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SANTOSH BHARADWAJ REDDY
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INTRODUCTION:
The principle types of renewable
Ever since 1973 oil crises, many
energies available today are:
countries have justifiably maintained an
abiding interest in renewable energy sources Solar energy
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boom. About 9400 solar home systems were connection. Most of the PV panels are
installed in 1997 and the number is expected manufactured in India. These panels are
to reach 70000 mark by the year 2000. used for home lighting systems, solar
Europe and US have launched ambitious pumping for drinking water and agriculture,
solar power program. Each has announced a and solar hybrid power systems. The solar
million roof initiatives to boost the domestic power program seeks to produce grid quality
system market. Around the world there are power using solar thermal and solar
many projects utilizing PV in such diverse photovoltaic technologies. A 140 MW
climates, cultures and economies as capacity solar thermal power project is
Germany, with 200 homes, the US coming up in Rajasthan as a centrally
Department of Energy sponsoring a rural assisted project. In the solar photovoltaic
electrification project in Brazil for 500,000 power program, 11 projects with an
homes. There are 100,000 families in rural aggregate installed capacity of 810 MW are
developing countries of Dominican now functioning satisfactorily. The main
Republic, Kenya, Sri Lanka and Zimbabwe, problem with solar power is that it has not
all using PV yet reached the stage of commercial
viability. But with Govt. initiatives and
subsidy it can be brought in commercialize.
India also is making its mark
in solar energy development and use. India
lies in the sunny regions of the world. Most SELF (Solar Electric Light Fund,
part of the country receives 4 to 7 kWh of Inc.) operates a rural solar enterprise in
solar radiation per square meter per day, Karnataka, which provides solar services to
with 250 to 300 sunny days in a year. This rural households, and arrange financing and
makes India potential area in solar energy. leasing of solar electric system.
As a result solar energy development is seen 2. WATER ENERGY:
all over the country. Auroville (Pondicherry)
has successfully tried solar energy options.
As a result there are more than 100 houses Hydropower is a well-established
fully equipped with PV panels and 35 technology, which has been producing firm
houses using solar power in conjunction power at competitive price for about a
with a Tamil Nadu Electricity Board grid century. It is the principal source of electric
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power in some 30 countries, and provides How hydro power work:
about one fifth of the world's annual
Understanding the water cycle is important
electrical supply. Its power stations include
to Understanding hydropower.
some of the largest artificial structures in the
world. The dams, which are constructed
Solar energy heats water on the
during the process, are considered as most
surface, causing it to evaporate.
vulnerable because much of the forests and
This water vapor condenses into
fertile soil is lost under the dam spread.
clouds and falls back onto the
Therefore, recent development in
surface as precipitation.
hydropower concentrates on smaller
The water flows through rivers back
projects. The classification of hydropower
into the oceans, where it can
is: Micro (<100 kW), mini (< up to 5MW)
evaporate & begin the cycle over
and small hydro (about 5-30 MW). Only
again.
10% of the developing countries' potential
[4]
has been exploited so far. India has large
hydroelectric resource with an estimated
potential of 84,000 MW at 60% load factor.
Much of this large potential is yet to be
tapped. Worlds' undeveloped potential has
been estimated at 1.5-2 million MW. Nearly
20,000 MW of hydropower is being added
every year and most of this is taking place in
Asia.
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several forces altering their direction and significant scale that is attracting most
speed of flow. The flow of wind through the current interest in the subject. Wind
surface of wind turbines, these wind resources in the developing countries are
turbines capture the kinetic energy and sufficient to produce thousands of
convert it into electrical energy in the form megawatts of power in Asia and Latin
of electricity. America. It is especially strong along coasts,
Western China, parts of India, northeast and
South Brazil, the Andes and North Africa.
The wind energy potential in the UK can
supply all the electricity needs of all
Western Europe. The progress in wind
power generation has earned India
recognition as a "World Superpower" in the
state of the world 1998 Report of the World
watch Institute. According to mid-80s
estimates the wind power potential of India
is around 20,000 MW. The installed
capacity of the grid quality power generation
WIND MILLS has reached 1,300 and the ninth plan aims at
the addition of 3000 MW. This shows
remarkable progress India made in wind
More than 2000 wind turbines are power sector. From Auroville's foundation
in use around the world for generating in 1968, the absence of adequate electrical
electricity, and over a million for pumping connections provided the motivation to start
water. Although experimental wind turbines work on pumping water with wind energy.
up to several megawatts in size have been In 1979, the first prototype high-output
built, the optimum size currently appears to windmill was designed in Auroville’s, which
be around 300-500 kilowatt. There are many later led to new models being designed and
areas in the world in which wind energy is constructed.
plentiful. It is a pollution free means of
generating electricity on a potentially
4. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
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geothermal energy in exploitable
amount.USA, Italy new Zealand Indonesia
The earth’s core consists of hot
and USSR have also entered in the field of
lava generates heat. In some places earth’s
geothermal Power generation .A 300MW
crust is very thin layer and transfers heat to
kamojang geothermal power station first of
underground water. In this case the
its kind Indonesia .Has been completed and
underground water gets boiled and comes
presently operating successfully.
out with high pressure from these
evaporation can be collected used to turn the 5.BIOMASS ENERGY:
turbines to produce electricity. India has
nearly 250 geothermal sources (80 at
Biomass includes residues from
Himalaya, 170 at Peninsula). It is available
forestry, purpose-grown agricultural crops,
at free of cost and environmental pollution is
trees and plant types, organic waste,
very less.
agricultural residue, agro-industrial and
This is the energy which lies embedded domestic origin waste [sewage and
within the earth. The geothermal energy has municipal solid waste]. On a worldwide
great potential and is already being scale Biomass contributes about 12% to
commercialized in some developed today's primary energy supply, rising
countries. At present (end of1995) about between 40% and 50% in most developing
1500MW of power is being generated in the countries. Biomass fuel obtained from
world from geothermal source. Geothermal purpose-grown energy crops as well as
over growth rate is accelerating, as more and forests and agricultural waste are being used
more countries are exploring and evaluating in power plants and it is very competitive in
their courses of earth heat. In India price and quality with fossil fuels. Applying
.Geothermal power plant of 1MW using hot biomass technology is both an
spring environmental and human necessity,
whether on a local scale to get rid of slurries,
At puga valley in ladakh is in progress .the
waste and refuses, or on a global scale to
further investigation in this area are
reduce carbon dioxide content in the
continued. The potential power at puga is
atmosphere and hence reduce global
estimated to be 5MW .Besides, the state of
warming.
Himachal Pradesh Reported to posses
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There are five routes to obtain energy from planning framework hamper efforts to
biomass develop alternatives to achieve multiple
Production of crops which yield starch, goals set by environmental objectives and
such as sorghum, sugar such as sugar cane; the energy demand on the resource.
cellulose such as Polar, Eucalyptus trees or Bioenergy continue to contribute
other wood-forming trees; and oil such as significantly to the total energy consumption
Sunflower, Euphorbia etc. in most of the developing world. In domestic
and rural industrial sector, they play a
Solid waste, which can be burnt. critical role. In this context it is necessary
that the regional planning exercises
Manure which produces biogas in formulate policies to develop sustainable
digesters. The two common ones are the bioenergy systems consistent with the
Indian floating top and Chinese covered top. objectives of eco-development and
environmental conservation.
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