PREPARED BY:

A.ANUSHA, B. TECH II I, C.S .E

B.RABIYA, B. TECH I II, C.S .E
INTELL ENGINEERING COLLEGE,

AKKAMPALLI CROSS ROAD,

ANANTAPUR.

E.MAIL:ANUSHA.APPU@GMAIL.COM

BANDI.RABIYA@GMAIL.COM

CONTACT: 9966652669
9 9 6 6 8 5 8 596
ABSTRACT:

Mobile communications are changing people’s life style in many ways. The
tremendous demand from social is pushing to booming development of mobile
communication faster man ever advanced techniques emerging. This paper studies
basic concepts of mobility for mobile communication. A conceptual discussion is
made on mobility in the contexts of both computation & communication leading
to the illustration of mobile computing. The concept of mobility management for
mobile communication is introduced. The concept & operation of CDMA-based-
digital cellular system for mobile communication are also introduced. New
challenges arise in future mobile communication system with diversity as the key
feature, which leads to the definitions of classified mobility according to different
cells.
 Keywords: Mobile communication, Mobility, Mobile Management, Wireless
Networks. 1. INTRO DUCTIO N
Mobility is human’s nature. To the field of computing & communication
technologies, to be able to communicate with other persons & access & process
information simultaneously while moving has been as long expectation that
causes great deal of efforts having been made to turn the fancy into fact. The
underlying vision for the emerging mobile communication with a person, at any
time, at any place and in any form, as illustrated in fig. 1

DialAt Any Location

Patel’s personal number Using Any Device
 Cellular / PCS phone
 Home  Office wired phone
 Office  Personal digital assistant
 In public  Multimedia terminal

Mobile communication will continue to greatly change the way of people’s

life. Next generation mobile systems need the support of all the advances on new
theories, algorithms, architectures, standards and protocols. In the near future,
more and more internet based services like web service can be smoothly accessed
with various mobile devices through the wide deployed wireless networks.
Enabling concepts for mobility & mobile computing:-
Mobility is the characteristic of an object that can be mobile. In the field of
computing technology, the mobile object can be in both computation and
communication, according to which we get mobile computation &
communication by extending the features of the objects in these two areas with
mobility. This two feature mobile computation & communication helps us to
construct the new research field – Mobile Computing. This extension is illustrated
in fig.2
Mobility Mobile
Communication
Mobile Service
Mobile Computation Mobile N/w
Mobile Terminal
Mobile Computing Mobile User
Mobile Agent
Communication
Mobile Process

Computation

Fig. 2 Mobility & Mobile computing

Computation & Communication are always interdependent instead of
independent. Many mobile objects can be distinguished in the field of mobile
computing. For mobile computation, objects that can be of mobility are usually
some logical computer critics (code, data, or state):-
1. Mobile process: - Mobile process is a concept in the area of Operating
system (OS). A process is the abstraction of a running application that consists of
the code, data, & OS state, which can be transfer between systems.
 2. Mobile Agent: - The main role of mobile agent is to improve performance
& reliability. It extends the concept of software object; which can carry both code
& data & the thread of control.
As to mobile communication, mobile objects are mostly physical components.
Mobility scenario include:-
1. Terminal mobility: - It is the ability of user device that can roam within a
network or between networks with on going communication within the radio
coverage area. Eg: Laptop & Cellular phone.
2. Personal mobility: - It, means that end-users can access personal services
regardless of moving to any network or using any terminal, through unique user
identification like a Universal personal telecommunication (UPT) number.
3. Services mobility: - It means that a personalized service available to the
user with one mobile device in an N/w can still be accessible by another mobile
device &/or in another N/w of different region or operator.
The Cellular Concept
The cellular concept was developed & introduced by the Bell Laboratories in the
early 1970’s. The principle of cellular systems is to divide a large geographic
service area into cells with diameter from 2 to 50 Km, each of which is allocated a
number of radio frequency (RF) channels. Transmitters in each adjacent cell
operate on different frequencies to avoid interference. As the demand grows in a
given area, cells can be split to accommodate the additional traffic. Cells that are
sufficiently far apart can reuse the same set of frequencies without causing co
channel interference. Fig. 3 illustrates an idealized view of a cellular mobile
system, where cells are depicted as perfect hexagons.

Cells using the same RF channels

 Fig.3 Concepts of frequency reuse in cellular system

System Architecture:
As mentioned earlier, the coverage area of a cellular system is partitioned
into a number of smaller area or cells with each cells served by a base station (BS)
for radio coverage. The base station are connected through fixed links to a mobile
switching center (MSC), which is a local switching exchange with additional
features to handle mobility management requirements of a cellular system. MSC
also interconnect with the PSTN, because of majority of calls in a cellular mobile
system either originate from or terminate at fixed N/w terminals

Base station

HLR

VLR TO OTHER

MS C
MSCS

FIG 2.3 TYPICAL CELLULAR SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

TO PSTN
 Mobility Management for mobile
communication:-
Mobility management is the essential technology that supports roaming
user with mobile terminal to enjoy their services through wireless N/ws when they
are moving into a new service area. Mobility mainly contains two distinct but
related components:-
 Location Management
 Handoff Management
Location management is to locate roaming terminals in order to deliver data
packets despite that the location of them may change from time to time.
Handoff management is to control the change of a mobile node’s attachment
point to n/w in order to maintain connection with the moving node during active
data transmission.

Multiple Access Technologies

Multiple access system specifies how signals from different sources can be
combined efficiently for transmission over a given radio frequency band & then
separated at the destination without mutual interference. The three basic multiple
access methods currently in use in the cellular system are:-
 FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access)
 TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access)
 CDMA ( Code Division Multiple Access)
In case of FDMA, users share the available spectrum in the frequency domains
Analog systems, which represent the initial implementations of the cellular
concept, uses FDMA techniques.
In case of TDMA techniques that are utilized in many Digital cellular systems,
the available spectrum is partitioned into narrow frequency bands or frequency
channels, which in turn are divided into a number of time slots. In TDMA guard
bands are needed both between frequency channels & time slots.
The CDMA systems utilize the spread spectrum technique, whereby spreading
code (with different pseudo-random noise) is used to allow multiple users to share
a block of frequency spectrum. No guard bands are necessary. (Ux - user
slot, FX – Frequency slot, Cx – PN code slot, TX – time slot)

U1 U2 U3 U4

FDMA F1 F2
F3 F4 frequency
time

TDMA t2 U2 U4
U6 U8

T1 U1 U3 U5 U6
F1 F2 F3 F4
frequency
PN code

CDMA cn
UN

C1 U1
F = f1 to f4
frequency
 CDMA Based – Digital Cellular System
IS – 95 standards for the CDMA common air interface was adopted in
1993. The final assessment on the potential superiority of CDMA systems over
TDMA systems in terms of capacity, cost, & speech quality, will emerge only
after both systems have being in operation in dense, urban areas with full
complements of subscriber & services.

Service Aspects: -
 Short message service (SMS)
 Supplementary services (Call waiting, Call forwarding, Calling
line ID, etc)
 Packet data etc.

Forward link Structure in IS – 95 or Base

to Mobile interaction: -
A system is based on the spread spectrum concept is an example of a power
– limited system that 8is not constrained by bandwidth. The CDMA common air
interface (CAI) specifies a forward physical channel design that uses a
combination of frequency division, pseudo – multiple – access techniques.
Frequency division is achieved by dividing the available cellular spectrum into
nominal 1.23 MHz channels which can be increased from the initial single
CDMA channel to multiple such channels as demand for digital services
increases. An example of a logic forward (base to mobile) w/f is shown in fig.4
Pilot channel: - Base uses of the pilot channel are uniquely identifying sectors /
cells, providing phase/ time/ signal strength reference, identifying multipath
components & handoff candidates etc.
Synchronization channel: - System identification number (SID), N/w
identification number (NID), precise time – of – day information, PN offset of the
associated pilot channel.
Paging channels: - A forward w/f transmitter by a base – station to can have
up to seven paging channels, mobile, as well as necessary system parameters.
Forward Traffic channels: - The forward Traffic channels are used to
transmit voice or data to a mobile that is in a call. There may be up to 63 forward
traffic channels, depending on the numbers of paging channels and
synchronization channels. Data rates are flexible (1200, 4800 or 9600 b/s.) to
support variable-rate voice coders and this are structured in 20 ms frames.
Signally information from the base station to the mobile during a call can be
transmitted using blank and burst or dim and burst methods.
Reverse link structures in IS-95:- The reverse CDMA channel is used by
all the mobiles in a cell coverage area to transmit to the base station. IS-95
CDMA System capacity: - The key parameters that determine the capacity of a
CDMA digital cellular system are as follows: - Processing gain, ratio of energy
per bit to noise power (Eb/No), voice activity factor, frequency reuse efficiency.
The theoretical capacity of the IS-95 CDMA cellular system in terms of calls per
1.25 MHz channel per cell is provided by
Np = (w/R)vs.
(Eb/No)F

Where, Np = capacity in terms of numbers of calls/1.25 MHz channels/cell

W/R = ratio of spreading code (1.2288 M cps) to maximum information rate
(9600 b/s)
V = voice activity gain (approximately 2), S = sectors per
cell (generally 3)
Eb/No = minimum ratio of bit energy to noise power (6 dB or factor of 4)
F = Frequency reuse efficiency factor (approximately 3/2)
The theoretical estimated capacity is therefore in the order of 128 calls per 1.25 MHz
channel (i.e. practically 64 calls)

Mobility in future mobile systems:-

The future mobile system will provide capabilities constituting significant
improvements over the current mobile systems, especially in terms of global
mobility for the users and supports of services like high speed data, multimedia
and internet. In scope, future mobile service environments will address the full
range of mobile and personal communication applications shown in figure. In
building (picocell), urban (micro cell), suburban (macro cell) and global (mega
cell/satellite) as well as communication types that includes voice, data and image.
Support of communication needs for developing countries in the form of fixed
wireless access (FWA) applications.
Conclusion:-
This paper studies the basic concepts of mobility for mobile communication.
Mobility is definition in the context of computation and communication, which
lead to the concept of mobile computing. The impacts of mobility on mobile
communication are analyses and the main idea of mobile management is also
introduced. The digital cellular system based on CDMA technologies are fully
specified and are being implemented at a rapid rate around the world. The
recognized need for a third - generation system that will provide global roaming
and service delivery as well as support for high speed data, internet and
multimedia service is playing a significant roll in the evolution of these digital
cellular systems.