Typography Lecture

- TOPOGRAPHY - turning a 3D surface into a 2D map

- Computers make maps easier to read; google maps, google earth, use
hillshading
- We divide the earth into hemispheres north and south with the equator in
the middle
90 degrees north and 90 degrees south
- International agreement on hte Prime Meridian to divide the east and west
through
Greenwich observatory.
- The tropics of cancer and capricorn note the range of the suns most
intense rays
- LATITUDE lines run laterally, East to West, determining location relative
to the equator
in either northern or southern hemisphere
- LONGITUDE lines run vertically North to south, which determine eastern and
western locations
in respect to the prime meridian.
- DIVISIONS - 1 degree covers a lot of space in terms of the planet, so a
minute and second
system was divised for more precise locations.
Every DEGREE has 60 minutes
Every MINUTE has 60 seconds
Ex. N88o30'45" = 88 degrees north of the equator; plus 30(of 60)
minutes
and 45(of 60) seconds, north of that.
- DECLINATION - (Magnetic Declination) The difference in degrees that true
north is is different than magnetic north. True north is the
North Pole, Magnetic
north is where the north pole of the earths magnetic field is
Compasses need to be adjusted for accurate north readings
- TRUE NORTH - North on a map
- Map SCALES - comparison of distance on map to the distance in real life
Scale 1:24000 - every inch on map is 24000 inches in real life
could also be afraction 1/24000. The Bar scales on maps are
useful.
- TOPOGRAPHIC MAP - two dimensional representation of three dimsional space.
it uses
CONTOUR LINES, to show ELEVATION. Each line is the same
elevation
- ELEVATION - is the distance above sea level
- BENCHMARK - Marked points of precisely measured elevation, called
benchmarks, are shown on topographic maps as �BM,� followed by the elevation in
feet.
- CONTOUR LINE - a line that connects the points of the same elevation. if
you walked on the
same line of a mountain you wouldnt change elevation
- If we wrote the elevation of every contour line, then the map would be
cluttered with numbrs
instead use INDEX CONTOUR lines - darker lines with every 5th line
being an index contur
with the elevation number.
- CONTOUR INTERVAL - how much vertical space (elevation) there is between
contour
lines. If there are two contour indexes labeled 1000 and
2000 s
separated by 5 contour lines, you'd divide the difference
by 5
 and get 200 feet.
- RULES FOR CONTOUR LINES - Contour lines always close to form irregular
circles, but they're
not always visible. For streams, there will always
be a V
shape pointing the upstream direction. the flow of
water
emerges out of the open mouth of the V shape
- Lines also always increase unless indicated by
hashmarks, which
could indicated a steep drop.
- RELIEF - the difference in elevation between two points
- TOTAL RELIEF - the difference in elevation between the highest and lowest
point on the map
- GRADIENT = SLOPE The change in elevation from one point to another is the
slope. This
measures how steep the slope or gradient is.
Rise = Y2 - Y1
Gradient = Run = X2 - X1
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