COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

PUTRAJAYA CAMPUS
FINAL EXAMINATION
SEMESTER 2, 2009 / 2010

PROGRAMME : Bachelor of Engineering (Honours)

SUBJECT CODE : MATB143

SUBJECT : Differential Equations

DATE : 22 March 2010

TIME : 2 hours 30 minutes

INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES:

1. This paper contains EIGHT (8) questions in three (3) pages.

2. A table of Laplace Transform is attached.

3. A table of selected basic integrals is provided.

4. Answer all questions.

5. Write all answers in the answer booklet provided.

6. Write the answer to each question on a new page.

THIS QUESTION PAPER CONSISTS OF 3 PRINTED PAGES INCLUDING THIS

COVER PAGE.

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Question 1 [15 marks]

(a) Find an implicit solution of the given initial-value problem.

dy 4 + y 2 + 4 x + xy 2
= , y (4) = 0 [7 marks]
dx x−3

(b) Determine the value of k for which the given differential equation is exact.
Then, solve the equation by using that value of k .
 y2 
x
( y
)
 + cos y  dx + k y ln x − x sin y + ye dy = 0 , x>0 [8 marks]
 

Question 2 [12 marks]

Find the general solution of y (5) − 2 y (4) + 16 y ′ − 32 y = 0 .

Question 3 [13 marks]

Find the general solution of x 2 y′′ − 3xy′ + 4 y = x 2 ln x , x > 0

Question 4 [10 marks]

A spring whose constant is 18 N/m is attached with a 1-kg mass. The entire system is
then submerged in a liquid that imparts a damping force numerically equal to 11 times
the instantaneous velocity. Determine the equation of motion if the 1-kg mass is initially
released from a point 4m below the equilibrium position, with an upward velocity of
−1
1 ms .

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Question 5 [10 marks]

Obtain two linearly independent power series solutions about x = 0 for the differential
equation,

y ′′ − (1 + x ) y = 0

(Write down ONLY the first four non-zero terms for each series solution)

Question 6 [16 marks]

(a) Evaluate the inverse Laplace transform of the function

8e −π s
[7 marks]
s ( s 2 + 6s + 4)

(b) Use the Laplace Transform to solve the given integral equation.
t
f (t ) = e− t + t 2 − ∫ f (t −τ )dτ
0

[9 marks]

Question 7 [10 marks]

Find the Laplace Transform of the function given by

t , 0≤t <2

f (t ) =  2 , 2≤t <4
tet , t≥4


Question 8 [14 marks]

Use the Laplace Transform to solve the initial-value problem

y ′′ + 5 y′ + 6 y = u (t − 1) + δ (t − 2), y (0) = 0, y′(0) = 1

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--- END OF QUESTION PAPER ---

SOLUTIONS

dy 4 + y 2 + 4 x + xy 2
1(a) = , y (4) = 0
dx x−3
dy 4(1 + x ) + y 2 (1 + x)
=
dx x −3

dy (4 + y 2 )(1 + x)
=
dx x −3

dy  1+ x 
∫ 4+ y 2
= ∫
 x −3
 dx

 ( x − 3) + 4 
= ∫  dx
 x−3 

 4 
= ∫ 1 +  dx
 x −3

 1  −1  y 
  tan   = x + 4 ln x − 3 + c
2 2

Given, y (4) = 0

 1  −1
  tan ( 0 ) = 4 + 4 ln 4 − 3 + c
2

c = −4

Hence, the implicit solution of the IVP is

 1  −1  y 
  tan   = x + 4 ln x − 3 − 4
2 2

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 y2 
1(b) ( )
 + cos y  dx + k y ln x − x sin y + ye dy = 0, x > 0
y

 x 

∂f y2
= M ( x, y ) = + cos y,
∂x x

∂f
= N ( x, y ) = k y ln x − x sin y + ye y
∂y
∂M 2 y ∂N ky
= − sin y , = − sin y
∂y x ∂x x

⇒k=2

∂f  y2 
⇒ f ( x, y ) = ∫ dx = ∫  + cos y dx
∂x  x 

= y 2 ln x + x cos y + g ( y )

∂f
= 2 y ln x − x sin y + g ′( y ) = 2 y ln x − x sin y + ye y
∂y

g ′( y ) = ye y

g ( y ) = ∫ ye y dy = ye y − e y + c1

f ( x, y ) = y 2 ln x + x cos y + ye y − e y + c1 = c2

or

f ( x, y ) = y 2 ln x + x cos y + ye y − e y = c

2. y (5) − 2 y (4) + 16 y ′ − 32 y = 0 .

The corresponding auxiliary equation is:

m5 − 2m 4 + 16m − 32 = 0

(m − 2)(m 4 + 16) = 0

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m − 2 = 0 ⇒ m1 = 2,

m 4 + 16 = 0 ,

m 4 = −16 ⇒ m = (−16)1/ 4 = 2(−1)1/ 4

but

 π + 2 kπ   π + 2 kπ 
(−1)1/ n = cos   + i sin   , k = 0, ±1, ±2,..
 n   n 

so,

  π + 2 kπ   π + 2 kπ  
2(−1)1/ 4 = 2 cos   + i sin    , k = 0, ±1, ±2,..
  4   4 

 π   π 
for k = 0, m2 = 2  cos   + i sin   
 4  4 

 2 2 
= 2  + i
 2 2 

= 2 + 2i

  3π   3π 
for k = 1, m3 = 2  cos   + i sin  
  4   4 

 2 2 
= 2  − + i
 2 2 

= − 2 + 2i

Let m4 and m5 be the conjugates of m2 and m3 respectively.

so, m4 = 2 − 2 i and m5 = − 2 − 2 i

The general solution of the given differential equation is:

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y = c1e 2 x + c2 e 2x
cos ( )
2 x + c3e − 2x
cos ( )
2 x + c4 e 2x
sin ( )
2 x + c5e − 2x
sin ( 2x )

3. x 2 y′′ − 3xy′ + 4 y = x 2 ln x , x > 0

The associated homogeneous Cauchy-Euler equation:

x 2 y′′ − 3xy′ + 4 y = 0

the corresponding auxiliary equation is

m 2 − 4m + 4 = 0

(m − 2)(m − 2) = 0

m1 = m2 = 2

y1 = x 2 , y2 = x 2 ln x

yc = c1 x 2 + c2 x 2 ln x

f ( x) = ln x

x2 x 2 ln x
W ( x , x ln x) =
2 2

2x x + 2 x ln x

= x 2 ( x + 2 x ln x) − 2 x( x 2 ln x)

= x3

0 x 2 ln x
W1 ( x , x ln x) =
2 2

ln x x + 2 x ln x

= 0 − ln x( x 2 ln x)

= − x 2 (ln x) 2

x2 0
W2 ( x 2 , x 2 ln x) =
2 x ln x

= x 2 ln x

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W1 − x 2 (ln x ) 2 −(ln x) 2
u1′ = = =
W x3 x

W2 x 2 ln x ln x
u2′ = = =
W x3 x

−(ln x) 2 1
u1 = ∫ dx let u = ln x, du = dx.
x x

u3 (ln x )3
= − ∫ u 2 du = = − =−
3 3

ln x 1
u2 = ∫ dx let u = ln x, du = dx.
x x

u 2 (ln x) 2
= ∫ u du = = =
2 2

y p = u1 y 1 +u2 y2

x 2 (ln x)3 x 2 (ln x)(ln x) 2

yp = − +
3 2

x 2 (ln x)3 x 2 (ln x)3

=− +
3 2

x 2 (ln x)3
=
6

The general solution of the given Cauchy-Euler equation is

x 2 (ln x)3
y = c1 x + c2 x ln x +
2 2

d 2 x β dx k
4. Since + + x = 0,
dt 2 m dt m

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d 2x dx
we have 2
+ 11 + 18 x = 0
dt dt

Auxiliary equation m 2 + 11m + 18 = 0

Roots m = −2, m = −9

The general solution is x (t ) = c1e −2 t + c 2 e −9 t

Now, x ′(t ) = −2c1e −2 t − 9c 2 e −9t

The initial conditions are x(0) = 4, x ′(0) = −1

x(0) = 4 ⇒ c1 + c 2 = 4

x ′(0) = −1 ⇒ − 2c1 − 9c 2 = −1

Solve to obtain c1 = 5, c 2 = −1

The solution to the IVP is x(t ) = 5e −2t − e −9t

5. y ′′ − (1 + x ) y = 0

∞
Let y ( x ) = ∑c
n =0
n xn .

∞ ∞
y ′( x) = ∑ nc n x n −1 , and y ′′( x) = ∑ n(n − 1)c n x n −2
n =1 n =2

Substitute into the differential equation;

∞ ∞ ∞

∑n(n −1)c
n =2
n x n −2 – ∑c
n =0
n xn – ∑c
n =0
n x n +1 = 0

∞ ∞ ∞

∑ (k + 2)(k + 1)ck + 2 x k –
k =0
∑ ck x k –
k =0
∑c
k =1
k −1 xk = 0

∞ ∞ ∞
2c 2 + ∑ (k + 2)(k + 1)c
k =1
k +2 x k – c 0 – ∑ ck x k –
k =1
∑c
k =1
k −1 xk = 0

∞
2c 2 – c 0 + ∑{
k =1
(k + 2)(k + 1)ck + 2 − ck − ck −1 } xk = 0

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ck + ck −1
c2 = 12 c0 and ck + 2 =
(k + 2)(k + 1)
for k = 1, 2, ,3,...

c1 + c 0 1 1
k =1 : c3 = = c1 + c0
6 6 6

c 2 + c1 1 1
k =2 : c4 = = c1 + c0
12 12 24

c3 + c 2 1 1
k =3 : c5 = = c1 + c0
20 120 30
∞
y ( x) = ∑ c n x n = c 0 + c1 x + c 2 x 2 + c 3 x 3 + ...
n=0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
= c 0 + c1 x + c0 x 2 + c1 x 3 + c0 x 3 + c1 x 4 + c0 x 4 + c1 x 5 + c 0 x 5 + ...
2 6 6 12 24 120 30

 1 1 1 4   1 1 4 1 5 
= c 0 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x + ...  + c1  x + x 3 + x + x + ... 
 2 6 24   6 12 120 

∴2 linear independent solutions are

 1 1 1 4 
y1 ( x ) = c 0 1 + x 2 + x 3 + x + ...  ,
 2 6 24 

 1 1 4 1 5 
y 2 ( x ) = c1  x + x 3 + x + x + ...  ,
 6 12 120 

for any choice of c 0 and c1 .

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 8e −π s 
6(a) ℒ-1  
 s( s + 6 s + 4) 
2

8 A Bs + C
= + 2
s ( s + 6 s + 4) s s + 6 s + 4
2

A = 2, B = −2, C = −12

 2 −2 s − 12  −π s 
=ℒ-1  + 2 e 
 s s + 6 s + 4  

 2e −π s   ( s + 6)e −π s 
= ℒ-1   − 2 ℒ -1
 
 ( s + 3) − 5 
2
 s 

 2e −π s   ( ( s + 3) + 3) e −π s 
=ℒ  -1
−2ℒ 
-1

 ( s + 3) − 5 
2
 s 

 2e −π s   ( s + 3)e −π s   3e −π s 
=ℒ  -1
−2ℒ 
-1
 −2 ℒ 
-1

 ( s + 3) − 5   ( s + 3) − 5 
2 2
 s 

2u (t − π ) − 2e −3(t −π ) cosh ( )
5(t − π ) u (t − π ) −
6 −3( t −π )
5
e sinh ( )
5(t − π ) u (t − π )

6(b) ℒ { f (t )} = {
−t
ℒ e +t −
2
∫ 0
t
f (t − τ )dτ }
1 2 1
F (s) = + 3 − F ( s)
s +1 s s

 1 1 2
F (s) 1 +  = + 3
 s  s +1 s

 s +1  1 2
F (s)  = + 3
 s  s +1 s

s 2
F (s) = + 2
( s + 1) 2
s ( s + 1)
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( s + 1) − 1 2 2 A B C
F (s) = + 2 = + 2+
( s + 1) 2
s ( s + 1) s ( s + 1) s s
2
s +1

A = −2, B = 2, C = 2

1 1 2 2 2
F (s) = − − + 2+
s + 1 ( s + 1) 2
s s s +1

f (t ) = e −t − te −t − 2 + 2t + 2e −t

or

f (t ) = 3e −t − te −t − 2 + 2t

t , 0≤t <2

7. f (t ) =  2 , 2≤t <4
tet , t≥4


ℒ { f (t )} {
=ℒ t + (2 − t )u (t − 2) + (te − 2)u (t − 4)
t
}
{
=ℒ { t} − ℒ { (t − 2)u (t − 2)} + ℒ (te − 2)u (t − 4)
t
}
{
= ℒ { t} − ℒ { (t − 2)u (t − 2)} + e −4s ℒ (t + 4)e
( t + 4)
−2 }
4
{
= ℒ { t} − ℒ { (t − 2)u (t − 2)} + e −4s ℒ e (te + 4e ) − 2
t t
}

1 e −2 s −4 s  e4 4e 4 2 
= − + e  + − 
s2 s2  ( s − 1) s −1 s 
2

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8. y ′′ + 5 y′ + 6 y = u (t − 1) + δ (t − 2), y (0) = 0, y′(0) = 1

e− s
s 2Y ( s ) − sy (0) − y′(0) + 5( sY ( s ) − y (0)) + 6Y ( s ) = + e −2 s
s

e− s
s Y ( s ) − 1 + 5sY ( s ) + 6Y ( s) =
2
+ e −2 s
s
e− s
( s 2 + 5s + 6)Y ( s ) = + e −2 s + 1
s
e− s e −2 s 1
Y (s) = + +
s ( s + 2)( s + 3) ( s + 2)( s + 3) ( s + 2)( s + 3)

1 A B C
= + + ⇒ A = 1/ 6, B = −1/ 2, C = 1/ 3
s ( s + 2)( s + 3) s s + 2 s + 3

1 D E
= + ⇒ D = 1, E = −1
( s + 2)( s + 3) s + 2 s + 3

So,

 1 1 1  −s  1 1  −2 s 1 1
Y (s) =  − +  e + − e + −
 6 s 2( s + 2) 3( s + 3)   s+2 s +3 s+2 s+3

1 1 1 
6 2 3 
( )
y (t ) =  − e −2( t −1) + e −3(t −1)  u (t − 1) + e −2( t − 2) − e −3( t − 2) u (t − 2) + e −2t − e −3t

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