LECTURE 3

 SCES1200

Dr Zaharah Aiyub
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 1.3 WRITING AND BALANCING
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

Objectives

 Write and balance chemical equations

 Determine stoichiometric equivalence

 Calculating reactants and products for

a reaction

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The formation of HF gas on the macroscopic and molecular levels

Fig 2.1

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A three-level view of the chemical reaction in a flashbulb
Fig 2.2

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 BALANCE MOLECULAR
REACTIONS
 H2(g) + F2(g) 2HF(g)

 Mg(s) + O2(g) MgO2(s)

 C3H8(g) + 5O2 (g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

 2NaOH (aq) + 2Al (s) + 2H2O(l) 3H2(g) +

2NaAlO2(aq)

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 BALANCE REDOX REACTIONS
 4Na(s) + O2(g) 2Na2O(s)

 2HCl(aq) + Fe(s) FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

 2MnO4-(aq) + 10 Fe2+(aq) + 16 H+(aq)

permanganate ion ferrous ion

10Fe3+(aq) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)

ferric ion manganous ion

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 BALANCE IONIC REACTIONS
 Ba2+(aq) + SO42-(aq) BaSO4(s)
sulphate ion

n
 2S2O32-(aq) + I2(aq) S4O62- (aq) + 2I-(aq)

thiosulfate ion tetrathionate ion

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 QUIZ
 Balance the following equations:

(a) CO(g) + O2(g) CO2(g)

(b) CH4(g) + Cl2(g) CCl4(l) + HCl(g)

(c) Ca(OH)2(aq) + H3PO4(aq) Ca3(PO4)2(s) +

H2O(l)

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Sample Problem 2.1 Balancing Chemical Equations

PROBLEM: Within the cylinders of a car’s engine, the hydrocarbon octane

(C8H18), one of many components of gasoline, mixes with oxygen
from the air and burns to form carbon dioxide and water vapor.
Write a balanced equation for this reaction.

PLAN: SOLUTION:
translate the statement C8H18 + O2 CO2 + H2O

balance the atoms C8H18 + 25/2 O2 8 CO2 + 9 H2O

adjust the coefficients 2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O

check the atom balance 2C8H18 + 25O2 16CO2 + 18H2O

specify states of matter 2C8H18(l) + 25O2 (g) 16CO2 (g) + 18H2O (g)

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1.4 CALCULATING THE AMOUNTS
OF REACTANT AND PRODUCTS

Objectives

 To be able to calculate the number

of moles of substances in a balance
chemical reaction if you know the
number of moles of one substance.

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STOICHIOMETRIC EQUIVALENCE
AND REACTION STOICHIOMETRY
 Chemical equations provide relationships between
substances that have been involved in a reaction. These
stoichiometric relationships are used to predict the quantity
of a product formed, the quantity of a reactant needed, or the
quantities of substances that will combine.

(g moles g)

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 Stoichiometric equivalence

 C3H8(g) + 5O2 (g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)

1 mol of C3H8 is stoichiometrically equivalent to 5 mol of O2

1 mol of C3H8 is stoichiometrically equivalent to 3mol of CO2
1 mol of C3H8 is stoichiometrically equivalent to 4 mol of H2O
or
3 mol of CO2 is stoichiometrically equivalent to 4 mol of H2O
5 mol of O2 is stoichiometrically equivalent to 3 mol of CO2

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 Consider the equation

4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO(g) + 6H2O(l)

This equation means that 4 mol NH3 (g) and 5 mol(g) react to form 4
mol NO(g) and 6 mol H2O (l)

 An amount of 6.48 mol of NH3(g) requires how many moles of O2(g)

for complete reaction?
6.48 mol NH3(g) x 5 mol O2 = 8.10 mol O2(g)
4 mol NH3
 A mass of 5.44 g O2(g) is sufficient to produce what mass of H2O(l)?

5.44 g O2(g) x 1 mol O2 x 6 mol H2O x 18.02 g H2O

32.00 g O2 5 mol O2 1 mol H2O

= 3.68 g H2O(l)

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 QUIZ
Determine the stoichiometric equivalence of reactants and
products in the following reactions:

1. 4Na(s) + O2(g) 2Na2O(s)

2. 2HCl(aq) + Fe(s) FeCl2(aq) + H2(g)

3. 2MnO4-(aq) + 10 Fe2+(aq) + 16 H+(aq)

permanganate ion ferrous ion
10Fe3+(aq) + 2Mn2+(aq) + 8H2O(l)
ferric ion manganous ion

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Sample Problem 2.2 Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products

PROBLEM: In a lifetime, the average American uses 1750lb(794g) of copper

in coins, plumbing, and wiring. Copper is obtained from sulfide
ores, such as chalcocite, or copper(I) sulfide, by a multistage
process. After an initial grinding step, the first stage is to “roast”
the ore (heat it strongly with oxygen gas) to form powdered
copper(I) oxide and gaseous sulfur dioxide.
(a) How many moles of oxygen are required to roast 10.0mol of
copper(I) sulfide?
(b) How many grams of sulfur dioxide are formed when 10.0mol
of copper(I) sulfide is roasted?
(c) How many kilograms of oxygen are required to form 2.86Kg
of copper(I) oxide?

PLAN: write and balance equation

find mols O2 find mols SO2 find mols Cu2O

find g SO2 find mols O2 find kg O2

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 Sample Problem 2.3 Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products

continued

SOLUTION: 2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)

3mol O2
(a) 10.0 mol Cu2S x = 15.0 mol O2
2mol Cu2S
2 mol SO2 x 64.07g SO2
(b) 10.0 mol Cu2S x
X = 641 g SO2
2 mol Cu2S mol SO2
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(c) 2.86 kg Cu2O x10 g Cu2O x mol Cu2O = 20.0 mol Cu2O
kg Cu2O 143.10 g Cu2O

3 mol O2 X32.00 g O2 X kg O2
20.0 mol Cu2O x = 0.960 kg O2
2 mol Cu2O mol O2 103 g O2

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 Sample Problem 2.4 Calculating Amounts of Reactants and Products in
a Reaction Sequence

PROBLEM: Roasting is the first step in extracting copper from chalcocite,

the ore used in the previous problem. In the next step, copper(I)
oxide reacts with powdered carbon to yield copper metal and
carbon monoxide gas. Write a balanced overall equation for the
two-step process.

PLAN: SOLUTION:

write balanced equations for each step 2Cu2S(s) + 3O2(g) 2Cu2O(s) + 2SO2(g)

Cu2O(s) + C(s) 2Cu(s) + CO(g)

cancel reactants and products common
to both sides of the equations 2Cu2O(s) + 2C(s) 4Cu(s) + 2CO(g)

sum the equations 2Cu2S(s)+3O2(g)+2C(s) 4Cu(s)+2SO2(g)+2CO(g)

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 Summary of the Mass-Mole-Number
Relationships in a Chemical Reaction

Figure 2.3

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 QUIZ
 If 10 grams of sodium chloride, NaCl is treated
with excess silver nitrate, AgNO3, how much
silver chloride is precipitated?(NaCl = 55.44)

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