SELECTION OF EXPLOSION PROOF ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT FOR
INSTALLATION IN HAZARDOUS AREAS
Karel Neleman
BARTEC NEDERLAND b.v.
Keurmeesterstraat 17
NL 2984 BA RIDDERKERK
The Netherlands
Abstract – The ATEX directive 94/9/EC was assumed
to be a clear ‘New Approach’ directive. Installers and end-
users obtain explosion proof required components
through wholesalers and build their required solution
together without having a notice of the rules belonging to
the mandatory directive.
Differences between component certification with “U”
certificate and complete certification both as EC-type
examination certificate will be explained and help to avoid
troubles for end customers handling their Explosion
Protection Document.
Further, a contradiction appears, between the product-
standard for flameproof enclosures EN 50018 (EN-IEC
60079-1) and the installation-standard for electrical
installations in hazardous areas EN-IEC 60079-14, where
direct cable entries in flameproof enclosures are selected.
Last but not least a guide through the jungle of many
new variations of Ex markings due to harmonisation of
IEC standards within the standardization committees.
After harmonizing the CENELEC standards for the
European (ATEX) market we are nowadays on the
beginning of an international harmonisation within the IEC
(not only for IEC Ex Scheme, also for ATEX).
Index Terms — component certificate, equipment
certificate, contradiction, direct cable entries, flameproof
enclosures, global standardization, marking jungle,
Equipment Protection Levels
I. INTRODUCTION
In the time before ATEX nobody was complaining when
companies supplied equipment with component
certification. The most important document was the
CENELEC certificate; the content of this certificate was
often not completely understand by the responsible
person of the installation. ATEX is supposed to be a ´new
approach´ directive where manufactures have more
responsibility for the safety of their supplied products
(ATEX 95) and installers and end-users have more
responsibility for the installation and application of the
products (ATEX 137). “End-user” means plant owner,
responsible for the plant (installation) safety.
Secondly many installers and end-users are not familiar
with the restrictions caused by the installation standard for
electrical equipment in hazardous areas. Manufacturers
supplying flameproof equipment with direct cable entries
through flameproof cable glands are not always aware
that for certain applications a barrier gland is required.
1
Due to parallel voting in the national and international
committees for EN and IEC standards we see a lot of new
markings being created with additional special conditions
for safe use.
II. EC-TYPE EXAMINATION CERTIFICATE
VERSUS CERTIFICATE OF CONFORMITY
In the period before ATEX a different name was used
for component- or apparatus-certification, known as
Component Certificate and Certificate of Conformity. A
Component Certificate needs always additional
certification before bringing into service. You could
recognize a component certificate through its name and
through a ‘U’ behind its certificate number. ‘U’ is German
‘Unvollständig’ and means incomplete certification. Only
the component is certified, but not - without further action
- suitable for installation in hazardous areas. Not
completed component certification has a way of
protection- and a group marking. No temperature class is
mentioned on this type of certificate. Examples of
component certified products are terminals, switchgear,
remote I/O. Often additional enclosures are required,
however empty enclosures belong also to the examples
of component certified products.
On the other hand was the Certificate of Conformity
which meant a completed certification for the equipment
which may be put into service. The only possible limitation
could be recognized with a ‘X’ behind the certificate
number. It is a marking for attention to the people putting
the equipment into service: ‘X’ means ‘special conditions
for safe use’, which are written in the Certificate of
Conformity.
Today, under the mandatory ATEX directive, there is
only difference appearing with the marking ‘U‘. Both types
of certification, for component and equipment, mandatory
for category 1 and 2, are called EC-Type Examination
Certificate. Manufacturers certifying their category 3
equipment (not mandatory) receive a Type Examination
Certificate. (remark: without ‘EC’). For installers it’s
allowed to combine equipment from several
manufacturers when each part is completely certified
(read: certificate without ‘U’). Each product shall contain a
manual and a CE declaration with the delivery. When the
manuals are followed, the electrical parameters fit and all
EC-type examination certificates are complete certificates
this is an allowed situation to put into service. For this
reason the cable gland has nowadays a complete
certificate in stead of the component certificate before
ATEX.
In practice working with explosion proof electrical
equipment there are many misunderstandings about
certification. It seemed that end customers were allowing
each type of document containing the word ‘certificate’,
an Epsilon-x in the six angle and a stamp with signature.
So, component certificates were also accepted. It still
happens that machine builders or installers use empty
flameproof enclosures to build their control panels.
1) Example: EEx d control panel with ‘U’ certificate
Fig. 1
Sometimes there are flameproof enclosures putted into
service without any marking at the outside, or with a
marking like a component certification; that means without
temperature class (see Fig.1). How can the end customer
comply this equipment with his area classification? He
shall have to check this for his EPD Explosion Protection
Document. Asking for the belonging certificate there
appears only the EC-type examination certificate (U
certificate) for the empty enclosure. This is still daily
practice.
2) Example: EEx e junction boxes
Fig. 2
Everybody is able to buy empty EEx e enclosures and
terminals through wholesalers (see Fig. 2). Is the buyer
aware that he buys only component certified products?
An empty EEx e enclosure used as junction box needs an
additional certification for its application. In this case the
total heat loss caused by all terminals put into service
under their nominal current conditions is taken into
account.
3) Example: EEx de[ia] remote I/O
Fig. 3
Just like example 2 there are many manufacturers of
explosion proof remote I/O systems (see Fig. 3) where the
modules can be bought through wholesalers. In the
documentation is mentioned that the enclosure shall be
EEx e, but no remark is made that this has to be
assembled in an ATEX certified workshop, having an EC-
type examination certificate for this application and
containing to the mandatory appendix of the Production
Quality Assurance Notification. So, many buyers are
2
aware about the fact that an overall EEx e enclosure is
required; they buy an empty EEx e enclosure from a
wholesaler and build their application together. It appears
that only manufacturers having distributors with ATEX
certified workshops in the field, are aware and guiding
their customers through this mandatory certification
jungle.
4) Example: EEx d panels with complete certificate
Fig. 4
Even in this example there are mistakes in applying the
rules of the directive. In some situations it can be that the
local distributor of a certain manufacturer has a Quality
Control Agreement with this manufacturer, which means
that the distributor may assemble under the responsibility
of that manufacturer. The example is a situation like
above but, with a distributor not having any workshop at
all. (see Fig. 4: type label on cover of empty enclosure,
containing the complete EC type examination certificate
number including a temperature class)
This distributor sells empty equipment with complete
certification and forces buyers to fill a questionnaire which
records what will be build in the enclosure. A photograph
shall be sent to the distributor to prove the mounted
equipment in the housing as evidence for the technical
construction dossier. When this is daily practice, the real
ATEX certified workshops can’t compete with regular
workshops and the safety is not controlled by a NoBo
anymore. It means in my opinion that the ‘New Approach’
for trading without barriers and controlled safety by
Notified Bodies has been damaged. An item for the
agenda of the ATEX Standing Committee?
III. DIRECT CABLE ENTRIES IN FLAMEPROOF
ENCLOSURES
Already from the beginning of the CENELEC
harmonised standard EN 50018: electrical apparatus for
potentially explosive atmospheres - flameproof
enclosures “d”, the standard mentions flameproof
threaded cable entries as a suitable way of installation.
Annex C of this standard describes the additional
requirements for flameproof cable entries, where two
sealing methods are mentioned:
- cable entries with elastomeric sealing rings
- cable entries with setting compound
Due to advantages during installation in the field, the
cable entry with sealing ring is most popular.
Manufacturers of flameproof cable glands comply with EN
50018 where cable glands can accept only one specific
elastomeric sealing ring when dimensioning a minimum
axial height of the uncompressed sealing ring of 5 mm, in
this case the cable entry shall be marked with an “X”.
However for flameproof enclosures of Group IIC with a So installers shall have to go for the second option:
3
volume greater than 2 dm , the minimum axial height is
20 mm for cable diameter < 20mm and 25 mm for cable b) thermoplastic, thermosetting or elastomeric cable
diameter > 20mm. which is substantially compact and circular, has extruded
Most manufacturers of flameproof cable glands bedding and the fillers, if any, are non-hygroscopic; may
maintain only 5 mm axial height; these glands are often utilize flameproof cable entry devices, incorporating a
certified Ex II 2GD EEx d IIC, marked with an ATEX sealing ring selected in accordance with figure 7;
certificate number extended with the “X”. The special
conditions for safe use, describe the limitation denoted by
the X after the certificate number: “the cable glands shall
not be used with Group IIC flameproof enclosures that
3
have a volume that exceeds 2000 cm .”

First contradiction occurs

checking only the marking
according to ATEX. Using an
Ex II 2G EEx d IIC marked
cable gland in an Ex II 2G EEx
d IIC T6 marked enclosure (see
Fig. 5) seems to be okay (both
category 2G, Group IIC) but
can be due to the marked X
behind the certificate number of
the gland, not be okay at all.

Fig. 5

Second contradiction appears where not only the

product standard EN 50018 has to be complied with.
Fig. 7
Where explosion proof electrical apparatus have to be
installed, the installer has to comply with the installation
standard EN 60079-14: this standard is a European
harmonised international standard, based on earlier IEC
Many cable types comply with above description so, the
79-14. Its earliest basis for the chapter we’re now talking
right fitting cable entry devices have to be selected by
about is BS 5345: part 3; “installation requirements for
going through the selection chart in figure 7, belonging to
electrical apparatus with type of protection “d”, flameproof
10.4.2. b). First question to be answered is “does this
enclosures.
enclosure contain an internal source of ignition?” Well, in
In EN 60079-14 are in chapter 10 the additional
some situations a flameproof enclosure is used as a
requirements for type of protection “d” – flameproof
junction box only; terminals are under normal operation
enclosures mentioned. Specific is sub clause 10.4 for the
not sparking; so this may be considered as no internal
selection of cable entries in flameproof enclosures. This
source of ignition, but it doesn’t have to be explained that
means when installer follows 10.4.2 he can choose from 6
in most applications where type of protection “d“ apply,
options as suitable way of direct entering a flameproof
the flameproof enclosures have an internal source of
enclosure with a cable.
ignition. For example motor switchgear or electronic
10.4.2: “The cable entry system shall comply with one
controllers.
of the following:”
Following the flowchart the second question is “does
the hazardous gas require IIC apparatus?” Answering this
a) cable entry device in compliance with IEC 60079-1
question with “yes” means a loud and clear contradiction
and certified as part of the apparatus when tested with a
with the product standard, where only for IIC enclosures
sample of the particular type of cable;
with a volume greater than 2 litres barrier glands or
sealing rings with higher axial heights are required.
This option is only applicable
The standard is pointing to 10.4.2. d) or e) which
when specific cable has been
means compound sealing devices like a stopping box or
certified by a Notified Body in
sealing chamber or even better certified flameproof line
combination with the cable entry
bushings with compound filling around the individual
device (read: cable gland) and as
cores.
a part of the apparatus where
The only way out for not necessarily using compound (it
applied on. This made it
is not an easy way of installing in the field) is:
practically only suitable for
- gas of group IIB and area classification is Zone 2 òr
manufacturers of apparatus with
- gas of group IIB and area classification is Zone 1 and
mounted cable tails and cable 3
the volume of the enclosure is smaller than 2 dm .
glands as cable entry devices
(see Fig. 6). For an installer often
buying cable in a stadium of the
project where the apparatus
already is available, this method is
practically not applicable. Fig. 6

3
 In many applications the
enclosure contain
switchgear and terminals.
Most applications exceed
3
the 2 dm (see Fig. 8). So,
practically the only way out
is a group IIA / IIB in
combination with area
classification Zone 2.
These stopping boxes
and barrier glands are
certified as equipment
and therefore suitable for
mounting by installers.
Although the installer has
to fulfil the safety
instructions in the
installation manual, the
real safety depends on
the quality of the installers
work.
Fig. 10

Fig. 8 e) flameproof cable entry devices incorporating

compound filled seals around the individual cores or other
equivalent sealing arrangements;
What other options remain?

c) mineral-insulated cable with or without plastic outer

covering with appropriate flameproof cable entry device;

Mineral insulated cables are not often used by general

installers. It’s a type of cable appearing in heating
technology. Manufacturers for heating equipment take
care for the right belonging installation material. While
connecting equipment for electrical heaters can be made
Fig. 11
with type of protection “e” - increased safety, there is no
real need for this type of cable entries in flameproof
This fifth option means the application of factory made
enclosures.
cable entries with compound resin filled bushings (see
Fig. 11), line bushings with individual cores for connecting
d) flameproof sealing device (for example a stopping
a junction box to a flameproof enclosure to made indirect
box or sealing chamber) specified in the apparatus
cable entry (see Fig. 12). Here is the explosion safety
documentation or having a component approval and
guaranteed.
employing cable entry devices appropriate to the cables
used. The sealing devices such as stopping boxes or
sealing chambers shall incorporate compound or other
f) other means which maintain the integrity of the
appropriate seals which permit stopping around the
flameproof enclosure.
individual cores. Sealing devices shall be fitted at the
point of entry of cables to the apparatus;
This last option is an opportunity to use by Notified Bodies
for special occasions, not fitting under a) to e)

Cable glands having a elastomeric sealing ring device

obtaining a 20 mm axial height can reach the right flame
path over the jacket of the cable but not the additional
requirements for setting compound between the individual
cores of the cable!

Fig. 9

This option means the application of stopping boxes, like

those which are used in flameproof conduit systems (see
Fig. 10), or filling chambers in so called `barrier glands´
(see Fig. 9) with compound between the individual wires.

4

What does clause 10.4.2. mean in daily practice?
Manufacturers of flameproof electrical equipment want to
have the highest possible safety level to obtain the
chance to put their equipment in as much as possible
applications. So, the certification for flameproof
enclosures is often suitable for category 2G (Zone 1&2)
according to directive 94/9/EC. The belonging EC type
examination certificate describes in such situations for
example Ex II 2G EEx d IIB T5. The cable entries are not
part of the certification. Threaded entries, made by the
manufacturer, are suitable for the application of direct
cable entry systems, selectable by end customer or
installer. The installation manual of the flameproof
apparatus has to mention EN 60079-14 as suitable
standard for the selection of a sufficient cable entry
device. When such an enclosure is selected for housing
electrical switchgear in Zone 2, it’s possible to use
flameproof cable glands with elastomeric sealing rings.
The electrical apparatus, marked 2G (read: Zone 1), is by
the selection of cable glands with elastomeric sealing
rings devalued to a Zone 2 application. The contradiction
is shown by not only the 2G marking on the enclosure but
also the 2G marking on the cable gland. Both,
manufacturers and installer are working in the correct
way, but the final solution contains an Ex marking which
is not representative for the actual zone 2 (read: 3G)
application. Responsibility for this selection remains
always at the applicable end customer.
Manufacturers which are aware of this contradiction ask
the customer already during quotation in which Zone the
electrical flameproof equipment will be used. In known
situations the manufacturer will apply an additional
warning label on the equipment mentioning the
application only suitable for Zone 2, Group IIB according
to EN-60079-14.
It should be discussed in the ATEX Standing
Committee to add in future on EC type examination
certificates for direct cable entry systems not fulfilling this
rules, to mention a sentence in the special conditions for
safe use, like: “the cable glands shall not be used with
Group IIC enclosures, or Group IIB enclosures, to be
installed in Zone 1 both having a volume that exceeds
3
2000 cm .”
Fig. 12
To have guaranteed safety for flameproof enclosures
it’s important to be aware that indirect cable entries are
from manufacturer completely assembled, so not
dependent from installers work.
5
IV. INTERNATIONAL DEVELOPMENTS IN
STANDARDIZATION COMMITTEES
CAUSING A COMMOTION IN WAY OF
MARKING THE EQUIPMENT
th
In the late seventies of the 20 century, when
CENELEC was founded, the transition from national
standards to European CENELEC standards was causing
a new recognizable way of marking the equipment by
using not only the Epsilon X sign but also the double EE
where the first E was to show that the equipment was
certified according those European harmonized
standards. In 1996 when ATEX directive 94/9/EC came in
to operation, many of these European standards where
renewed and harmonized under the ATEX directive
94/9/EC. To check which European standard is
harmonized under the directive you can check the Official
Journal (OJ) at the website of the European Union Online
at:
http://europa.eu.int/comm/enterprise/newapproach/standa
rdization/harmstds/reflist/atex.html
Nowadays, the standardization committees are often
working in a way of parallel voting for European EN
standards and International IEC standards. This causes a
renewed use of “single E” for Ex marking.
For the standards suitable for gas hazardous areas no
great changes occur, only for EEx m, EEx p & EEx n
some changes are to be introduced.
EEx m changes into Ex ma and Ex mb where Ex ma a
moulded version suitable for Zone 0 and Ex mb a
moulded version applicable for Zone 1. In future an Ex mc
variant will occur as extension from EEx nC.
EEx p changes into Ex px and Ex py each having a
certain level of protection.
From the non incendive variants IEC 60079-15 Ex nC
will probably extended with Ex mc as described above
and Ex nP shortly exchanged by Ex nZ will change into Ex
pz where this last mentioned way of protection for
pressurization will be moved from IEC 60079-15 to IEC
60079-2.
EEx nL will change to Ex nL and it is supposed to be
changed in future to Ex ic analog to the Ex ia and Ex ib
variants for Zone 0 respectively Zone 1. It is to be
expected that Ex nL in IEC 60079-15 moves to IEC
60079-11 intrinsic safety; safety level Ex ic for zone 2.
As an example is shown a
controller for purged cabinet for
Zone 2, having a marking Ex II 3G
Ex nAC [pz] IIC T4 (see Fig. 13)
where Ex nA: ‘non arcing’ is for the
lower terminal box, Ex nC: ‘closed
construction’ has been used to the
electronic and switchgear in the
upper box and [pz]: this controller is
an associated apparatus
necessary for safe operation of the
belonging (not shown) purged
enclosure.
Fig. 13
 For dust however, there have been several changes
due to the harmonization of international standards as
follows: for European harmonized standardization of
electrical equipment, only EN 50281-1-1 was a suitable
standard to design electrical equipment. It was the
standard for ‘protection by enclosure’. Safety for dust
explosion hazards could be realised by a minimum grade
of the IP (Ingress Protection) rate and a limited maximum
surface temperature of the equipment.
Marking is for example Ex II 2D IP 65 T80°C.
When this same way of explosion protection has been
used under the IEC international standards, the EN-IEC
61241-1 applies. Also called ‘protection by enclosure’ but
using a way of marking for example:
Ex II 2D Ex tD A21 T80°C.
tD means ‘protection by enclosure for Dust’
A means ‘practice A’
21 means ‘suitable for Dust zone 21’
The rest of the marking is identical to the EN way.
Further on in the jungle of new markings a new material
group will be introduced when IEC 60079-0 fifth edition
will be released. Material group I and II will be extended
by material group III
I : Mining
II : Gases and vapours
III : Dusts, fibres and flyers
This material group shall identify the most important
differences between the several kinds of dusts:
IIIA : combustible fibres & flyers
(parts with diameter > 0.5mm)
IIIB : combustible dusts
(parts with diameter < 0.5mm)
IIIC : combustible conductive dusts
Last but not least there will be a change caused by the
fact that EN 50014 has already been superseded by IEC
60079-0 Edition 4, where nothing is mentioned about the
in Europe mandatory ATEX categories!

Remarkable is that for European ATEX selection the
marking of the right category is important, where the
relation which way of protection is suitable for application
in which hazardous area has to be made by the suitable
category and not the choice of a certain way of protection.
The way of protection is a choice of the manufacturer of
the equipment.
Practices A and B are both obtaining a same level of
protection, however Practice A calculates like the EN
standard with
Tmax = 2/3 x Tignition and
Tmax = Tsmouldering(5mm) – 75°C
where the lowest temperature will be the maximum
allowable surface temperature. Practice B calculates with
Tmax = Tsmouldering(12.5mm) – 25°C.
Due to the fact that IEC is international and EN only
European there have to be from both sides concessions
in the standardization committee during parallel voting of
international and European standards. The newest IEC
60079-0 Edition 5 which will be launched in 2008 is
already as Committee Draft in de Standardization
Committees.
Here will the Categories be replaced by Equipment
Protection Levels. This same introduction appears in the
latest edition from IEC 60079-14.
The cohesion between Categories and Equipment
Protection Levels (EPL) can be declared with table I:
TABLE I

With the acceptation of international standards under Category Zone Group EPL
the ATEX directive several new ways of protection are M1 I EPL Ma
possible to apply: M2 I EPL Mb
Ex pD according to IEC 61241-4 is pressurization for 1G 0 II EPL Ga
Dust where the marking looks like Ex II 3D Ex pD 22 2G 1 II EPL Gb
T135°C. A control unit for such a Dust protection can be 3G 2 II EPL Gc
the same one as above (see Fig. 13) where also the 1D 20 III EPL Da
marking Ex II 3D Ex tD A22 [pD] T80°C applies. 2D 21 III EPL Db
Practices A and B are only applied for Ex tD. The other 3D 22 III EPL Dc
ways of Dust protection are not dependent from those
practices. Remark: preliminary (committee draft)
Ex iaD and Ex ibD are both intrinsic safe ways of
protection for Dust. Ex iaD can be used up to Zone 20, IEC Ex Scheme is coming up which aims one single
Ex ibD up to Zone 21. An example is a mobile computer certificate for any hazardous area product recognized and
(see Fig. 14) accepted throughout the world.
General about IEC Ex Scheme: on this moment 25
countries are member of IECEx. Australia accepts
certificates in their national law. Currently only electrical
equipment to IEC standards are applicable with IEC Ex
Scheme, mechanical equipment can’t be assessed.
Comparing to ATEX, where for Zone 2 no Notified Body
is required, IEC Ex Scheme is for Zone 2 requiring a
certification with a Certification Body.
General, the procedures are as follows: An ExCB
(Certification Body) issues an ExTR (Test Report,
covering the product type) and a QAR (Quality
Assessment Report, covering the production facility). The
ExTR can be used to obtain a national required
certification (for example FM for a European manufacturer
Fig. 14 wanting to sell his products to the USA). The Certificates
of Conformity are created directly on the IECEx website,

6
fully visible for the whole world to read and check the the Netherlands who keep each other informed in the
status. You’ll have to check www.iecex.com on a regular latest developments of the standards for explosion
basis to keep informed. proof equipment suitable for installation in hazardous
areas.

V. CONCLUSION VIII. REFERENCES

Since many standards have changed and still are [1] Directive 94/9/EC, Equipment intended for use
changing, installers and end users need to be up to date in potentially Explosive Atmospheres (ATEX).
how to deal with electrical equipment which have to be [2] EN 50018: 2000, Electrical apparatus for
installed in hazardous areas. potentially explosive atmospheres - Flameproof
It’s important that everybody recognize the difference enclosure "d".
between component- and equipment certificate. The [3] EN 60079-14:2003, Electrical apparatus for
application of equipment which have to be certified in the explosive gas atmospheres. Electrical
right way is a basic requirement for your final EPD. installations in hazardous areas (other than
Where ever flameproof enclosures are to be installed or mines).
maintained, check the cable entry device in order to the [4] IEC 60079-0, Ed. 5.0 (31/580/CD Committee
applicable hazardous area zone and gas group. Many Draft), Electrical apparatus for explosive
end users have not the right cable entry devices on their atmospheres - Part 0: General requirements.
installed equipment, due to unknown contradiction of [5] EN 60079-15: 2005, Electrical apparatus for
product- and installation standard. explosive gas atmospheres - Part 15:
Finally be aware that markings on explosion proof Construction, test and marking of type
electrical equipment are changing due to international protection "n" electrical apparatus.
harmonization of product- and installation standards. [6] EN 60079-2: 2004, Electrical apparatus for
A new certification scheme comes up. IECEx is explosive gas atmospheres - Part 2:
possible the final goal for global harmonization in one big Pressurized enclosures "p".
global market. [7] EN 61241-1: 2004, Electrical apparatus for
use in the presence of combustible dust -
Part 1: Protection by enclosures "tD".
VI. NOMENCLATURE [8] EN 61241-4: 2001, Electrical apparatus for
use in the presence of combustible dust -
ATEX Atmospheres Explosible (French) Part 4: Type of protection “pD”.
CE Conformité Européenne (French) [9] EN 61241-11: 2005, Electrical apparatus for
CENELEC European Committee for use in the presence of combustible dust -
Electrotechnical Standardization Part 11: Protection by intrinsic safety “iD”.
EC European Community [10] IEC Ex Information, www.iecex.com
EEx d way of protection: flameproof enclosure [11] European Union online, see URL link at
EEx e way of protection: increased safety www.bartec.nl
EEx i way of protection: intrinsic safety
EEx m way of protection: moulded ecapsulation
EEx n way of protection: non incendive IX. VITA
EEx p way of protection: pressurized
EN European Norm ing. Karel Neleman (B Eng) graduated as Bachelor of
EPD Explosion Protection Document electrical- and electronic engineering (information
EPL Equipment Protection Level technology) at the University of Professional Education
ExCB Certification Body authorised IEC Ex Rotterdam in 1989. Since 1990 he is working for
Ex iD way of protection: intrinsic safety for Dust BARTEC where he started as sales engineer for
Ex mD way of protection: moulded for Dust explosion proof electrical equipment. He started an
Ex pD way of protection: pressurized for Dust international successful control panel and switchgear
Ex tD way of protection: protection by enclosure building division with an ATEX Production Quality
ExTR Test Report according IEC Ex Scheme Assessment Notification within BARTEC. He is member
IEC International Electrotechnical of the Dutch standardization committee NEC 31 and
Commission ATEX authorised contact.
NoBo Testinstitute authorised by EC Today he is Business Development Manager for
OJ Official Journal (European Commission) explosion proof Automation Technology.
QAR Quality Assessment Report
U incomplete component certificate
X certificate with conditions for safe use

VII. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Special thanks to Pete Connell from BARTEC UK who

was willing to help me checking my written text in the
English language.
Also a word of thanks to all members of the NEC 31 in