ASSIGNMENT 1: PORTFOLIO (PART 1)

“HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS USING

ZEOLITE”

RESEARCH METHADOLOGY AND

INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
SSU 2623-02
SEMESTER 2 SESSION 2010/2011

LECTURER`S NAME: PROF. DR. ALIAS MOHD YUSOF

NAME : NURUL NAJIDAH BINTI MOHAMED

MATRIC NUMBER : AS090210

DATE : February 9, 2011

CATALYST; HETEROGENEOUS CATALYSIS USING ZEOLITE

Field of interest: Catalyst

Specific topic: Heterogeneous catalysis using zeolite

Introduction

Catalysis provides a means of changing the rates at which chemical

bonds are formed and broken and of controlling the yields of chemical

reactions to increase the amounts of desirable products from these reactions

and reduce the amounts of undesirable ones. It affects our live in many

ways. As for an example, today we faces a variety of challenges in creating

alternative fuels, reducing harmful by-products in manufacturing, cleaning

up the environment and preventing future pollution, dealing with the causes

of global warming, protecting citizens from the release of toxic substances

and infectious agents, and creating safe pharmaceuticals. Hence, catalysts

are needed to meet these challenges.

A heterogeneous catalyst is a catalyst in a different phase from the

reaction mixture. A good and practical heterogeneous catalyst is commonly

in the form of solid whereby the reactants are in the form of gases or liquids.

It is importance in many areas of chemical and energy industries. Zeolite is

an aluminium silicate which is widely used as the catalyst due to its

properties as an adsorbent.
Zeolite as the heterogeneous catalyst

Synthetic zeolite is widely used as catalysts in the petrochemical

industry, for instance in fluid catalytic cracking and hydro-cracking. Zeolite

confines molecules in small spaces, which causes changes in their structure

and reactivity. The hydrogen form of zeolites which prepared by ion-

exchange are powerful solid-state acids and can facilitate a host of acid-

catalyzed reactions, such as isomerisation, alkylation, and cracking. The

specific activation modality of most zeolitic catalysts used in petrochemical

applications involves quantum-chemical Lewis acid site reactions.

Catalytic cracking uses a furnace and reactor. First, crude oil

distillation fractions are heated in the furnace and passed to the reactor. In

the reactor, the crude meets with a catalyst such as zeolite. It goes through

this step three times, each time getting cooler. Finally, it reaches a step

known as separator. The separator collects recycled hydrogen. Then it goes

through fractionators and becomes the final item.

o-phenyldiamine is used as the component of polymer, drug, bio

sensing of glucose and mediator. However, when it becomes as the waste

water it found to be hazardous. So, zeolite is used as the photocatalyst

under UV radiation to undergo the degredation of o-phenyldiamine.

Besides that, dye pollutant is commonly comes from the textile and

leather industries. So, to remove the pollutant we used the heterogeneous

Fenton type catalyst. The catalytic activity of metal complex is enhanced by

encapsulating in it in support matrix likes zeolite because it has a high

specific surface area and high cation exchange capacities.

 Lastly, dimethylcarbonate (DMC) becomes a green reagent alternative

to methyl halide and sulphate. So, selective catalyst is used to promote DMC

reaction and dual behaviour of DMC as methyling agent or

methylcabonylyting. The sodium ion which present in the zeolite cavity used

as the catalyst because the sodium ion present in zeolite cavities is

considerably stronger Lewis acid than sodium ion. The zeolite and

mesoporous MCM-41 containning transition metal either as the charge

balancing cation or occupying framework position exhibit higher catalytic

activity for the DMC activation than single metal transition metal.

Conclusion

Catalyst is a wide field to be explore on. However, we can narrow it down to a

more specific topic which is heterogeneous catalyst using zeolite. The

research in this area will give a thousand of benefit to the others because

nowadays catalyst is widely used especially in industry.

References

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