( z ) [ 2π
ﻭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﺨﺎﺼﺔ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ Aﻭ Bﻭ Cﺜﻼﺙ ﻨﻘﻁ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺜﻨﻰ ﻤﺜﻨﻰ ﻤﻥ ) ( Ρﻓﺈﻥ : ⎠ ⎝z
• ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ:04
( AB , AC ) ≡ arg ⎛⎜⎝ zz
JJJG JJJJG ⎞ −zA 5π 5π 1+ i
. ] ⎟ [ 2π
C
⎠ −zA . sin cosو = ، z 0ﺛﻢ إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ أ -ﺣﺪد ﻣﻌﻴﺎر و ﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﻘﺪي
B 12 12 3 −i
ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺘﺎﺠﺎﺕ: • 3 +i 1 − 3i
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ Aﻭ Bﻭ Cﺜﻼﺙ ﻨﻘﻁ ﻤﻥ ) ( Ρﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﺔ ﻤﺜﻨﻰ ﻤﺜﻨﻰ . = ، z 2ﺛﻢ = z1و ﺏ -أآﺘﺐ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻲ اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻴﻦ
4 4
zC − z A إﺳﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﻣﻌﻴﺎر و ﻋﻤﺪة اﻟﻌﺪدﻳﻦ اﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﻴﻦ u = z 1 + z 2 :و . v = z 1 − z 2
. ﺘﻜﻭﻥ ﺍﻟﻨﻘﻁ Aﻭ Bﻭ Cﻣﺴﺘﻘﻴﻤﻴﺔ إذا و ﻓﻘﻂ إذا آﺎن ∈ \* :
zB −zA
ج -أ -ﻨﻌﺘﺒﺭ ﺍﻟﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ . z = 2 − 3 − i 2 + 3
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Prof : BEN ELKHATIR L’ensemble des nombres complexes ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ 03ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ
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Prof : BEN ELKHATIR L’ensemble des nombres complexes ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ 03ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ
ﻭ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ . az + bz + c = a ⎢⎜ z + ⎟ − ⎜ ⎟ ⎥ :
2
-ﻟﻨﺤﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ : a = 4 − 3i
⎝⎣⎢ ⎦⎥ ⎠ 2a ⎠ ⎝ 2a
⎧ x 2 + y 2 = 4 2 + ( −3 ) 2
⎛ ⎞ −b − δ ⎞ −b + δ ⎪
( E ) ⇔ a ⎜⎛ z − ⎟⎜ z − ﺇﺫﻥ ⎟ = 0 : ⎪
z = 4 − 3i ⇔ ⎨x 2 − y 2 = 4
2
ﻨﻀﻊ ، z = x + iy :ﺇﺫﻥ :
⎝ ⎝ ⎠ 2a ⎠ 2a
−b + δ −b − δ ⎪2xy = −3
= . z2 = z1ﻭ ﻭ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ( Eﺘﻘﺒل ﺤﻠﻴﻥ ﻤﺨﺘﻠﻔﻴﻥ ﻫﻤﺎ : ⎩⎪
2a 2a
• ﻤﻠﺨﺹ: ﺒﻤﻌﻨﻰ ﺃﻥ 2x 2 = 9 :ﻭ 2 y 2 = 1ﻭ . xy < 0
ﻟﺘﻜﻥ Sﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ﺤﻠﻭل ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ( E ) : az + bz + c = 0 :ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ^
2 ⎞⎛ 3 2 2 ⎛3 2 ⎞2
. ( x , y ) = ⎜⎜ − , ⎜⎜ = ) ( x , yﺃﻭ ⎟⎟ ,− ﺃﻱ ⎟ :
ﻭ ∆ = b 2 − 4acﻤﻤﻴﺯﻫﺎ . ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎟ 2
⎫ ⎧ b 2 2
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ∆ = 0ﻓﺈﻥ . S = ⎨− ⎬ :
⎭ ⎩ 2a
= . z2 ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ل a = 4 − 3iﻫﻤﺎ z 1 = ( 3 − i ) :ﻭ ) ( −3 + i
2 2
⎫ ⎧ −b − δ −b + δ -ﻟﺘﺤﺩﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ، a = 1 + 3iﻨﻜﺘﺏ aﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻟﻤﺜﻠﺜﻲ :
⎨ = ، Sﺤﻴﺙ δﻫﻭ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺠﺫﺭﻱ ﺍﻟﻤﻤﻴﺯ ∆ . , ﻭ ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻥ ∆ ≠ 0ﻓﺈﻥ ⎬
⎩ 2a ⎭ 2a ⎤⎡ π ⎤⎡ π
⎥ a = ⎢ 2,ﻭ ﻨﻀﻊ ، z = [ r , θ ] :ﺇﺫﻥ z 2 = a ⇔ ⎡⎣ r 2 , 2θ ⎤⎦ = ⎢ 2, ⎥ :
• ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ: ⎦⎣ 3 ⎦⎣ 3
ﺇﺫﺍ ﻜﺎﻨﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ( Eﺃﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺤﻘﻴﻘﻴﺔ ﻭ ﻜﺎﻥ ∆ < 0ﻓﺈﻥ ﺃﺤﺩ ﺠﺫﺭﻱ ∆ π π
≡. θ ] [π ≡ 2θﺃﻱ ﺃﻥ r = 2 :ﻭ ] [ 2π ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ r 2 = 2 :ﻭ
ﻫﻭ ∆ δ = i −ﻭ ﺤﻠﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ) ( Eﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻤﺘﺭﺍﻓﻘﻴﻥ ﻭ ﻫﻤﺎ : 6 3
⎡ 5π ⎤ ⎡ π ⎤
∆−b + i − ∆−b − i − ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﺭﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﺭﺒﻌﻴﻥ ل aﻫﻤﺎ z 1 = ⎢ 2, ⎥ :ﻭ ⎥ z 2 = ⎢ 2, −
= ( z 2 = z1 ) z 2 = z1ﻭ ⎣ ⎦ 6 ⎣ ⎦6
2a 2a
ﻟﻨﻨﺸﺭ ﻤﺜﻼ ) ( z 1 + z 2ﻭ ) ( z 1 + z 2ﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﻤﺜﻠﺙ ﺒﺎﺴﻜﺎل . ( 3) : iz 2 + ( 2i − 1) z − ⎜⎛1 +
⎞ i
5 4
( 4 ) : (1 + i ) z 2 − 3z + 2 (1 − i ) = 0 ﻭ ⎟=0
⎝ ⎠4
ﻨﺤﺼل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﻨﺸﺭ ) ( z 1 + z 2ﻭ ) ( z 1 + z 2ﺇﻨﻁﻼﻗﺎ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺨﺎﻤﺱ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺩﺱ
5 4
n
ﻭ ﻤﻥ ﺠﻬﺔ ﺃﺨﺭﻯ ) ( cos θ + i sin θ ) = ∑ i k C nk cos n − k θ sin k θ :ﺻﻴﻐﺔ اﻟﺤﺪاﻧﻴﺔ (
n
ﻭ ﻻﺤﻅ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻓﻲ ﻨﺸﺭ ﺍﻟﻤﺘﻁﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﺴﺎﺒﻘﺘﻴﻥ ﺇﺴﺘﻌﻤﻠﺕ ﻤﻌﺎﻤﻼﺕ ﺍﻟﺴﻁﺭ ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻟﺙ ﻭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻊ
k =0
ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺘﻭﺍﻟﻲ .
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Prof : BEN ELKHATIR L’ensemble des nombres complexes ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ 03ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ
ﺜﻡ ﺇﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﺍﻷﺴﻴﺔ ﻟﻸﻋﺩﺍﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﺎﻟﻴﺔ : ﻭ ﻤﻨﻬﻤﺎ ﻤﻌﺎ ﻨﺴﺘﻨﺘﺞ ﺃﻥ :
( )
n
2 1 ، sin nθ = Im ( Zﺤﻴﺙ . Z = ∑ i k C nk cos n − k θ sin k θ
z 1 = 1 +ﻭ ) . z 2 = 2 + 2 (1 + i z 0 = 3 + 3iﻭ )( i − 1 ) cos nθ = Re ( Zﻭ )
2 2 k =0
⎝ 2i ⎠ 16 ) ، z = r ( cos θ + i sin θﺤﻴﺙ r = zﻭ ] . θ ≡ arg ( z ) [ 2π
1 3 1 1 ﻨﻀﻊ e i θ = cos θ + i sin θ :
إذن . sin 4 θ = ( 2 cos 4θ − 8cos 2θ + 6 ) = + cos 4θ − cos 2θ :
16 8 8 2 ﻓﻴﺼﺒﺢ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ z = re i θ :ﻭ ﺘﺴﻤﻰ ﻫﺫﻩ ﺍﻟﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻜﺘﺎﺒﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺍﻟﺸﻜل ﺍﻷﺴﻲ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ ﺍﻟﻌﻘﺩﻱ . z
5
⎞ ⎛ e i θ + e −i θ 1 5i θ • ﺃﻤﺜﻠﺔ:
⎜ = cos θ ⎟ = (e + 5e + 10e + 10e + 5e ﻭ ) + e −5i θ
5 3i θ iθ −i θ −3i θ
π π π
⎝ 2 ⎠ 32 i −i −i
. 3 − 3i = 2 3.e 6
1 − i = 2.eﻭ 4
−i = eﻭ −1 = e i πﻭ
2
1 5 5
. cos5 θ = cos 5θ + cos 3θ + cos θ ﺇﺫﻥ : ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ:12 •
16 16 8 i θ2 i θ1
5
z 1 = r1.eﻭ z 2 = r2 .e ﻟﻜل ﻋﺩﺩﻴﻥ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﻴﻥ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻌﺩﻤﻴﻥ
⎞ ⎛ e i θ − e −i θ 1
⎜ = sin 5 θ
2i
= ⎟ ( ﻭ ) e 5i θ − 5e 3i θ + 10e i θ − 10e − i θ + 5e −3i θ − e −5i θ ) z 1 r1 i (θ1 −θ2
= .e ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ z 1.z 2 = r1r2 .e i (θ1 +θ2 ) :ﻭ
⎝ ⎠ 32i z 2 r2
1 5 5 ﻭ ﻟﻜل z = r .e i θﻤﻥ *^ ﻭ nﻤﻥ ] ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ . z n = r n .e inθ :
. sin 5 θ = sin 5θ − sin 3θ + sin θ ﺇﺫﻥ :
16 16 8 -(4ﺼﻴﻐﺘﺎ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺭ ﻭ ﺇﺨﻁﺎﻁ cos n θﻭ sin n θﺤﻴﺙ : n ≥ 2
• ﻤﻠﺤﻭﻅﺔ:
• ﺨﺎﺼﻴﺔ ) :13ﺻﻴﻐﺘﺎ أوﻟﻴﺮ (
ﺍﻟﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻨﺤﺴﺏ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ cos nθﻭ sin nθﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺼﻴﻐﺔ ﻤﻭﺍﻓﺭ ﻫﻲ ﻋﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﻋﻜﺴﻴﺔ iθ −i θ iθ −i θ
e −e e +e
ﻟﻠﻌﻤﻠﻴﺔ ﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﺘﻡ ﻓﻴﻬﺎ ﺇﺨﻁﺎﻁ cos n θﻭ sin n θﺒﺎﺴﺘﻌﻤﺎل ﺼﻴﻐﺘﺎ ﺃﻭﻟﻴﺭ . = . sin θ = cos θﻭ ﻟﻜل θﻤﻥ \ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
-VIاﻟﺠﺬور ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ nﻟﻌﺪد ﻋﻘﺪي ﻏﻴﺮ ﻣﻨﻌﺪم: 2i 2
-(1ﺘﻌﺭﻴﻑ: e inθ − e −inθ e inθ + e − inθ
= ∀n ∈ ] : sin nθ = cos nθﻭ ﻭ ﺒﺼﻔﺔ ﻋﺎﻤﺔ :
ﻟﻴﻜﻥ aﻋﺩﺩﺍ ﻋﻘﺩﻴﺎ ﻏﻴﺭ ﻤﻨﻌﺩﻡ ﻭ nﻋﺩﺩ ﺼﺤﻴﺢ ﻁﺒﻴﻌﻲ ﺒﺤﻴﺙ . n ≥ 2 2i 2
ﻜل ﻋﺩﺩ ﻋﻘﺩﻱ zﺤل ﻟﻠﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ z n = aﻴﺴﻤﻰ ﺠﺫﺭﺍ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﺭﺘﺒﺔ ) nﺃﻭ ﺠﺫﺭﺍ ﻨﻭﻨﻴﺎ ( • ﺘﻤﺭﻴﻥ:14
θ θ
ﻟﻠﻌﺪد اﻟﻌﻘﺪي . a θ i θ i
1 − e i θ = −2i sin e 2
1 + e i θ = 2 cos eﻭ 2
ﺒﻴﻥ ﺃﻨﻪ ﻟﻜل θﻤﻥ \ ﻟﺩﻴﻨﺎ :
آﻞ ﺟﺬر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ 2ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﺬرا ﻣﺮﺑﻌﺎ ،و آﻞ ﺟﺬر ﻣﻦ اﻟﺮﺗﺒﺔ ﻳﺴﻤﻰ ﺟﺬرا ﻣﻜﻌﺒﺎ .
3 2 2
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Prof : BEN ELKHATIR L’ensemble des nombres complexes ﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﺒﺎﻜﺎﻟﻭﺭﻴﺎ ﻋﻠﻭﻡ ﺘﺠﺭﻴﺒﻴﺔ 03ﻣﺠﻤﻮﻋﺔ اﻷﻋﺪاد اﻟﻌﻘﺪﻳﺔ
3
= θﺤﻴﺙ 0 ≤ k ≤ 3
( 2k
+ 1) π
ﻭ ﻫﺫﺍ ﻴﻌﻨﻲ ﺃﻥ r = 4 64 = 8 = 2 2 :ﻭ
⎞ ⎛ z +i
⎜ . (E ) : ب -ﺤل ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﺠﻤﻭﻋﺔ ^ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﺩﻟﺔ ⎟ + 2 (1 + i ) = 0 : 4
⎠ ⎝ z −i ⎡ ﺇﺫﻥ ﺍﻟﺠﺫﻭﺭ ﺍﻟﺭﺍﺒﻌﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﺩﺩ a = −64ﻫﻲ ( 2k + 1) π ⎤ :
abouzakariya@yahoo.fr z k = ⎢ 2 2,ﺤﻴﺙ . 0 ≤ k ≤ 3 ⎥
⎣ 4 ⎦
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