Utilisation of Renewable Energy Sources

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UTILISATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
Most of the non-conventional energy sources are

renewable in nature and available abundantly which can be
harnessed without any limit .The ultimate sources of most of this
energy are the sun , gravity and the earth's rotation.
Renewable energy sources gained more attention

during 1970's when the oil prices was increasing considerably .In
recent years increased concern about the environment and in
particular the environmental impacts of conventional energy
systems - pollution ,climate change ,acidification of forests and
lakes ,depletion of ozone layer ,depletion of scarce sources and the
potential for severe accidents such as the one at Chernobyl -has
revitalised interest in these renewable energy sources.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE

RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES:
1.BIOGAS:
Biogas is produced from animal dung and

vegetable wastes in a biogas plant commonly known as gobar gas
plant through a process called fermentation .Biogas is a clean and
cheap fuel .It contains 55 to 70% methane which is inflammable
.The manurial value of the dung is not diminished in this process
rather it is enhanced .Thus a biogas plant helps to obtain both fuel
and manure from the same quantity of cow dung.
Biogas has a calorific value of 23MJ/m3 and
can fuel engines that in turn drive generators to produce electricity.
2.BIOMASS ENERGY:
Biomass (plant matter) accounts for about
15% of world energy use .Biomass refers to all forms of plant-
derived materials that can be used for energy : wood , herbicious
plant matter ,crop and forest residues ,dung ,etc . Biomass for
energy can be obtained from residues of ongoing agricultural and
forest-product industries from harvesting forests and from dedicated
plantations.
The photosynthesis process produces biomass .In
photosynthesis , sunlight is absorbed by chlorophyll in the
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chloroplasts of green plant cells and utilized by the plant to produce

carbohydrates from water (H2O) and carbon-dioxide (CO2) taken
from the atmosphere .This process can be represented by below
equation:
6 CO2 + 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

(Glucose , a carbohydrate)
Solar energy captured by photosynthesis and

stored in biomass can be converted by the process of gasification
into a gaseous high-energy fuel (9,600KJ/m3) that can be used in
internal combustion engines for power generation. Gasification in a
two-stage process: during the first stage, the biomass undergoes
partial combustion to produce gas and charcoal , during the second,
the charcoal reduces the product gases (mainly CO2 and water
vapour) to for carbon monoxide and hydrogen. The process also
produces methane and other higher hydrocarbons depending on the
design and operating conditions of the gasifier . The produced gas
will fuel a spark ignition engine, delivering about 60% of power of
gasoline or it will run a compression -ignition engine in a dual-fuel
mode ,eliminating the need for 75 to 85% of diesel fuel.
3.SOLAR PHOTO VOLTAICS:

Photo voltaic , the direct conversion of sunlight
into electrictiy is one of the most popular solar energy technologies.
The basic building block of a photo voltaic
system is the solar cell. A solar cell consists of atleast two layers of
semiconductor material .One layer has positive electrical
characteristics and the other negative .When photons of sunlight
enter the cell, some are absorbed by the semiconductor which are
then available to flow through an external circuit as electrical
current. For higher voltage and currents photo voltaic modules are
formed by mounting groups of cells together on a rigid plate and
connecting them in parallel and series. For even greater power, the
modules are connected in large groups to form arrays.
4.OTEC ( OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION

):
In tropical and sub-tropical oceans of the

world, a natural temperature difference exist between the surface
water and those at depth. The concept of OTEC exploits this
temperature difference to drive power plants to produce electricity.
Because the surface waters are warmed by the sun , OTEC can be
considered as indirect solar technology.
A reliable OTEC plant would be able to
generate electricity because the temperature difference last 24
hours a day. The oceans acts as an enormous heat sink for solar
radiation falling on the earth.
OTEC plants are designed to work with
either a closed cycle or an open cycle. In a closed cycle, warm
surface water is pumped through an evaporator in which a working
fluid such as ammonia is evaporated. The vapour flows through a
turbine through the condensor where it is cooled and condensed by
cool water pumped from ocean depths. The condensate is then
collected and pumped back to the evaporator to close the cycle.
In an open cycle , sea water serves as both the
working fluid and the energy source. The warm sea water is
evaporated at very low pressure in a flash evaporator. The resulting
vapour then passes through a turbine and is condensed either by
direct contact with cold sea water or by a surface condensor . In this
process, fresh water is produced as a by-product of desalination .In
both open and closed cycles, the condensation of vapour causes a
pressure difference across the turbine which creates a flow of
vapour sufficient to power a generator to produce electricity.
5.TIDAL POWER:
Tides are created by the gravitational

attraction of the moon and sun acting on the oceans of the rotating
earth. The relative motion of these bodies cause the surface of the
oceans to be raised and lowered periodically. The tidal energy
scheme consists of a barrage ,or dam , that is constructed across an
estuary and is equiped with a series of gated sluices to permit the
entry of water to the basin and power is produced using low head
axial turbine.
Electricity is produced at a tidal plant by
large axial flow turbine. Because they are driven by a continously
varying head of water , the angles of the distributor , the turbine
blades , or both, must be regulated for maximum efficiency.
6.WAVE ENERGY:
Ocean waves , created by the interaction of

the winds with the sea surface, contains both kinetic energy and
potential energy. The energy transferred to the ocean from the wind
depends on the wind speed, the distance over which it interact
with the water and its direction.
A wave energy device extracts energy from the sea and
changes it to another form-usually mechanical motion of fluid
pressure converting this energy to electricity , which is not simple
because the low frequency of the waves must be increased to the
rotating speed of conventional mechanical and electrical power
plants .Wave energy devices can interact with waves in several
ways inorder to extract energy. These include buoyant structures,
called heaving floats, that are found at or near the surface of the
sea hinged structures, called surface followers, that follow the
contours of the waves, flexible bag devices that inflate with air with
the surge of the waves; structures with an enclosed oscillating water
column which acts like a piston to pump air and focusing devices
that use shaped chambers to increase wave amplitude and hence
drive pumps or fill a reservoir on the shore line. Generally well
turbines which has the unique characteristic of rotating in the same
direction irrespective of the direction of air flow is used in the wave
energy generation.
7.GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
There is a large amount of heat just below the
earth’s surface-much of it stored in low permeability rocks such as
granite. This source of geothermal heat is called 'hot dry rock’.
Attempts to extract the heat have been based on drilling two holes
from the surface. Water is pumped down one of bore holes
circulated through the natural occuring but artificially dilated
fissures present in the hot rock, and returned to the surface via the
second bore hole. The super heated water or steam reaching the
surface can be used to generate electricity or for combined heat and
power systems, The two boreholes are seperated by several
hundred meters inorder to extract the heat over a sizeable
underground volume.
8.CO-GENERATION:
Co-generation is a process, which

simultaneously produces two or more forms of useful energy

including electricity. Usually it is the simultaneous production of
heat and power in a single thermodynamic process. This is used for
efficient production of heat and power.
Co-generation has a much higher rate of
energy utilization and energy efficiency than the conventional
production of heat and power seperately . Power is normally
produced in large conventional power plants and is associated with
line losses. Co-generation on the hand is distributed power
generation which means that electricity is generated right where it
is required.
9.WIND ENERGY:
Wind is simple air in motion .The energy of the

wind is nothing but stored solar energy .During the day time ,the air
over the landmass heats up more rapidly than the air over ocean
and lakes .The hot air over the land mass expands and rises and the
heavier cooler air over the oceans or water mass rushes into take
its place creating local winds .At night the process is reversed .As air
cools more rapidly over land than over water , off-shore land
breezes are created.
Power from the wind :
The power from wind is given as

P = 1/2 eAV3
where P=power output in watts.
e=air density in kg/m3.
A=swept area of the blade in m2.
V=wind speed in m/sec.
Since e & A are constant for a wind mill ,the power

output varies proportional to the cube of speed .There are two basic
design configurations of the wind energy into electricity .One is
horizontal axis and other is vertical axis based on the axis of
rotation .Horizontal axis designs are at a more advanced stage of
development.
Wind electric generator:
A wind electric generator (WEG) is a device

whereby energy in the wind is converted into electricity for
conventional use .It consists of the following main components:
Rotor:
Consisting of hub and blades to convert wind
energy into mechanical energy.
Gearbox:
To match the speed of the rotor with that of the
electricity generator.
Generator:
To convert the mechanical energy into electricity.
Tower:
To support the rotor , gearbox and generator at a
certain height.
Control system:
For speed regulation , control of operations ,
instrumentation and protection.
Breaking system:
To stop the machine.
Yaw system:
To ensure that the rotor always faces the
wind direction.
Nacelle:
To house the generators , gearbox ,
hydraulic system and yawing mechanism.
Prime mechanisms and

Anemometer.
Working of wind electric generators :
When there is no wind , the WEG is at rest

.When the wind speed starts increasing , the rotor starts
moving first slowly and then rapidly. When the wind speed is
sufficient to start power generation, the WEG is connected to
the load. The wind speed at this point is known as cut-in speed.
The power output of the WEG increases with further increase in
the wind speed. The wind speed at which the WEG develops
rated output is called rated wind speed. Beyond this wind
speed , the excess energy in the wind is wasted and the power
output is maintained equal to the rated output .The mode of
operation continues till the wind speed reaches the cut-off wind
speed at which the WEG is stopped automatically in order to
protect the machine parts from the excessive wind force.
Development in the field of wind energy:
The growth of wind power witnessed during

last two decades has spurred innovations both in the design
and technology of WEG’s and their use for better penetration
in the electric grid. This is primarily driven by the concern for
bringing to a competitive level with increased output and
reliability.
WARP:
In an unprecedented design approach, micro
turbine generator (rotor diameter around 2 to 3m , usually
upto a maximum of 120m) are mounted on Wind Amplified
Rotor Platform (WARP) where wind speed is enhanced while
passing around the structure. These are used as parts of a
tower in a modular construction to add to the power capacity ,
which may go even in megawatt range .
An option of incorporating photovoltaic sub-
system into the tower would allow solar energy and wind
energy capture with a single structure.
Grid parameters:
Grid supply of one of the main

sources for the operation of wind electric generators. All the
wind electric generators except a few are having induction
generator and exitation of the machine is only from the grid,
The sucessfull operation of the machine is mainly dependent
upon the availability of grid . The quality of the grid should be
good enough to match the requirement of the machine
parameters . The WEG’s are designed to operate to the
following variation of grid parameters suited to Indian
conditions-
Voltage +13 to -13

Variation in frequency +1Hz to -1Hz
+3Hz to -3Hz
Asymmentry +12.5 to -12.5
Grid problems are solved by changing
the technology suitable , so as to encourage the
power generation.
10.SOLAR ENERGY:
Solar thermal technology consists of
solar collectors which transform solar radiation into heat
connected to a heat distributed system. There are three major
types of solar thermal technology:
1. Parabolic trough system which concentrate solar energy

onto a receiver tube that is positioned along the line focus of
the trough collector .
2. Central receiver system which have sun tracking mirrors ,
that reflects solar energy to a receiver atop a tower .
3. Parabolic dish systems which use a parabolic two axis
tracking concentrator to focus the sun rays onto a receiver
mounted at the focal point of the dish.
The engine-generators which are close-
coupled conversion systems are generally used in the solar
thermal technology . The receiver absorbs the concentrated
sunlight and heat the working fluid of the engine which
converts the thermal energy into mechanical work. The
alternator or generator attached to the engine converts this
mechanical work into electricity . A waste heat system is used
to vent the excess heat to the atmosphere and control systems
are provided to match the engines operation to the available

sunlight.
Solar cookers:
Solar cooker is one of the first gadget

introduced in the market . Inspite of its economic viability and
enormous potential for saving wood, it would not find
acceptance because of the cooking habits and availability of
alternate cheaper fuels like firewood and kerosene. Research
and development work is going on to make them more
acceptance to users.
Solar cookers may find better user
acceptance as the cooking portion is very much similar to the
conventional one and this part can be located within the
kitchen and collector portion alone kept outside. Further
development is required to improve its performance and to
reduce the cost .It is also necessary to develop different sizes
to suit individual requirements.
Water heating systems:
Solar water heating system is very simple

device which can be fabricated easily without any special
equipment . One square meter area of the solar flat plate
collector can supply about 50 litres of hot water in a day
heated from 25 degrees to 65 degrees on an average sun day .
Achievements in this area are far below the scope available.
Solar thermal power generation:
These systems offer a low gestation period

and no pollution and save fossil fuels and provide eco friendly
power systems ,with sustained development .If the
environmental costs and the subsidies provided for the
conventional plants and the health cost , crop loss and
corrosion losses and also the likely increase of cost of mining
and transportation are added ,it can be reasonably expected
that solar power is going to be competitive to the conventional
sources.
The other ways in which the solar energy
is utilized is in
•Solar cooling
•Thermal solar drying
•Solar ponds
•Solar photo voltaic system (SPV)
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIOS:
1.It is very essential to increase the renewable energy

utilization for sustainable development and environmental
pollution control.
2. Renewable energy has not yet reached the stage of market

force control.
3.Government support by way of some suitable incentives like

tax concession or subsidy or compulsion by law is essential at
this stage to promote renewable energy utilization.
4.Government has to provide funds for research and

development work to improve the efficiency and to reduce the
cost of the renewable energy components and systems.
5.It is necessary to establish large size (more than 30 MW)

renewable energy thermal power plants to demonstrate the
feasibility of non-conventional power on a large scale.
6.The insignificant attention paid to low productivity sectors (in

terms of investment in money and time) has made it
incapable of capturing the downstream developmental effects
of energy investments.

Utilisation of Renewable Energy Sources

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UTILISATION OF RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES

Most of the non-conventional energy sources are

Renewable energy sources gained more attention

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SOME OF THE

Biogas is produced from animal dung and

chloroplasts of green plant cells and utilized by the plant to produce

6 CO2 + 6 H2O --> C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Solar energy captured by photosynthesis and

3.SOLAR PHOTO VOLTAICS:

4.OTEC ( OCEAN THERMAL ENERGY CONVERSION

In tropical and sub-tropical oceans of the

Tides are created by the gravitational

Ocean waves , created by the interaction of

Co-generation is a process, which

simultaneously produces two or more forms of useful energy

Wind is simple air in motion .The energy of the

The power from wind is given as

Since e & A are constant for a wind mill ,the power

Wind electric generator:

A wind electric generator (WEG) is a device

Prime mechanisms and

Working of wind electric generators :

When there is no wind , the WEG is at rest

Development in the field of wind energy:

The growth of wind power witnessed during

Grid supply of one of the main

Voltage +13 to -13

1. Parabolic trough system which concentrate solar energy

are provided to match the engines operation to the available

Solar cooker is one of the first gadget

Water heating systems:

Solar water heating system is very simple

Solar thermal power generation:

These systems offer a low gestation period

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMENDATIOS:

1.It is very essential to increase the renewable energy

2. Renewable energy has not yet reached the stage of market

3.Government support by way of some suitable incentives like

4.Government has to provide funds for research and

5.It is necessary to establish large size (more than 30 MW)

6.The insignificant attention paid to low productivity sectors (in

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