TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AND ACCIDENT INVESTIGATION

TRANSPORTATION

 It is the movement or conveying of persons and goods from one location to another.

  Modes of transport include air, rail, road, water, cable, pipeline and space. The field can be

divided into infrastructure, vehicles and operations.

 Transport is important because it enables trade between persons, which is essential for the
development of civilizations.

ANCIENT MODES OF TRANSPORTATION

MANPOWER – early man, who had no domesticated animals, carried his own burdens.

 Carrying Pole

 Back Load and Tumpline

 Sledge on Rollers

 Travois

ANIMAL POWER – A domestication of animals greatly increase the potential power available for
transportation. Pack animals were introduced as conveyances mainly to save labor.

 oxa

 reindeer

 dog

 donkeyz

 elephant

 horse

 camel

WIND POWER – Man realized the energy from the mass of moving air and learned to utilize such powers
to lift rather than to drag. This paved way to invention of air lifted transportation vessels.

 Ancient Chinese Kite

 Montgolfier Ballons
  Da Vinci’s Ornithopter

 LiLienthal Glider

 Santos Dumont Airship

 Wright Brother Flying Machine

 Lindbergh’s Spirit of St. Louis

WHEEL

It was invented probably in Western Asia – such invention was a milestone and great step
forward in transportation. As wheel was perfected, crude carts and wagons began to appear in
TIGRISEUPHRATES VALLEY about 3500 B.C., and later in CRETE, EGYPT and CHINA. The wheel was one
of man’s great inventions. It enabled him to transport burdens beyond the power of man or animals to
carry or drag, and permitted much greater facility of movements than the simple sledge on rollers.

EARLIEST TYPES OF WHEELED CARTS

Solid Wheels On Fixed Axle – this ancient cart represent an early step in the evolution of wheeled
vehicles. Its solid wheels, which were made of a single piece of wood, rotated on single axle.

Sumerian Chariot With Flank Wheels – this chariot, of about 2400 B.C., had solid wheels built up of
three pieces, and so was more durable than the one-piece wheel.

Greek Quadrica With Spoke Wheels – drawn by four horses, was a light and elegant vehicle for
gentleman about 250 B.C. It had spooked wheels and axles of irons or bronze, handles for aid in
mounting, and seat formed by a board placed across the handles.

Roman Carpentum – a closed, two-wheeled cart, was the favored vehicle when Roman women
journeyed outside the city.

ROADS HISTORY

THE ROMANS were the major road builders in the ancient world. The Romans road network reached a
total of about 50,000 miles (80,000 km.); with FEEDER roads branching out from the main highways. It
was costly because its deep foundation, formed by layer after heavy stones, was necessary to make
roads that would carry heavy traffic for many years.

D. JOHN L. MACADAM did not abandon the theory of feeder road building and perfected the
MACADAMIZED ROAD in England about 1815.
 AFTER THE FALL OF THE ROMANS in the 5th Century, land haulage generally declined because highways
suffered from inadequate maintenance. Such improvements however, as the horse collars (10 th
Century), the addition of springs to coaches, new methods of road construction, and the introduction of
toll roads (18th century) all continued to ease and speed land travel.

IN THE MID-18TH CENTURY, ENGLISH ROADS were so bad that the coaches could average only about 4
mph (6.4 km/h) and the mail was usually carried by boys on horses.

JOHN PALMER introduced his first fast mail coach in March of 1785 and by 1800, the English coach
system was in full swing.

INVENTION OF BICYCLE

In the early 19th century served as a nursery of automobile builders. One of the modern ancestors of the
modern bicycle was the HOBBY HORSE, or DAN HORSE. The wheels were made of wood, with tires of
iron, and the riders pushed themselves along with their feet on the ground.

The German Baron KARL VON DRAIS in 1817 introduced a steerable wheel, creating the “draisienne”, or
“dandy horse”.

In 1838, KIRKPATRICK MACMILLAN, a Scottish blacksmith, made the first machine with pedals, which
were attached to and drove the rear wheel by means of cranks.

PNEUMATIC TIRES (inflated by air) by a Scot, JOHN BOYD DUNLOP appeared in late 19th century (about
1888).

MOTOR VEHICLE

French ETIENNE LENOIR made possible the introduction of motorized carriages by his invention in the
1860’s and 70’s, of the INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE.

GOTLIEB DAIMLER, pioneered the manufacture of gas engines, and later Daimler became a successful
automobile manufacturer.

RUDOLF DIESEL, a German engineer, developed an internal combustion engine which is similar with the
gasoline engine but requires no electrical ignition system or carburetor and uses other form of liquid
fuel, the diesel fuel.

The AUTOMOBILE found its greatest popularity in the U.S., where the first HORSELESS CARRIAGE
appeared in the 1890’s.

In 1908, HENRY FORD introduced the MODEL T, which was proved so popular that by 1914, Ford had
adopted MASS PRODUCTION methods to meet the demand.
In 1956, FELIX WANKEL, a German mathematician, developed an advanced-type of engine, named after
him, that operates very differently from gas and diesel engines. It is started by a moving crankshaft.

From Ford Era, the demand of became great for the transportation of goods, products, communications
and people. Hence, man started manufacturing large cargo trucks and buses for mass transportation.

Presently, the introduction of the Light Trail Transit (LRT), the Metro Rail Transit (MRT), flyovers,
pedestrian and vehicle culverts, rock sheds and other modern traffic ways contributed to the
expeditious movement of traffic users.

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

TRAFFIC

It refers to the movement of persons, goods, or vehicles, either powered by combustion system or
animal drawn, from one place to another for the purpose of travel.

TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT

It is the application of the process and skills in planning, organizing, staffing, coordinating, and budgeting
to traffic affairs. Traffic management also refers to the activities undertaken by a highway
transportation agency to improve roadway system safety, efficiency, and effectiveness for both
providers and consumers of transportation services.

Why Traffic Management is necessary

With the advent of science and technology, new and modernized traffic facilities are introduced.
However, despite of these modernizations, traffic congestion persists to exist. The only way to a least
cope up with the prevailing traffic related problems is a coordinated traffic management. Traffic
management is therefore designed to make the traffic way safer for travelers, expedite the movement
of traffic, and to provide convenience to the traffic facilities.

MAJOR CAUSES OF TRAFFIC CONGESTIONS

1. Physical Inadequacy

-This is characterized by lack of roads, narrow bridges, railroad crossings, lack of traffic facilities,
etc.

2. Poor Control Measures

-This is characterized by ineffective mechanical control devices, inefficient traffic officers, and
poor implementation of traffic laws, rules and regulation
3. Human Errors

-Most traffic congestion are caused by slow drivers or poor driving habits, pedestrian mistakes,
officers’ errors, poor planning, poor legislation; and traffic accidents which are mostly attributed to
human errors.

4. Poor Maintenance

-Oftentimes motor vehicles are stalled in traffic ways because of unrepaired diggings, cracks on
road pavement or unfinished road pavement concreting. This can be attributed to inappropriate budget
for the maintenance of the traffic facilities.

Agencies Involved in Traffic Management

1. Department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC)

-The DOTC through the Land Transportation Office (LTO) is responsible for the implementation of the
Land Transportation Code of the Philippines (R.A. 4136) particularly on the issuance of drivers licenses,
registration of motor vehicles, approval of franchising for public conveyances (through the Land
Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB)), and conducting traffic safety seminars.

2. City or Municipal Engineers’ Office

- In the local level, these offices are responsible for the planning, construction and maintenance
of traffic facilities within their respective locality.

3. Department of Public Works and Highways (DPWH)

-This is the main executive department which is responsible for the planning, construction and
maintenance of traffic facilities particularly those categorized as national highways and other major road
arteries.

4. Legislative (Congress/City or Municipal Boards)

-The legislative bodies are not only responsible for the passing or amendment of law concerning traffic
but also they are involved in the planning and approval of government projects.

5. Philippine National Police (PNP)

- The PNP through its Traffic Management Group (PNP-TMG) is responsible primarily for the direct
enforcement of traffic laws, rules and regulations.

6. Academic Institution

- Schools are responsible for the basic traffic education by integrating in the respective programs
and curriculum subjects or topics on traffic safety.

7. Courts
 -The courts are responsible for the adjudication of traffic-related cases filed before them.

8. Public Information Offices

-The government through the Philippine Information Agency (PIA) provides the necessary
updated information to the public by creating traffic safety campaigns and other activities relating to
traffic.

9. Citizen Support Groups

-The private institutions or organizations also help in the prevention of traffic congestion by
assisting government offices in various activities particularly during special occasions and holidays where
traffic problem is likely to happen.

10. Media

-Government and privately-owned publications and radio and television broadcasting

companies provide necessary and updated traffic-related information to the public through their
respective programs.

PILLARS OF TRAFFIC

1. Traffic Engineering

2. Traffic Education

3. Traffic Enforcement

4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment

5. Traffic Economy

1. Traffic Engineering

-It is the science of measuring traffic and travel ; the study of the basic laws relative to the traffic law and
generation; the application of this knowledge to the professional practice of planning, deciding, and
operating traffic system to achieve safe and efficient transportation of persons and goods.

2. Traffic Education

-It is the process of giving training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge. The
following are the agencies and offices responsible for traffic education:

a. Schools (Public and Private)

b. Public Information Programs

c. Citizen Support Groups

3. Traffic Enforcement

-This field deals mostly on the implementation and enforcement of traffic laws and rules and regulation.
The following are the various agencies/offices that are involved in enforcement of traffic laws.

a. Land Transportation Office (LTO). This office is responsible for the

following

(1) Vehicle registration

(2) Vehicle inspection

(3) Drives licensing (examinations, suspensions, and

revocations)

(4) Public to police on stolen or wanted vehicles.

b. Legislative Bodies. Included are the Senate, Congress, Provincial Boards, and City and Municipal
Councils. There are responsible for the passing and/or amending of laws and/or ordinances.

c. Police Traffic Enforcement. This pillar is not limited to the PNP-TMG but it includes all government
personnel who are duly authorized for the direct enforcement of traffic laws such as:

(1) The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA) for the (NCR).

(2) Police Auxiliaries

(3) LTO Flying Squad

4. Traffic Ecology or Traffic Environment

-This pillar is very recent which includes the study of potentially disastrous population explosion,
changes in urban environment due to the scale and density of new urban concentration and new
activities carried out, pollution. Water pollution and crowding; especially transport congestion which
results therein.

5. Traffic Economy

-This is the most recent of the pillars of traffic which deals with the benefits and adverse effects of traffic
to our economy. Primarily, traffic operation is designed to expedite the movement of traffic. However,
with the prevailing traffic congestion during rush hours in any given locality, traffic adversely affects the
economic status of the commuting public.
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

Forecasting of future traffic demand and evaluating the magnitude of street hazards though engineering
is not as simple as measuring a cube, it must know all. Foresee all effects whether natural or man-made
calamities. A formula that will dance to the time of a new technology, anew horizon and new vistas to
open floodgates of traffic engineering in contemporary lines.

FUNCTION OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

1. Fact finding survey and recommendation of traffic rules and regulations.

2. Supervision and maintenance to the traffic control devices.

3. Planning of traffic regulations.

OBJECTIVE OF TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

 To achieve efficient, free and rapid flow of traffic.

 To prevent traffic accident.
 To prevent the role of traffic engineering in reducing the needs for police action and
simplifying police performance.
 To show that good police action and performance make engineering plans effective
 To present the close relationship of the pillars of traffic management in the improvement
of traffic problems.

FUNDAMENTALS OF TRAFFIC CONTROL

TRAFFIC CONTROL - Generally, it refers to procedures, devices and communication system that help
vehicles and vessels safely share the same road, rails waterways, or air space. Traffic control establishes
a set of rules and instruction that drivers, pilot train engineers, and ship captain rely on to avoid
collision and other hazard. Safe travel for pedestrians is an additional goal in highway traffic control.

A system of traffic engineering, employing prescribe traffic rules and regulations and devices such as
signals, and markings, to relieve vehicular congestion and air pollution, and to promote safety and
pedestrian mobility, usually in heavily populated urban areas. In smaller towns, with lighter traffic,
similar but simpler control devices and engineering techniques are used.

The use of one way streets,

Enforcement of traffic flow regulations,

Channelization (Building traffic island, turning lanes and so on)

The use of traffic signals

 1. Traffic Sign. Traffic sign are the most extensively used form of traffic control in the United
States. More than 55 million traffic signs line the nation’s roadside. They provide information
about speed limits and road conditions, They direct traffic along certain routes and to specific
destinations. By using signs, traffic control planners tell drivers what to do, what to watch for,
and where to drive.

2. Pavement Marking. Pavement markings separate opposing streams of traffic and direct vehicles into
proper position on the roadway. For example, pavement markings delaine at turns lanes at intersections
and establish no passing zones. White and yellow paint is customarily used for pavements markings.
Reflective devices are more visible at night and are used in some locations to mark lanes and other
significant places on the road.

3. Traffic Signal. Traffic signals are installed to permit safe movement of vehicle and pedestrian at busy
intersection. The signal

light is probably the most easily recognized traffic control device. At a busy intersection in a
large city a traffic signal may control the movements of the more than 100, 000 vehicles per day. More
than 60 percentages of all miles driven each year are on roadways controlled by traffic signals.

4. Priority Control. In one of the oldest method of traffic control, one form of transportation is given
priority by restricting or banning other forms of transportation. In the 1 st century BC Roman Emperor
Julius Caesar banned wheel traffic from Rome during time daytime, which allowed pedestrians and
horse riders to move freely around the city. Some modern cities ban or restrict truck travel through
certain neighborhoods. Bus-lanes and high-occupancy vehicles (HOV) lanes exist in many urban areas.
Only specified types of vehicles, primarily those carrying several occupants, can use these lanes. By living
priority to high-occupancy vehicles, transportation planners encourage carpooling and reduce
congestion.

5. Restraints. As an alternative to banning traffic, traffic control planners use devices to discourage
heavy use of a route. Island built in the centers of intersections force drivers to proceed slowly. Speed
bumps discourage high-speed commuting through residential neighborhoods. Concrete median strips
prevent vehicles from making turns except at intersections.

-It refer to any device mounted on portable support whereby a message is conveyed by means of words
or symbols officially installed for the purpose of regulating, warning, or guiding traffic. Traffic signs are
installed to serve the following functions:

1) to control traffic,

2) to safeguard the flow or traffic,

3) to expedite traffic, and

4) to guide traffic and motorists.

 1. Round and red signs : regulates the movement of turning and passing traffic regulation;

2. Round black yellow signs: a warning that you are approaching a railroad crossing;

3. Equilateral triangle red signs: a sign at the intersection directing drivers to yield the right of way
to vehicles in the road being crossed.

4. Eight sided red and white stop sign: the most popular and understood sign by all colors; and

5. Triangle red and black sign: approaching a danger zone, hill slope, winding road, and others.

1. Danger Warning Signs. This sign are also known as “caution signs these signs have triangular shapes
with one side horizontal and having red borders. These are signs intended to:

Warn motorist of approaching hazardous road conditions,

Seek caution for the approaching road hazard, and

Call the reduction speed.

2. Regulatory Signs. These are signs which impose legal restriction applicable at particular location
usually enforceable in the absence of such signs. These are intended to:

a. inform road users of certain laws and regulations, and

b. special obligation, instruction, or prohibitions which they must comply

Regulatory signs are usually round in the shape with exception of “Stop Signs” and “Yield Signs”.
These signs are further classified into two:

Prohibitive and restrictive signs, and

Mandatory signs.

3. Informative Signs. These signs are also known as “guide signs”. The rectangular shape white colored
on blue background is used for informative signs. Green background is usually used for route markers
and destination signs. Informative signs are intended to :

a. guide motorist along established routes,

b. inform the motorist of the proper roads,

c. help motorist along the way in the most simple and direct
method.

Traffic Light. These refers to any power operated traffic control device by which traffic is warned or
directed to take some specific action. Traffic light signal are used to control traffic at junctions and also
to provide safe crossing point for pedestrian and cyclist.
 The color of traffic lights are chronologically arranged to give motorist better view of signal
lights. From the top, the series of color is red, yellow, and green. If these is a left or right arrow, the color
alternates from green, yellow, to red and is usually installed at the left side of the green, yellow and red
lights.

1. Traffic Control Signals – These are signal lights designed primarily to control and regulate traffic flows.

2. Special Pedestrian Signals – These are signal lights provides regulation for pedestrians like the
“WALK” and “DO NOT WALK” signal lights.

3. Train Approach and Gates Signal – These are usually installed on the road rail intersections designed
to inform motorists of any approaching train on the intersection.

4. Other Special Traffic Signals – These are installed on traffic ways where special regulations are
emphasized like “YIELD TO VEHICLES COMING FROM THE LEFT”, and other similar regulations.

Pavement Markings - These pertain to all lines, patterns, words, colors, or other gadgets except signs
set into the surface or applied upon or attached to the pavement or curbing or it objects within or
adjacent to the roadway, officially placed for the purpose of regulating, warning or guiding traffic.

Knowledge of the purpose and use of each type of marking is important in order for motorist to drive
safely. Failure either internationally or by ignorance to observe the lines can prove disastrous.

1. Pavement Markings. These are the lines usually white and yellow or combination of yellow or
white officially set on roadway as separation for motor vehicles traveling in the opposite
direction or the same direction in case of two-lane one-way street, two-lane street or four-lane
two-way street.

2. Curb Markings for Restriction. These are markings placed on the curbs or edge of the traffic for
restriction or for parking regulation purposes.

3. Object Markings –

These markings placed on objects on the road or beside the road like humps, rock or similar hazardous
objects on the side of the road.

4. Reflector Markings These are markings of gadgets designed to reflect and become luminous when hit
by vehicles’ headlight. These are placed or installed in the middle of the roadway to supplement
separations lines or on object at the side of the roadway which are too near or within the road
pavement itself.

1. Single White Dotted Line. This pavement markings indicates the following:

• On two-lane, it separate traffic moving in opposite directions.

• On a one-way, separates traffic moving in one direction.

 • Overtaking is possible when other lane is clear of oncoming possible.

These are areas within the roadway constructed in a manner to establish physical channels through
which vehicular traffic is guided.

Traffic as part of traffic control devices are designed to:

Segregate pedestrians and vehicles; and

Control streams of traffic in order to minimize conflict expending traffic flow or increase safety.

1. Pedestrian Island (Pedestrian Barriers). These are constructed between the pedestrian sidewalk and
the road pavement to prevent pedestrian from using the roadway in passing and to prevent motor
vehicles from using the sidewalk for parking and passing purposes.

2. Traffic Island - These are the raised portion in the middle of the traffic way constructed to separate
the stream of motor vehicles traversing on opposite directions and at the same time preventing
motorists from using the opposite lane for overtaking.

TRAFFIC SAFETY EDUCATION

It is the process of training roads users in the avoidance and prevention of traffic-related accidents.

ROAD SAFETY

It refers to reduced risk of accidents or injury on the road, achieved through multidisciplinary
approaches involving road engineering and traffic management, education, and training of road users
and vehicle design.

1. HUMAN ERRORS:

 Going too fast or excessive speed;

 Failing to give at junctions;

 Following too closely;

 Overtaking improperly;

 Misperceiving or misjudging the road situation ahead;

 Intoxication of alcohol or drug; and

 Lack of skills

2. ROAD DEFICIENCIES THAT ARE MAIN CONTRIBUTORY FACTORS:

 Poor design of layout and control at junctions;

  Inadequate signing, road marking, and lighting;

 Slippery roads; and

 Obstructions on the road such as parked vehicles, on going construction, etc.

3. MAIN VEHICLES FACTORS ARE:

 Defects in tires, brakes, and lights;

 Absence or non- using of seat belts; and

 Poorly maintained motor vehicles.

1. Imparting knowledge concerning traffic safety;

2. Training and practice in the actual application of traffic safety knowledge; and

3. Developing traffic safety morality.

In general driver instruction aims primarily to teach rudiments of driving. Secondary aims are as follows:

1. To instill awareness of one’s legal and moral responsibilities in traffic, and

2. To teach the abilities required for one to be eligible for a driver’s license

Drivers’ Education Includes:

1. Collection of information which includes:

a. Perceptual scanning and

b. Identification

2. Processing of information which includes:

a. Predicting and

b. Decision making

3. Action which is focused on:

a. Motor skills and control of vehicle and

b. Knowledge and subjective interpretation.

A DRIVER is any licensed operator of a motor vehicle. Thus, no person shall operate any motor vehicle
without first procuring license to drive a motor vehicle for the current year, nor while such license is
delinquent, invalid, suspended or revoke.
The license shall be carried by the driver at all times when operating a motor vehicle, and shall be shown
and/or surrendered for cause and upon demand by any person with authority.

In case of accident, the driver shall stop immediately and if requested by any person present shall show
his driver’s license, give his true name and address and also the true name and address of the owner of
the motor vehicle.

No driver of a motor vehicle concerned in a vehicular accident shall leave the scene of the accident
without aiding the victim, except under the following circumstances:

1. If he is in imminent danger of being seriously harmed by any persons by reason of the

accident;

2. If he report the accident to the nearest officer of the law;

3. If he has summon a physical or nurse to aid the victim.

The Conductor – he is responsible for the loading of number of passengers, freight, or cargo inside his
public utility motor vehicles.

The Passenger – is a person who is carried or conveyed in an automobile, truck, train, airplane or other
conveyance. He has the right to be transported safely from the point of origin to the point of his
destination.

The Pedestrian – is one who goes or travel on foot. He is bound to observe or obey the existing traffic
management rules and regulations for his safety.

 A driver approaching a pedestrian crossing shall travel at such a speed that he will be able to
stop his vehicle before reaching the pedestrian crossing.

 A driver shall give way to any pedestrian who is on pedestrian crossing.

 A driver shall not permit any portion of his vehicles to enter upon a pedestrian crossing even if
any vehicle headed in the same direction is stopped on the approach side of, or upon the
pedestrian crossing.

 When on a footway, marked cross-walk, or pedestrian crossing, shall keep as close as practicable
to the right side of the footway.

 When crossing a thoroughfare at an intersection shall keep right of pedestrian crossing in the
opposite direction.

 When crossing a thoroughfare or portion of the thoroughfare shall do so promptly by shortest

and most direct route, as may be practicable to the thoroughfare boundary.

Hitting a pedestrian is the height of irresponsible driving. As drivers, we must be our brother’s keeper. It
must always yield the right of way to a pedestrian whether he is on the wrong side of the road or not. As
much, a responsible driver must be alert for pedestrians darting across the street from unexpected
places.

 Physical disabilities and infirmities

 Ignorance of laws, rules and regulations

 Mental disorder

 Lack of training and experience

 Habitual traffic violators

 Wrong attitude towards driving, risk taking, enforcement and traffic laws

 Drivers of public utility vehicles for increase compensation and commission

 Fear of fine and punishment

 Loss of driving privilege

 Possibility of being involved in accident

 Positive area of good citizenship, doing what is right and setting an example

It is the theory which asserts that man exhibits a constant variation of light energy and moods states.
Man theorized cycles and interpretations rhythm is peculiar characteristics of most natural phenomena
like:

1. The diurnal exchange of light and darkness.

2. The four seasons

3. Are wet and dry season

4. The waxing and waning of the moon.

The observation of the rhythm mentioned and their possible correlation with the habits of man has led
to a host of different theories that tried to explain this correlation in term of physical, psychological, etc.
The following are the most controversial theory of biorhythm:

1. 23 day cycle- a.k.a our cycle of strength, endurance and courage (the male component of a
person).

2. 28 day – emotional cycle equivalent to a female’s 28 day menstrual cycle) is a.k.a. our cycle of
sensitivity, love and intuition (the female component of a person).

3. 33 day intellectual cycle – All these cycle are present at the time we are born. When the
curve is above the certain line.
In the field of study it should be borne in mind that biorhythm does not predict what actually will
happen. All it does is to give us a hint on how we will tend to feel and a certain day.

1.The theory asserts that people are accident prone if their biorhythm crosses the
centerline on a certain day or is totally below the line.

2. Theoretically, if we know our biorhythm for a certain day, we can psychologically

cope up with any situation. If we usually overcome any ill effect by awareness and
will power.

This is a mass publicity aimed to make road users behave more safely. These basically focus on public
information attitudes, and particular or specific behavior, or combination of these.

It is also known as road propaganda which may be intended simply to inform or it may be felt that the
public is already aware of the recommended behavior by needed to be persuaded into adopting it.

ACCORDING TO PURPOSE – may be categorized as informational, attitudinal, and behavioral.

ACCORDING TO KIND OF APPEAL – used to reason by simply feeding the public with authenticated
factual data.

Newspaper

Radio Broadcasting Networks

Television Broadcasting Networks

Driver’s License – is issued to a person, who has qualifications as provided by law. The licensed is not a
right but only a privilege granted by the state to its citizen who possesses the statutory qualification.

A driver's license is an official document authorizing an individual to drive a motorized vehicle in the
Philippines. The Land Transportation Office issues three types of driver's licenses: student permit, non-
professional driver's license, and professional driver's license.

Under Chapter III, Art. 1 , Section 19. Duty to Procure License. - Except as otherwise specifically
provided in this Act, no person shall operate any motor vehicle without first procuring a license to drive
a motor vehicle for the current year, nor while such license is delinquent, invalid, suspended or revoked.

The license shall be carried by the driver at all times when operating a motor vehicle, and shall be shown
and/or surrendered for cause and upon demand to any person with authority under this Act to
confiscate the same.

Under Chapter III, Art. 1 Section 21. Operation Of Motor Vehicles By Tourists. - Bona fide tourist and
similar transients who are duly licensed to operate motor vehicles in their respective countries may be
allowed to operate motor vehicles during but not after ninety days of their sojourn in the Philippines.
If any accident involving such tourist or transient occurs, which upon investigation by the Commissioner
or his deputies indicates that the said tourist or transient is incompetent to operate motor vehicles, the
Commissioner shall immediately inform the said tourist or transient in writing that he shall no longer be
permitted to operate a motor vehicle.

After ninety days, any tourist or transient desiring to operate motor vehicles shall pay fees and obtain
and carry a license as hereinafter provided.

1. Student Driver’s Permit - is an official document authorizing a person to operate a motorized vehicle
in the presence of a duly licensed driver. A student permit is the prerequisite document when one
applies for a driver’s license. This authorizes the holder to learn and practice driving in the presence of a
licensed driver.

APPLICANT MUST BE:

At least 17 years old.

Physically and mentally fit to operate a motor vehicle.

Able to read and write in Filipino or English.

REQUIREMENTS:

Original and photocopy of birth certificate

If employed, Taxpayer’s Identification Number (TIN)

A filled out application for driver’s license (ADL)

*Applicants not yet 18 years old need a parent’s or guardian’s written consent with a photocopy of an ID
card as proof of identity. If parent or guardian is not present, the written consent must be notarized.

RESTRICTIONS:

Allowed to drive only on the presence of a duty licensed driver. A duly licensed driver is one who is a
holder of a professional driver’s license and at the same time accredited driving instructor by the Land
Transportation Office (LTO).

VALIDITY:

The life of student permit is one (1) year but after 30 days or 1 month he is now eligible to apply for non-
professional driver’s licence, and five (5) months in case of professional driver’s license.

2. Non-Professional Driver’s License –

is an official document authorizing a person to operate private vehicles in a private capacity, not for the
purpose of earning compensation.

(At least 17 years of age). There are two (2) kinds of applicants for non-professional driver’s license.

a. Holder of student driver’s permit of not less than 30 days

b. Applicant for a renewal of the expired non-professional driver’s license

REQUIREMENTS:

Driver’s license

Duly accomplished application form

Negative drug test result (from a DOH accredited drug testing center and government hospital).

Must have passed the practical examination.

Medical certificate (from LTO accredited or government physician and government hospitals), if due for
renewal.

REQUIREMENTS:

Driver’s license

Duly accomplished application form

Negative drug test result (from a DOH accredited drug testing center and government hospital).

Must have passed the written and practical examinations for the restriction code being applied for.

Medical certificate (from LTO accredited or government physician and government hospitals), if due for
renewal.

RESTRICTIONS:

The holder allowed to drive his own vehicle or any other privately own vehicle only and not to earn
livelihood. The type category of vehicle authorized to be driven is indicated on the face of the license.
The holder can operate motor vehicle classified as private.

VALIDITY:

The licensed is valid or three (3) years from the date of issuance and renewable every third (3 rd) month
of succeeding years and automatically expires if not renewed on due date. Non-renewal for two(2)years
shall subject the applicant for a written examination.
3. Professional Driver’s License –

- an official document authorizing a person to operate a private or public-utility vehicle for the purpose
of earning compensation (e.g., operating a public utility jeep, or getting a job as a chauffeur).

The distinctive feature of the holder of professional driver’s license is the privilege to make driving as
means of livelihood.

REQUIREMENTS:

Driver’s license

Duly accomplished application form

Negative drug test result (from a DOH accredited drug testing center and government hospital).

Must have passed the practical examination.

Medical certificate (from LTO accredited or government physician and government hospitals), if due for
renewal.

REQUIREMENTS:

Driver’s license

Duly accomplished application form

Negative drug test result (from a DOH accredited drug testing center and government hospital).

Must have passed the written and practical examinations for the restriction code being applied for.

Medical certificate (from LTO accredited or government physician and government hospitals), if due for
renewal.

RESTRICTIONS:

The type or category of authorized to drive is indicated on the face of the license. The holder can
operate all types of classification of motor vehicles private and public.

VALIDITY:

The licensed is valid or three (3) years from the date of issuance and renewable every third (3 rd) month
of succeeding years and automatically expires if not renewed on due date. Non-renewal for two(2)years
shall subject the applicant for a written examination.
4. International Driver’s License –

- this is one of the two special types of drivers license issued for special purpose and issued by the
Philippine Motor Association (PMA) now known as Automobile Association of the Philippines (AAP). In
other countries like the Philippines, it is mandatory that the applicant must be a holder of domestic
drivers license before the issuance of International Driver’s License.

This kind of license is also issued to foreigner or tourist with foreigner driver’s license who
desires to drive after the period of ninety (90) days stay in the Philippines, provided that the applicant
complies with the basic requirements for licensing.

RESTRICTIONS:

A Filipino holder of this kind of driver’s license is not authorized to drive in the roadways unless he
carries with him or her a valid local driver’s license.

VALIDITY:

The driver’s license as valid as indicate on its face and recognize in countries signatory to the Geneva
Convention.

4. Military Driver’s License –

- this is the second special type of drivers license issued by the agency for limited and special purpose.
While the issuance is made by the Armed Forces of the Philippines(AFP), the holder must pass all the
test and examination in compliance with the rules and regulations thereof.

RESTRICTIONS:

The holder must be Military personnel and authorized to drive a military vehicle only.

VALIDITY:

The driver’s license as valid for three (3) years from date of issuance and renewable every third (3 rd)
birth month of succeeding years and automatically expires if not renewed on due date.

NUMBER 1 – Motorcycles/ Motorized Tricycles

NUMBER 2 – Motor vehicle up to 4500 KGS GROSS VEHICLE WEIGHT (GVW)

NUMBER 3 – Motor vehicle above 4500 KGS GVW

NUMBER 4 – Automatic clutch up to 4500 KGS GVW

NUMBER 5 – Automatic clutch above 4500 KGS GVW

NUMBER 6 – Articulated vehicle 1600 KGS GVW and below

NUMBER 7 – Articulated vehicle 1601 up to 4500 KGS GVW

NUMBER 8 – Articulated vehicle 4501 KGS and above GVW

"Motor Vehicle" shall mean any vehicle propelled by any power other than muscular power using the
public highways, but excepting road rollers, trolley cars, street-sweepers, sprinklers, lawn mowers,
bulldozers, graders, fork-lifts, amphibian trucks, and cranes if not used on public highways, vehicles
which run only on rails or tracks, and tractors, trailers and traction engines of all kinds used exclusively
for agricultural purposes.

"Articulated vehicle" shall mean any motor vehicle with a trailer having no front axle and so attached
that part of the trailer rests upon motor vehicle and a substantial part of the weight of the trailer and of
its load is borne by the motor vehicle. Such a trailer shall be called as "semi-trailer."

All motor vehicles and trailers of any type used or operate on or upon any highway of the Philippine
must registered with Land Transportation Office for the current year in accordance with the provision of
Republic Act 4136 as amended.

The Motor Vehicle Certificate of Registration shall be preserved and carried in the motor vehicle
describe therein, and shall be presented with subsequent application for registration, transfer of
ownership, or recording of encumbrances. Provided, that the certificate of registration , a true copy or
photo copy thereof maybe carried in the motor vehicle.

CODING SCHEME (Geographical Designation)

"A" - Region I (Ilocos Region) and CAR (Cordillera

Administrative Region)
"B" - Region II (Cagayan Valley Region)
"C", "R" - Region III (Central Luzon Region), "R" are overflow series
since the "C" series has been exhausted
"D", "V" - Regions IV-A (CALABARZON) and IV-B (MIMAROPA), "V" are overflow
series
"E“ - Region V (Bicol Region)

"F“ - Region VI (Western Visayas Region)

"G", "Y“ - Region VII (Central Visayas Region), "Y" are overflow
series
"H" - Region VIII (Eastern Visayas Region)
"J" - Region IX (Zamboanga Peninsula) and ARMM
 "K" - Regions X and XIII (Northern Mindanao
and Caraga)
"L" - Region XI (Davao Region)

"M" - Region XII (SOCCSKSARGEN)

"N“ - National Capital Region, 1981–1982, 2009-2010

"P" - National Capital Region, 1982–1991, 2010–present

"T" - National Capital Region, 1991–1995
"U" - National Capital Region, 1995–1997
"W" - National Capital Region, 1997–2001
"X“ - National Capital Region, 2001–2005
"Z“ - National Capital Region, 2005–2009

1   - President
2  - Vice President
3  - Senate President
4  - Speaker of the House of
Representatives
5  - Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court
6  - Cabinet Secretaries
7  - Senators
8  - Representatives (Congressmen)
9  - Associate Justices of the Supreme Court

10  - Presiding Justice and other Justices of the Court of Appeals,

Solicitor General
11  - Chairman of the Commission on Elections
12  - Cabinet Undersecretary
14  - Chief of Staff, Armed Forces of the Philippines and Chief,
Philippine National Police
16  - Regional Trial Court Judges
17  - First Level Courts (Metropolitan Trial Court, Municipal Trial Court, Municipal
Trial Court in Cities and Shari'ah Circuit courts)

1. PRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLES – White background with green markings.

2. PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLES – yellow background with black markings.

3. GOVERNMENT MOTOR VEHICLES – white background with red markings.

4. DIPLOMATIC MOTOR VEHICLES – white background with blue markings.

 5. COMMEMORATIVE PLATE – are plates issued to groups organization or association subject to
the approval of the department of Transportation and Communication (DOTC).

6. PRIVATE MOTOR VEHICLES – motor vehicle registered under this classification shall not be used
for hire under any circumstances.

7. PUBLIC UTILITY VEHICLES – motor vehicle registered under this classification are those covered
by certificate of public convenience or special permit issued by the Land Transportation
Franchising Regulatory Board (LTFRB) and shall be subjected to the provision of Public Safety
ACT and rules and regulations issued there under, as well as the provision of RA 4136 as
amended.

3. GOVERNMENT MOTOR VEHICLES – motor vehicle owned by the government of the Republic of
the Philippines or any of its political subdivisions shall be registered under this classification .

4. DIPLOMATIC MOTOR VEHICLES – motor vehicle owned by foreign governments or by their duly
accredited diplomatic officers in the discharged of their official duties.

In the Philippines, the mass of traffic laws, rules and regulations have their source in laws, Presidential
Decrees (P.D.s), Executed Orders (E.O.s), Letters of Instructions (L.O.I.s), Administrative Orders and
Implementing Memoranda and other Special Laws relative to traffic operation and traffic law
enforcement. As a traffic law enforcer, it is essential that you should be familiar with these rules and
regulations.

In addition, traffic signs, pavement markings, and other control devices are traffic law themselves.
Violations of such constitute misdemeanour or infraction of law.

R.A. 4136. This is the basic law regulating land transportation in the Philippines. It has repealed Act No.
3992 (The Revised Motor Vehicle Law). Further, as amended by R.A. Nos.5715, 6374, PD Nos. 382, 843,
896, 1057, 1934, 1950, 1958, BP Blg. 43, 74 and 398.

R.A. 6539. The Act which is known as the “Anti-Car napping Act of 1972”, the act preventing and
penalizing car napping.

R.A. 5448. Act imposing a tax on privately owned passenger automobiles, motorcycles and Scooters, and
a science stamp tax, to constitute a special science fund defining the programs, projects and activities of
science agencies to be financed therefore and for other purposes.

R A. 8749. Also known as he “Clean air Act” which regulates emission of toxic gases of both gasoline and
diesel engines and bans the use of leaded gas for gasoline engines.

R.A. 8750. It provides for the attachment of seat belts for all types of motor vehicles and imposes
penalty for the non-compliance thereof.

R.A. 7924. The Act creating the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority, defining its powers and
functions, providing funds therefor and for other purposes.
P.D No. 96. Regulating the use of sirens, bells, horns, etc., by prohibiting the attachment of any siren,
horn bell, etc. on motor vehicles which produce unusual or starting sounds as well as blinkers and other
similar devices unless the vehicle belongs to the AFP, NBI, LTO, PNP, BJMP, Hospitals and Fire
Departments and are specifically intended for use in emergencies.

P.D. No. 101. Expediting the methods of prescribing, redefining or modifying the lines and modes of
operations of public utility motor vehicles in the Philippines.

P.D. No 207. Declaring as part of the laws of the Philippines the Vienna Convention on Road Traffic,
Signs and Signals.

P.D. No. 612. Requiring compulsory insurance for all types of motor vehicles against third party liability
as additional pre-requisites for registration by the LTO.

P.D. 1686. Imposing a tax on every motor vehicle equipped with air conditioner.

P.D. 1181. Providing for the abatement of air pollution from motor vehicles and for other purposes.

P.D. 1605. Granting the Metropolitan Manila Commission certain powers related to traffic management
and control in Metropolitan Manila providing penalties, and for other purposes.

P.D. 98 Regulating the issuance of license plates of all motor vehicles.

P.D. 1729. Authorizing the Bureau of Land Transportation to dispose of impounded motor vehicles
unclaimed by owners for a certain period of time.

P.D. 1730. Declaring the syndicated printing, manufacture, distribution, possession or use of fake official
Bureau of Land Transportation forms, documents, plates and stickers as offences involving economic
sabotage.

L.O.I. No. 43. Providing for the removal of all impediments on roads, streets and highways such as
constructions, stalled or parked vehicles and other movable property that obstruct free passage. This
LOI abrogated city or municipal ordinances governing the disposition of traffic on city and Municipal
ordinances governing the disposition of traffic on city and municipal streets throughout the country.

L.O.I No. 122. Prohibiting freight and cargo trucks from using roads, highways and bridges whose load
capacities are in excess of specific allowable limits.

L.O.I. No. 229. Requiring all motor vehicle owners, users, or drivers to have their possession at all times
while driving at least one (1) pair of early Warning device (EWD) for use when the vehicle is disabled on
roads, streets and highways or other emergencies compelling the vehicle to be on stop position.

L.O.I. No. 716. Every motor vehicle to equip at least a pair of early warning device.

L.O.I. No. 551. Directing the law enforcement agencies to implement the Pollution Control Program.
L.O.I. No. 853 Calling for the National Tripartite Conference to consider the establishment of viable
labor-management relations based upon the “boundary” system in land transportation.

L.O.I. No. 1009. All owners of private motor vehicles who desire to stop operating or using their number
plates and registration certificates to surrender to BLT.

L.O.I. No. 1071. Owners and/or operators of motor vehicles are authorized to pay the annual premiums
for the insurance of their motor annual premiums for the insurance of their motor vehicles on quarterly
basis.

DOTC D.O. 88-305. Rules of pleadings, practice and procedure for appeals on franchising, fare rates
charges and other related matters pertinent to Land Transportation Public Utilities.

D.O. 93-693. Revised Schedule of Administrative Fees and charges of the Land Transportation Office.

Administrative Order No. VIII, S-1968, LTC. Requiring the towing and impounding of stalled motor
vehicles on public highways and the imposition of corresponding fees thereof.

Administrative Order No. 1, S-1973, LTC. Prescribing guidelines and procedures in the implementation
of PD No. 96.

Administrative Order No. 1, S-1975, LTC. Laying down specific rules of action in the imposition of
uniform fines and penalties for violation of the provisions of RA 4136.

Special Order No. 101-IRM, LTC. Educating and identifying various city streets where parking is
prohibited.

Land Transportation Commission memorandum to All Patrol Officers, Deputies and Agents dated 09
August 1975. Directing that motor vehicles whose loads are rice, cereals, fertilizers and other prime
commodities are not to be apprehended stopped on roads and highways except only in cases of serious
violations.

LTC Memorandum Circular No. 33, dated 12 September 1972. Providing guidelines in the apprehension
of illegally parked motor vehicles.

LTC Circular No. 15, dated 19 January 1972. Regulating and laying instructions in the use of Special
Commemorative Motor Vehicles.

M.C. 94-199. Aide-memoir regarding retention and authority by LTO to register motorized tricycles
under R.A. 4136, and guidelines to implement devolution of LTFRB’s Franchising Authority over TC’s per
R.A. 7160 issued by DOTC.

M.C. 94-188. Issuance of driver’s license to disabled persons.

M.C. 92-146. Re-implementation of LOI 229, as amended by LOI 479 directing the installation of early
warning devices of motor vehicles.
M.C 94-192. Diesel smoke emission test for motor vehicles.

M.C. 90-020. Directing all public land transportation service operators and drivers to display in any
conspicuous place of their vehicles the authorized fare matrix for specific route granted them to avoid
conflict.

M.C. 93-011. Enjoining all public utility operators to use garage instead of public places or side streets in
parking their vehicles.

M.C. 94-002. Sanctions on operators arising from the violations of their drivers.

M.C. 94-209. Clarifies guidelines for the registration/operation of new private vehicles particularly in use
of conduction sticker.

E.O. 125. Reorganizing the DOTC, defining its powers and functions and for other purposes.

E.O. 266. Providing for two service units in the office of the Assistant Secretary for Land Transportation
in the DOTC (Law Enforcement Service-LES and Traffic Adjudication Service-TAS), defining the powers
and functions thereof and for other purposes.

E.O. 202. Creating the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board (LTFRB).

E.O. 248. Empowering the Land Transportation Commission to control and supervise the operations of
motor vehicles driving schools.

Professional Driver. Every and any driver hired for driving or operating a motor vehicle, whether for
private use or for hire to the public. Any driver driving his own motor vehicle for hire is a professional
driver.

Owner. The actual legal owner of a motor vehicle, in whose name such vehicle is a duly registered with
the LTO. The owner of a government-owned motor vehicle, is the head of the office or the chief of the
Bureau to which they said motor vehicle belongs.

Dealer. Every person, association, partnership, or corporation making, manufacturing, constructing,

assembling, remodeling, or setting up motor vehicle ; and every such entity acting as agent for the sale
of one or more makes, styles, or kinds of motor vehicles, dealing in motor vehicles, keeping the same in
Stock or selling same or handling with a view to trading same.

Garage. Any building in which two or more motor vehicles, either with or without drivers, are kept ready
for hire to the public, but shall not include street stands, public service stations, or other public places
designated by proper authority as parking spaces for motor vehicles for hire while awaiting or soliciting
business.

Gross Weight. The measured weight of a motor vehicle plus the maximum allowable carrying capacity in
merchandise, freight and/ or passengers, as determined by the commissioner of the LTO.
Highways. Every public thoroughfare, public boulevard, driveway, Avenue, park, alley and caledon but
shall not include roadway upon grounds owned by private persons, colleges, universities, or other
similar institutions.

Every motor vehicle when operated on a traffic way should have the following specified accessories:

a. Tires. Motor vehicles having metallic tires are prohibited from operating on any public
highway. If the tires are solid, it should be thick enough to present the metal rims from touching the
road (Sec.34)

b. Brakes. Every motor vehicle with four or more wheels shall be provided with dual hydraulic
brake system so that in case of hydraulic line failure affecting the breaking efficiency of any of the four
wheels at least either the front or rear wheels shall retain normal braking capabilities.

c. Horns. Every motor vehicle shall be provided with a horn or signalling device in good order. Provided,
however, that no horn or signalling device emitting exceptionally loud, startling, or disagreeable sound
shall be installed or used on any motor vehicle.

d. Headlight. The vehicle should have 2 headlights, one on each side, which must be dimmed when
meeting another vehicle entails.

e. Stop Light. Installed also the vehicle rear. Red light are prohibited at the forward portion of the
vehicle. Motorcycle must have the one head lamp and one tail light. Light should be put on when a
vehicle is parked or disable. Appropriate parking light of flares are required of vehicles when parked or
disable such as not to endanger passing traffic .(sec34) .

f. Tail Light. Installed at the rear portion of the vehicle at least 100 meter away.

g. Wind shield Wiper. Every motor vehicle shall be equipped with a mechanically or electrically
operated device for wiping off raindrops or either moisture from its windshield.

h. Mufflers. Every motor vehicle propelled by an internal combustion engine shall be equipped
with a muffler, and whenever said motor vehicle passes through a street of any city,
municipality or thick populated district or barrio the muffler shall not be cut out or
disconnected.

Traffic Law Enforcement action is part of enforcement involving the arrest, issuance of temporary
operators permit (TOP) or inspection report summons, or warning of any person who is believed to have
violated law, ordinance, or regulations pertaining to the used of traffic roads.

As traffic law enforcer, he must decide the kind of action he will take in cased he has knowledge in any
violation. Drivers are guided more by the enforcement action of traffic law enforcer than by the way the
law is written. It is therefore important that traffic enforcers should know what to do and be consistent
in their actions so that drivers may know exactly what to expect.
1. The action taken by the police and the court to compel obedience to traffic laws and ordinances
regulating the movement and use of motor vehicles for the purpose of creating a deterrent to unlawful
behavior by all potential violators;

2. Enforcement of traffic legislation is an area of activity aimed at controlling road users, let behavior by
preventive persuasive and punitive method in order to effect a safe and efficient traffic movement; and

3. It applies to all statute, ordinances and legally authorized regulations relating to the used of street
and highways and operation motor vehicles.

1. Police Traffic Law Enforcement – these functions includes the enforcement of traffic laws deterrent
to law violations, special assistance to prosecutors and courts and incidental service to highway users.
Usually these are the responsibilities of traffic enforcers like members of PNP-TMG and the LTO
Enforcement Service (LES).

2. Court Traffic Law Enforcement – one part of traffic law enforcement is performed by the court
through PROSECUTION, ADJUDICATIONS and PENALIZATIONS of cases. These actions are usually
undertaken by any regular courts where traffic cases fall under their jurisdiction and traffic adjudication
service (TASK) of the LTO.

Removing one of the elements or any of the elements, enforcement is not complete.

1. Enforcement System – this area consists of legislation, police and the courts, legislation defines and
specifies correct or incorrect road user behavior. Police and the courts are charged with the
responsibility of insuring that these laws are adhered to.

2. Road Users System (Traffic Way User) – This element includes pedestrians, pedal cyclist, drivers,
passenger and others.

3. Road System (Traffic System) – this area is composed of the entire road and vehicle complex, as well
as traffic rules and regulations.

1. To increase safety level – enforcement effort should be directed towards the reduction of accidents
or minimizing their effects.

2. To increase traffic efficiency – when traffic violators are reduced particularly those related to traffic
obstruction through an effective enforcement, there will be free-flow of traffic.

3. To insure harmonious and comfortable environment – when there is an increase safety level and
increase traffic efficiency, traveling is more comfortable and luxurious and it may reduce chaotic
situations in the traffic way.

1. Detection (of violation). A whole police responsibility that entails looking for defects in the behavior
of motorist, pedestrians, vehicle, equipment and roadway condition. Requires knowledge of law on the
part of the police.
2. Apprehension. It is also a police function which involves the actual taking of enforcement actions.

3. Prosecutions. This area is handled by the prosecution and partly the court where the police also
provide corresponding influences through preparation and introduction of evidence or close contact
with the prosecuting officer.

4. Adjudication. While this is obviously a court and prosecutions function, the police provide influences
on this step by acting as witness to the prosecution or supplying additional evidence. This step
determines the guilt or innocence of the accused.

5. Penalization. The court after due process imposes the penalty upon the accused if found guilty. The
penalty is greatly influenced by previous records of conviction as provided by police. Penalty involved is
either fine or imprisonment or both fine and imprisonment or may result to the suspension or
revocation of the driver’s license of the accused.

1. Traffic Arrest. It is an enforcement action which consists of taking a person into custody for the
purpose of holding or detaining him to answer at charge of law violation before a court.

A. When a traffic violator can be arrested?

(1) offense committed is serious

(2) detention is necessary to avoid continued violation

(3) there is reasonable doubt that the violator will not appear in
court?

B. How is arrest made? In general, arrest is made by any by the following:

(1) by an actual restraint of the person to be arrested, or

(2) by his submission to the custody of the person making the

arrest.

C. Use of force in arresting. No violation or unnecessary force shall be use in making an arrest in the
person arrested shall not be subjected to any greater restraint than is necessary for his detention.

D. Arrest in Traffic. In arresting a traffic violator, the traffic officer must consider the following:

(1) An arrest can be effected even without warrant if the offence is committed in the presence
of an arresting officer.

(2) The officer making an arrest must intend to take the violator in to custody for the purpose
for bringing him before a court.
 (3) Detention of the arrested person may take place.

(4) Officer making an arrest must act under legal authority when taking an arrested person into
custody.

(5) The person being arrested must understand that he is being arrested.

(6) The purpose of arrest is to bring as suspended violator before a court to answer a charge of
violation.

E. Recording the Data of Arrest. Whichever action is used by the officer or Agency, the following
information is necessary:

(1) Date/time of Arrest.

(2) Place of Arrest.

(3) The name of the offense for which the person is arrested.

(4) The full name of arrested person, his home and business address and his telephone number.

(5) Physical description of the arrestee, including his date of birth, nationality and marital
status.

(6) Name of witnesses to the arrest.

(7) Name and badge number of arresting officer.

F. When taking person in custody. The arresting officer when taking a person into custody must
consider the following:

(1) The possibility that the person you are arresting may attempt to injure or kill you or escape in
your custody.

(2) Inform him that you are placing him under arrest.

(3) Explain to him why you are placing him under arrest.

(4) For reasonable search maybe carried out in connection with the lawful arrest.

G. When transporting arrested person. The arresting officer should observed the following guidelines
in transporting arrested person:

(1)If your unit is equipped with radio, request for transportation unit and maintain custody of
your prisoner until it arrives.

(2) Give instructions to the transporting officer about the place where the arrestee is to be
delivered.
 (3) In certain conditions, direct the arrested person to drive his own vehicle to your
Headquarters and follow him with your police mobile.

(4) However, if the driver is not in good condition or the vehicle is in bad shape, let someone
drive the vehicle to the Headquarters.

H. Warrantless Arrest or Citizen’s/Civilian Arrest. Oftentimes, arrest in traffic is made right after the
commission of the traffic violation. Hence, traffic enforcers should know the following rules to be
observed :

(1) When in the presence of the arresting officer, the person to be arrested has committed, is
actually committing, or is about to commit an offense.

(2) When an offense has in fact been committed, and the arresting officer has personal reasons
to believe that the person to be arrested has committed it.

2. Traffic Citation.

This is a means of having violators appear in court without physical arrest. To ensure that an
apprehend traffic violator will appear to the court or to the proper authority, the traffic officer should
confiscate the violator’s driver’s license and issue Traffic Citation Ticket (TCT), TOP, OR Traffic Violator’s
Receipt (TVR).

Apprehension. As an apprehending officer duly designated by the LTO, you should observe the following
when apprehending a traffic violator:  

(1) You may confiscate the driver’s license or certificate of registration of the vehicle for any
violation of the RA 4136 and its rules and regulations, City and Municipal Ordinances.

(2) Fill out the blank spaces of TOP/or TCT forms in order to provide a detailed report of
apprehension for the information, guidance and reference of all concerned.

(3) Advise the violator to report within 72 hours, but not less than 24 hours to give allowance for
proper transmittal from receipt thereof to appropriate offices.

Where The Violator Should Report?

The violator should be advised to report to:

(1) Traffic Court, if in Manila and for violation of the City’s Traffic Ordinance.

(2) City/Provincial Prosecutor, if in other chartered cities or provincial capitals without traffic
courts, for violations of local traffic ordinances.

(3) Municipal Court, in its municipalities, for violation of local traffic ordinances.
 (4) LTO Central Office (TAS) for Metro Manila or its counterparts [REGIONAL TRAFFIC
ADJUDICATION SERVICE (RTAS)] for violation of the Land Transportation and Traffic Code, and its rules
and in the provinces regulations.

Uses the TOP, the TCT, and the TVR. These are official documents designed for various purposes,
namely:

(1) It serves as a receipt for the confiscation of a vehicle or the CR/OR of the vehicle.

(2) It serves as a temporary permit to operate motor vehicles for 72 hours without extension
from the time of confiscation or apprehension ( in case of TVR in Manila, 7 days).

(3) It is an official for of judicial or administrative citation to facilitate action on the case for
which it is issued.

(4) it is a record for disposing a case cited therein either administratively or judiciary.

(5) it is also a receipt for release of the confiscated items after adjudication and termination of
the case.

3. Traffic Warning

This is an enforcement action which does not contemplate possible assessment of penalty by
the court or otherwise as a result of warning alone. There are these types of traffic warning: visual,
verbal, and written.

A. Visual Warning. This is usually used when you have observed a minor violation but are more
importantly occupied at a moment. Indicate by gesture of the hand and / or of the head.

B. Verbal Warning. This is a form of safety education. Tell the driver/violator that he violated a law and
explain the hazards of such violations.

C. Written Warning. This is a form combination of verbal warning and citations. It gives the spirit of
verbal warning and the form of citation. This is seldom used nowadays.

Decision Enforcement. In determining what enforcement action to be taken, whether you arrest, cite or
warn the apprehend violator, consider the following:

1. Degree of Violation;

2. Accuracy of observation;

3. Traffic and whether condition;

4. Evidence gathered;

5. Whether a new law or not; and

 6. Continuous or momentary actions, a factor in some type of violations.

It is the movement of people, goods, vehicles, trains, ships, and airplanes from one place to another is
called TRAFFIC.

Controlling traffic involves attempts to make these movement as fast , safe, and efficient as possible.

One important aspect of traffic control is the assigning of TRAFFIC ENFORCERS along intersections
where traffic congestions are common problem.

 Ensure the obedience to traffic laws, rules and regulations.

 Serves as emergency solutions when the traffic lights could not control the traffic.

 Provide emergency services to the public during disasters or calamities, like fire trucks or
ambulances responding to fire or crime scene.

It is defined as telling the drivers and pedestrians when, how and where they may or may not move or
stand at a particular place, especially during emergencies or period of congestions and intersections.

Intersections - as applied to a street or highways means the space occupied by two streets at the point
where they cross each other. Usually, this is the place where traffic direction and control is needed.

In the Philippines, traffic officers are usually deputized by the Land Transportation Office (LTO), who
normally come from the PNP-TMG, MMDA Traffic Management Section, police auxiliaries, volunteers
coming from barangay security forces and other civic organizations assist in the directing and controlling
of traffic particularly during rush hours, special occassions, and time of emergencies.

 When you are assigned to direct traffic, you are expected to indicate to the drivers and
pedestrians how, when, where they may move.

 In order to do this, use a type of sign language which shall be clearly understandable to all
persons you will be directing.

 However, if your signals are different from those used by other officers, motorist would
probably fail to understand them and ignore you altogether.

 Hence, it is important for the efficient direction of traffic that the officers use uniform gestures
and signals.

 Moreover, the signals should be able to be seen over a fairly long distance. When directing
traffic, you first want drivers and pedestrians to recognize that you are the officer who will tell
them what to do. But you must also know how to tell them when to stop, go or turn by using
gestures alone. When your not signalling, let your hands fall at your side.

 Normally, this is in the center of the intersection, stand as u though you mean business. Stand
straight with your weight equally distributed to each foot.
 Use hand signal to designate decisions to motorists and pedestrians.

 Supplements the arm/hand signals with a whistle:

a. one long blow to STOP.

b. two short snappy blasts for GO.

c. three blasts to be used for assistance.

 If two or more officers are assigned in one intersection, only one makes the decision, while the
other take theirs from him.

 To stop a moving lane, point at the car you intended to stop and give the driver the opportunity
to stop.

 The hand signal should be made with the arm extended and the palm facing the person or
vehicle to be stopped.

 When light is sufficient, work as in day time.

 If light is not sufficient, use flashlight:

a. To STOP, direct the flashlight in line of the vision and move back and forth;

b. To START, use the same motion as in daylight except with flashlight;

c. Supplement the actions with WHISTLE.