Building Installations Course 2009

BUILDING INSTALLATIONS COURSE
BUILDING INSTALLATIONS
CLASSIFICATION
1
BUILDING INSTALLATIONS CLASSIFICATION
BY FUNCTION
- Heating installations
- Ventilation and air conditioning installations
- Sanitary (plumbing) installations
- Electrical installations
- Natural gas feed installations
- Refrigeration installations
2
A) Heating installations
Serve for creating and maintaining a thermal
comfort inside a given space.
B) Ventilation and air conditioning
installations
Have the role of removing the polluted air due to
man or technological processes and keep the
temperature and humidity between given limits.
C) Sanitary installations
Are used in order to ensure the cold and hot water
feed of buildings, as well as collecting and
evacuating waste water and drainage.
3
D) Electrical installations
.
Serve the electrical energy feed of buildings
E) Natural gas feed installations

Have the role off ensuring natural gas feed for consumption
equipments in the buildings .
F) Refrigerating installations
Serve for decreasing and keeping a given space’s temperature at a
certain level, below the natural environment’s temperature.
4
INDOOR CLIMATE.COMFORT PARAMETERS
COMFORT CONCEPT
• THERMAL COMFORT;
• CHEMICAL AIR COMPOSITION - GENUINE

AIR;
• NOISE LEVEL;
• ESTHETICHAL DEMANDS - FURNITURE,

INTERIOR DECORATIONS, COLOURS.
5
THERMAL COMFORT
THERMAL COMFORT PARAMETERS
• Indoor air temperature ti ( 0C);

• Air velocity vi ( m/s);
• Medium radiation temperature of space
delimitation elements ? mr ( 0C);
• Air relative humidity øi ( %).
6
THERMAL COMFORT
Optimum values for thermal comfort parameters

• Indoor air temperature ti ( 0C);
- SR 1907/2 -1997 - ti =20-22 0C;
- Thermal gradient = 2,5 0C/m
• Air velocity vi ( m/s);
- Vi=0,1 – 0,15 m/s
• Medium radiation temperature of space
delimitation elements ? mr ( 0C);
- ? mr = ti - 6 0C
• Air relative humidity øi ( %)
- Øi= 30- 70 ( %) Øoptimum= 60 ( %) .
7
HEATING INSTALLATIONS
8
CLASSIFICATION
Conventional classifications split heating systems into
three groups as follows :
• LOCAL HEATING SYSTEMS;
• CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS;
• GLOBAL HEATING SYSTEMS .

9
HEATING SYSTEMS CLASSIFICATION
LOCAL HEATING SYSTEMS represent heating systems in

which thermal agent is generates in the same place where it is used,
in other words, in the rooms that need to be heated.
• Stoves made of ceramic ware or metal parts.

• Fireplaces
• Electrical heaters.
10
HEATING INSTALLATIONS CLASSIFICATION
CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS may also be classified as:
• Hot water heating systems;

• Steam heating systems;
• Air heating systems.
11
A central heating system usually contains:
- heating source;
- distribution network;
- indoor heating installation.
Thermal energy necessary for a building, or a group of buildings

it is obtained in a centralized manner, by a single heating boiler
which represents the heating source.
12
H o t w a t e r h e a t i n g s ys t e m may be classified according with

the following criteria:
By the manner the heat transfer towards rooms is made:
• by convection and radiation (static elements
heating);
• by convection (air heating or convectors);
• by radiation (using radiant panels).
13
By the manner in which the hot water circulation is made :

• natural (gravitation);
• forced (pumping).
By the number of pipes that supply the heating equipments:

• double pipes;
• single pipe.
14
By the type of heating equipments:
• radiators;
• floor convectors;
• registers (horizontal or vertical pipe
radiators);
• curved pipes radiators;
• radiant panels.
15
By the manner of preparation, distribution and hot water supply :

• systems with centralized preparation,
distribution and network adapters for
apartments (in the case of multi-family house
holds);
• systems with centralized preparation and
distribution but individual network adapters
using thermal modules for each apartment (in
the case of multi-family house holds);
• systems with individual preparation,
distribution and network adapters for
apartments (in the case of multi and single
family house holds).
16
By the distribution of pipes manner:
• radiant;
• tree structure;
• circular.
17
By the nature of materials the pipes are made of:

• steel;
• plastic materials.
By functioning and exploitation manner of the installation:
• manual;
• semiautomatic;
• fully automatic.
18
Steam heating systems may be classified according

with the following criteria:
By steam pressure
• low pressure;
• medium pressure;
• high pressure.
By distribution type
• superior distribution;
• inferior distribution.
19
By steam circulation manner

• free condensation return;
• forced condensation return.
By condensation pipes type

• dry condensation pipes;
• wet condensation pipes.
20
Air heating systems may be classified according with the

following criteria:
By the air circulation manner:
• normal circulation (gravitation) ;
• forced circulation (fans).
By fresh air ratio :
• re-circulated;
• fresh;
• mixed.
21
Global heating systems –thermal energy is obtained in the

same time with electrical energy in high power stations and heat
transportation is made using long distance transport networks.
By their means:
• Urban;
• Industrial.
22
H EA T L OA D
CA L CU L A T I ON
23
HEAT LOAD CALCULATION
Heat load for a room, Q, expressed in W, is given by the following

formula:
 Ac + Ao 
Q = Qt 1 +  + Qi [W];
 100 
24
• Qt – thermal flow lost by transmission, considered in a stationary thermal
system, corresponding to the temperature difference between indoor and
outdoor of space delimitation elements [W];
• Qi – thermal load necessary for heating the air infiltrated from leaky
windows and doors, or by opening them, from the outdoor conventional
temperature[W];
• Ao – Orientation additional coefficient;
• Ac – Cold surfaces effect compensational coefficient;
25
Thermal flow lost by transmission
qi − qe
Qt = ∑ C M × m × A × + Qs
R '
m – thermal mass multiplier for outdoor space delimitating ments;

A – the area of each space delimitating element, determined according with STAS 6472/3
[m2];
? i – indoor conventional temperature according with SR 1907 – 2 [0C];
? e –outdoor surfaces temperature, [oC], which can be one of the following :
outdoor conventional temperature according with the appendix of the present
standard;
indoor conventional temperature for the adjoining rooms according SR 1907-2;
R’- corrected specific thermal resistance for the space delimitating element taken into
consideration ,established according with STAS 6472/3, [m2 K/W];
Qs- thermal flow lost through ground [W];
CM- heat load correction coefficient, depending on specific construction weight.
26
Thermal mass multiplier for outdoor space
delimitating elements is given by the
following formula:
m = 1,225 – 0,05 D
D – thermal inertia coefficient for the
space delimitating element according
with STAS 6472/3.
For the space delimitating elements with D>4.5,
we shall consider m = 1 ; for outdoor joinery we
shall consider D = 0,5; for the space
delimitating elements in contact with the
ground as well as the ceilings over not heated
basements we shall consider m = 1
27
T h e r m a l f l o w l o s t b y g r o u n d , Qs , [W],
qi − q p ms q i − q e 1 q i − qe j
Qs = A p + CM Abc + Abcj
Rp n s Rbc n s Rbc
28
• Ap – Total area including floor and walls situated under the ground level, [m2];
• Abc – The area of an 1 m broadband situated along the exterior outline of the surface Ap,
[m2];
• Abcj – The area of an 1 m broadband situated along the outline that corresponds to the
neighboring space which measures the temperature qi, [m2];
• Rp – Total specific thermal resistance including floor and ground layer between floor and 7
m depth from systematized land, or groundwater layer, [m2 K/W];
• Rbc – Specific thermal resistance for the outlining band corresponding to heat transfer
through floor and ground towards outdoor air, m2 K/W];
• ? i – Indoor conventional temperature, [0C];
• ? e – Outdoor conventional temperature, [0C];
• ? ej – Indoor conventional temperature for the joined rooms, [0C];
• ? p – The temperature as given by one of the following: whether in the ground, at a 7m depth
from the systematized land, when there is no groundwater, or the groundwater layer, [0C];
• CM – Correction multiplier;
• mS – Ground thermal mass multiplier;
• nS – Correction multiplier that takes into consideration the thermal conductivity of the ground.
29
• Ao –orientation additional coefficient, for the

purpose of differentiating heat load for rooms with diversified
exposure to solar radiations;
• Ac –cold surfaces compensating additional

coefficient, for the purpose of correcting thermal balance of
human body in rooms where space delimitating elements have little
specific resistance, it favors increased heat loss by radiation.
30
Or i e nt at i o n a dd i t io n a l c o e f f i c i e nt , A o , only affects on the thermal flow

lost by space delimitating elements of rooms with underground walls and can have the
following values:
Orientation N NE E SE S SW W NW
Ao 5 5 0 -5 -5 -5 0 5
31
Cold surfaces effect compensation additional coefficient,

Ac, only affects on the thermal flow trough space delimitating elements whose medium
thermal resistance ,Rm, does not overrate 10 m2 K/W.
At (q i − q e )C M
Rm = [m2K/W]
Qt
•At – Total room area (meaning the sum of all delimitating surfaces), [m2];
• ? i, ? e ,CM si Qt – have previous definitions .
32
Thermal charge for heating air infiltrated by leaky

doors or windows, or by opening them, from outdoor to
indoor temperature Qi, is determined as maximum value
between thermal loads Qi1 and Qi2 [W], where:
33
Qi1 – Thermal load for heating, from outdoor to indoor
conventional temperature, the air infiltrated by leaky doors
and windows, or by opening them, calculated taking into
consideration the number of air exchanges necessary to
obtain physiological comfort, with the following formula:
[  Ac 
Qi1 = nao×CM ×V ×q×cp ×(qi −qe )+Qu 1+  ]
 100
34
Qi2 - Thermal load for heating, from outdoor to indoor
conventional temperature, the air infiltrated by leaky doors and
windows, or by opening them, calculated taking into
consideration the conventional wind velocity with the following formula
:
     Ac 
Qi 2 = C M E ∑ iLv (q i − q e ) + Qu 1 +
4
3

    100 
35
• nao – number of air exchanges required for obtaining
physiological comfort;
• cp – specific heat at a constant air temperature ? i , [J/KgK];
• r ? – air density at an air temperature of qi , [Kg/m3];
• E –height correction factor;
• ? i si ? e – have previous definitions; W
4
• i – air infiltration multiplier through backlashes,  

s 3
mK
m
• L –length of doors and windows backlashes posed on the

walls exposed to wind, [m];
• v – wind conventional velocity, [m/s];
• Qu – thermal load for heating air entered by opening exterior,
[W].
36
Thermal load required for heating the air
entered by opening exterior doors from
outdoor to indoor conventional
temperature,Qu, is given by the following formula:
Qu = 0,36 Au n (θi - θe) CM, [W];

• Au – total exterior opening doors aria, [m2];
• n – number of openings per hour, based on particularities of
the building;
• θi,θe,CM – have previous definitions.
37
Ce n t r a l w a t e r
heat ing syst em s
38
Water heating systems
• Heating installation with natural

circulation drawings
• Heating installations with forced

39
Heating installation with natural

40
Water heating installation, double-piped, natural circulation, mixed distribution and

41
open expansion tank
C – heating boiler;
B – water exchanger with accumulation;
VED – opened expansion tank;
CA – air discharge pipe;
CPP – waste pipe;
CC – connection pipe;
CSD – safety inlet pipe;
CSI – safety outlet pipe;
1 – distribution inlet pipe;
2 – distribution outlet pipe;
3 – inlet pipe;
4 – outlet pipe ;
5 – inlet valve;
6 – outlet valve;
7 –radiator valve;
8 - radiator;
Ca- air discharge pipe. 42
Heating installation with natural circulation
drawings
The installation contains:
• heating boiler placed in the basement room,

• tree structured distribution network
• supply pipes for heating equipments.
43
• By distribution type of both supply and return

(inlet and outlet) main pipes, heating installation
with natural circulation can have:
– inferior distribution ;
– superior distribution ;
– mixed distribution .
• Most of the heating installation are executed in
double piped systems, meaning they use two
supply pipes for the heating equipments.
44
• The main supply and return pipes, as well as

the connection pipes for the heating equipments
are fitted with a slant, so that when the
installation is filled with water the air shall be
eliminated through the opened expansion tank.
45
• As far as safety is concerned, this was

mostly accomplished using an open
expansion tank.
• Still, there are options for ensuring safety
with an closed expansion tank, but it will
be integrated in a safety system made of
safety valves .
46
Heating installation with natural circulation
drawings
Water heating installation, double piped, with natural irculation, inferior distribution
47
and closed expansion tank
C - heating boiler;
B - water exchanger with accumulation;
VEI - closed expansion tank;
VA - air separator;
R - valve;
SS - safety valve.
48
• The opened expansion tank has the role of

taking over the volume variations of the
water due to increased temperature,
– thus maintaining continuous contact of the
installation with the atmosphere and air
separating the installation.
• Feeding of the installation must be
executed in the lower point of the return
pipe.
49
• For the choice of inferior distribution system

there is the ventilation system at the superior
side of the supply pipe for each pipe where the
air is collected and exhausted through the
horizontal pipe connected to the supply safety
pipe.
• In order to avoid unwanted circulating water
between the main pipes, the connection with the
safety pipe is made in a sack.
50
• For a superior distribution system,

circulation is more active due to adding the
thermal pressure resulted at cooling the
water in the heating equipment with the
thermal pressure resulted at cooling water
both in supply and return pipes.
51
Fuel used for the heating boiler may be one

of the usual ones:
• gas fuel,
• liquid fuel,
• solid fuel.
52
• This type of heating systems has the

advantage of a simple steel pipe
installation and cast iron or steel
reinforcements. On the other side, there is
de disadvantage of large diameter pipes,
therefore a bigger material consumption.
53
• Heating installations with natural

circulation continue to function in the
buildings executed years ago, but along
with the rehabilitation works they will be
replaced with other heating systems.
54
Heating installations with forced

55
• This type of installations have the same structure as the

natural circulation installations, except that on the supply
or return pipe one ore more pumps will be installed.
• More than one pump will be mounted for the purpose of
ensuring good functioning. Forced circulation installation
can be made in single or two-piped systems, and their
distribution can also be inferior, superior or mixed.
• The system offers the advantage of smaller pipe
diameters, comparing to natural circulation installations,
and it is highly recommended for wide surface buildings.
56
In the following, we will see drawings of a

water heating installation , double piped,
forced circulation, opened expansion tank
and :
• inferior distribution,
• superior distribution,
• mixed distribution.
• heating installation with closed expansion
tank and safety valve.
57
Heating installations with forced circulation
drawings
Water installation, double piped, with mixed distribution and opened expansion58
tank
drawings
P – circulating pump;
VED – opened expansion tank;
CA – air discharge pipe;
CPP – waste pipe;
CC – connection pipe;
CSD – safety inlet pipe;
CSI – safety outlet pipe;
1 – distribution inlet pipe;
2 – distribution outlet pipe;
3 – supply column;
4 – return column;
5 – connection inlet pipe;
6 – connection outlet pipe;
7 – radiator valve;
8 - radiator;
Ca- air discharge pipe. 59
drawings
Water installation with forced circulation, double piped, inferior distribution and closed
60
expansion tank.
drawings
P – circulation pump;
VEI – closed expansion tank;
VA – air separator;
R - valve;
SS – safety valve;
Ca – air discharge pipe .
61
drawings
• Heating system with forced circulation is

also used in apartment buildings with
centralized heating system.
• For single family house holds, or buildings
with a smaller number of apartments, the
system is used only for old or considered
as a solution for the existing ones.
62
Heat ing elem ent s dim ensioning
63
Heating elements dimensioning
The number and size of heating elements

is determined in such manner that the heat
transferred equals the heat lost, Q,
calculated at rated conditions (au pair).
64
The calculation method has ,for all heating
types, the same theoretical basis, but it
differs by heating elements construction
type as follows :
– Heating elements containing more than one
body parts (pieces) (radiators, SP convectors,
CRP panel convectors, etc.);
– Heating elements having as main feature length
(curved pipes radiators, registers, plinth
convectors etc.);
– Heating units – heating elements with a single
component (convectors). 65
The heating element size, expressed as
appropriate, in number of body parts n(
meters of pipe, or a certain size type for
the elements representing an undivided
unit) is given by the formula :
Qcorp = kSn∆tmed, [ W ];
66
- k represents transfer heat total multiplier of

heating elements, expressed in [W/m2 K];
- S is the surface where the heat transfer
takes place ,expressed in m2/element,
m2/m or m2/ piece;
- ∆tmed represents the average
temperature difference between thermal
agent and the room calculating
temperature.
67
The average temperature difference for hot

water is given by the following formula :
td − tr
∆tmed = t d −ti [ K sau 0C];
1n t r −ti
68
If the ratio td − ti < 1,4

t r − ti
td + tr
∆tmed = − ti [ K or 0C];
2
69
The calculating method according STAS 1797 – 79

appeals the concept of nominal unit flow
qn = kS∆tm
expressed in W/element, W/m or W/piece and
established in nominal conditions accepted by
international standards ,in which every heating element
is tested :
- room temperature (thermal cell where the testing is
made) ti = +20 0C;
– supply hot water temperature td = +90 0C;
– return hot water temperature tr = +70 0C;
– steam temperature ta = + 100 0C.
70
Ra d i a t o r s d i m e n s i o n i n g
71
According with STAS 1797-79 we determine the

number of components for a radiator ,n, using
the formula:
Qcorp
n=
qn ⋅ a⋅ ct ⋅ cc ⋅cr ⋅cm ⋅ ch ⋅cv
72
a represents the correction multiplier depending

on the number of components of an element,
taking into consideration that qn was established
for a radiator with 10 components, and that in a
bigger radiator, the unit flow decreases; the
multiplier a is given by the following formula
established experimentally:
a = 0,94 + 0,6/n
73
qn unit nominal thermal power for cast iron

radiators
600/200/2 – 152 W/piece
624/4 - 128 W/piece
218/9 - 124 W/piece
74
cc- correction multiplier for using the radiator for another average
temperature difference ∆tm than the one established in nominal
conditions, given as follows:
Temp. Inside temperature ti, 0C

thermal ag.
tt / tr
5 10 12 15 16 18 20 22 25
90/70 1,347 1,228 1,182 1,113 1,090 1,045 1,000 1,956 1,89
75
Cc- correction multiplier for another heat loss of the

thermal agent, different by the nominal heat loss;
For usual installations, cc = 1 same as for steam
installations ;
cr – correction multiplier based on the connection manner
for hot water supplied radiators, a manner which
influences thermal agent circulation.
76
Cc- correction multiplier based on the mounting manner of

the radiator, which influences the heat transfer by
convection by favoring or inhibiting the gravitation air
circulation and inhibiting heat transfer by radiation
screen effect;
Ch – altitude correction multiplier
p
ch = 0,2 + 0,8
1.013
77
Cv- correction multiplier based on the paint nature which

influences the heat transfer by. It has the value 0,95 for
light oil paints, 1 for dark oil paint and 0,9 for metallic
pigment paints. The use of aluminum bronze paints is
not recommended.
The number of components for a radiator resulted from a
calculation formula is rounded to an integer.
78
Cu r ve d p i p e s r a d i a t o r s a n d
r e g i st e r s d i m e n s i o n i n g
79
It aims determination of pipe length necessary for

making the curved pipe radiator or register. Also using
the concept oh nominal unit flow, qn ,expressed in W / m
it returns:
Qcorp = l⋅ qn [ W]
Qcorp [ m]
l=
qn
80
I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t ra l i ze d
heat ing
81
I n d i v i d u a l sy s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
Centralized individual heating

represents a new concept in heating
installations which combines the
advantages of individual heating with
the performances of collective
(centralized) heating.
82
Components:
• 1. heating source – represented by boiler together
with the thermal agent preparation and distribution
equipment.
• 2. primary distribution network – containing the
distribution network placed at the boiler’s level and the
supply column for the thermal-hydraulic modules.
• 3. thermal-hydraulic module – containing measuring,
distribution and metering equipments placed in a niche
related with each apartment.
• 4. secondary distribution network or, the so called,
individual apartment knot– to which heating elements
are connected.
83
I n d i v i d u a l s y s t e m f o r c e n t r a l i ze d h e a t i n g
I-boiler; II-primary distribution; III-thermal-hydraulic modules; IV-apartment knot

84
I – boiler,
II – primary distribution;
III – hydraulic module;
IV – secondary distribution network (apartment knot);
1 - boiler;
2 - thermal agent circulating pump;
3 - distributor; 4 - collector;
5 - supply pipe for primary;
6 - return pipe for primary distribution;
7 - hydraulic module;
8 - inlet;
9 - outlet;
10 - radiator valve;
11 - air valve;
12 - radiator;
13 - supply distribution pipe for secondary network;
14 - return distribution pipe for secondary;
85
The peculiarity of centralized individual

heating system is the ability of thermal energy
consumption control for each apartment.
Heating consumption records can be made from
a common aria, outdoors, such as the stair case.
This demand is claimed by all inhabitants of
apartment buildings or big residence assembles,
for each wants to pay no more than they
consume, and the centralized individual heating
system is able to do satisfy that . Hence, it
results the option of horizontal distribution,
specific for each apartment.
86
In the following we will enumerate other characteristics of this heating

system:
• the common boiler contains the necessary equipments fo thermal
agent and hot water preparation, as long as the distribution;
• the primary distribution network, which is one for the building,
makes the connection between heating source and he secondary
network through thermal-hydraulic modules;
• thermal-hydraulic modules have the role of separating consumers
and recording thermal energy consumption;
• secondary distribution network, or apartment knot, can be made in
different constructive variants;
• records of thermal energy consumption, hot as well as cold water
can be made due to water meter and heat meter placed at the level
of each thermal-hydraulic module.
87
Heat ing boiler
• It represents the source of thermal energy for heating ,
the place where it’s prepared and distributed thermal
agent for heating and water warming. In the boiler takes
place the transformation of primary energy (fuel) with
help from an entire assembly of equipments and
devices. In the interior of the boiler take place
technological processes for supplying heat in the
buildings installations, consequently heat and hot water
for consumers.
• Taking into consideration the role played by the boile it
is absolutely necessary that technical matters should be
considered at it’s conception, such as-equipments,
functioning schemes, working manner and exploitation.
88
Based on thermal power, boilers can

be classified as:
• Micro-boilers with thermal power up to 30
KW;
• Mini-boilers with thermal power between
30 and 50 KW;
• Small boilers with a maximum thermal
power of 300 KW.
89
Factors that influence on the choice of a

boiler are:
• total thermal power, respectively
necessary heat of the source;
• type and power of boiler;
• type of fuel;
• location of the boiler;
• automation level.
90
• Due to the fact that a boiler must ensure heating,
as well as warming the water, based on
necessary of heat one can choose one or two
boilers.
• For thermal capacities bigger than 100 KW one
will appreciate the need for more that one boiler,
even one will take into consideration the need
for a spare boiler. Based on the fuel type used,
the efficiency of boilers differ, varying between
90% for liquid or gas fuel down to 80% for solid
fuel.
91
Location of boiler in a building is

decided based on functional and
economical criteria, taking into
consideration also the gas exhaust
(evacuation) and fuel supply.
92
Ce n t r a l h e a t in g b o i l e r s
Central heating boiler have the role of

transforming fuel’s chemical energy in
thermal energy using a burner and also
transmitting that energy to a thermal agent.
93
Based on the nature of thermal agent:
– Water boilers;
– Hot water boiler;
– Steam boilers.
Based on the material they are executed:
– Cast iron boilers;
– Steel boilers;
– Stainless steel boilers.
94
• Based on the fuel used:
– Solid fuel boilers;
– Liquid fuel boilers;
– Gas boilers.
• Based on construction manner:
– Horizontal boilers;
– Vertical boilers;
– Fire-tub boiler;
– Water tub boiler, etc.
95
• By pressure drive:
– Low pressure;
– Medium pressure;
– High pressure.
• By usage domain:
– Central heating boilers;
– Industrial boilers.
96
• Cast iron sectioned boilers are made from

elements assembled by nipples that compose the
furnace and the boiler.
• The material the boiler element is made of is a special
type of cast iron ,eutectic, that ensures a homogenous
heat transfer , avoiding cracking due to thermal
pressure and condensation.
97
Cast iron segment with three way

burned gas circulation
98
1-metal case with thermal insulation
2-boiler body made from cast iron segments
3-automation system Vitotronic 300
4-boiler back-folding door
1 2 3 4
99
digital automation block

Vitotronic
thermal transfer surfaces made of
special gray cast iron
high quality thermal insulation
flame tube made of stainless steel
100
Steel sectioned boilers are made of steel

seamless pipes that form convective thermal transfer
surfaces. At modern models these surfaces are composed
from one seamless pipe pressed in the interior of another
one, thus resulting a better thermal connectivity. Through
longitudinal ribs of the interior pipe the thermal transfer
surface increases 2.5 times comparing with that given by
a smooth surfaced pipe. The contact points between the
two pipes are proportioned in a manner that, at the
posterior part of the boiler, where burned gas temperature
is no longer high, heat transfer towards the boiler water
decreases, avoiding gas temperature loss below dew
point of the vapors contained.
101
Automation system
Third gas circulation path with convective

multilayer surfaces
Second circulation path
Wide water walls
Burning room (first circulation path)
Blast air burner
Thermal insulation very efficient
102
Condensation boilers are in part of
the stainless steel boilers category. These type
of boilers with heat recovery components,
represent a new concept in what concerns the
usage of classical fuel types.
Thermal efficiency of these boilers is determined
based on inferior calorific power of the fuel,
which doesn’t take account of the latent heat of
vapours in the burned gas. If this calculation is
applied, for condensation boilers, one can obtain
a thermal efficiency bigger than one unit. This
aspect might be avoided if thermal efficiency of
all boilers should be calculated based on
superior calorific power.
103
1 – heat exchanger plates for intensifying

heating process; 2 –modular radiant
burner; 3 – digital automation system; 4 –
condensation exhaust pipe; 5 – heat
exchanger for water warming; 6 – two
ways circulation pump; 7 – stainless steel
heat exchanger.
104
M ODERN SOL U T I ON S FOR B OI L ERS –

” WA L L S” I N T EGRA T ED U N I T S
The apartment boiler is an assembly that includes :

• the system of producing thermal agent for heating,
• the system of hot water preparation,
• pumping system,
• expansion system,
• safety system.
105
Apartment boiler are mounted on the wall and can
be classified as follows:
- based on the burning room type:
– with open burning room;
– with closed burning room;
- based on burned gas exhausting mode:
– with natural exhaust gas;
– with forces exhaust gas;
- by hot water hater type:
– with instant preparation – these are made in two
variants :with plate heat exchanger and bi-thermal
heat exchanger;
– with water heater exchanger with accumulation.
106
Fig. A presents an apartment boiler with closed burning room and
plate heat exchanger for heating water, characterized by :
– electronic flame control by monitoring thermal agent with
temperature sonde;
– electronic ignition and surveillance using an ionizing electrode;
– ability of pre-setting maximum heating power, an useful option
for small and medium apartments where the heat necessary is
smaller than the heating water necessary;
– stainless steel plate heat exchanger for heating water;
– closed expansion tank and 3 bar safety valve;
– three way valve for thermal agent redirecting towards anitary
heat exchanger operated by differential pressure created by
opening one consumer;
– thermal agent circulation pump with variable volume;
– stainless steel burner;
107
-automatic by-pass for heating installations (for pump protection
whether with thermostatic valves or-in more complex installations
using three way valves );
-freezing protection thermostat (balanced at 600C);
-gas valve with double shutter which automatically closes when
ionization electrode doesn’t detect the flame;
-safety thermostat (balanced at 1000C);
- water absence alarm pressure switch and fan and pump post-
circulation devices ;
- burned gas thermostat and differential pressure switch mounted
between the burning gas inlet and the burned gas outlet;
- supervising functioning,signalizing errors and self diagnose at the
control board level;
- intelligent electronic management system and remote controller.
108
One step air blower for alternating current
Efficient heat exchanger resistant for corrosion

Expansion tank
Burning room
Blast air modulating burner for reducing polluting

substances emission
Plate heat exchanger for water heating
Automation with diagnose system
Fig. A Apartment boiler with closed burning room, induced draught

and plate heat exchanger for heating water 109
Fig. B illustrates the hydro module composed from plate
heat exchanger and circulating pump and Fig. C illustrates
the frontal control panel which, using an optical inte
can be easily connected with a notebook giving the
possibility of programming via internet , mobile phone, etc
and also facilitating maintenance/repair/service.
Fig. B Hydro module Fig. C Automation panel

110
Fig. D Functional diagram for an

apartment boiler with closed burning
room, induced draught and bithermal
heat exchanger
A – heating inlet; B – hot water inlet; C
– gas inlet; D – water inlet; E – heating
outlet; 1 – bi thermal heat exchanger;
2 – gas modulant valve ; 3 –
temperature sonde; 4 – gas valve;; 5
– supply valve; 6 – safety valve ; 7 -
fusemeter; 8 – water pressure switch;
9 – circulation pump; 10 - burner; 11 –
expansion tank; 12 – differential
pressure switch; 13 - fan; 14 –
automatic air vent ; 15 – safety
thermostat; 16 – hot water
temperature sonde; 17 - by-pass.
111
Most used functional diagram is the one in Fig. E that contains: apartment boiler (wall
mounted) and the apartment distribution network with heating el ments and water
network.
Fig. E Heating installation diagram for

an apartment
a - fan, b – expansion tank, c - burner, d
– plate heat exchanger, e – thermal
agent circulation pump, f – self diagnose
control panel; 1- distribution supply pipe,
2 – distribution return pipe, 3 – heating
element, 4 – radiator valve, 5 – hot
water pipe, 6 – hot water consumer.
112
In the case of a bigger hot water necessary there is the option of

using a accumulating hat water heater.The water heater has a
capacity of 40 to 60 liters and can supply the reduced consumption
for a short period of time without soliciting the boiler. Most of the
times the heater is part of the boiler, but it also can be an
independent element. Fig. F presents the diagram of an apartment
boiler with incorporated heater.
113
1) Pressure switch, 2) 3 bar safety

valve, 3) circulating pump, 4) gas
modulating electro valve, 5) 8 liters
closed expansion tank, 6) expansion
tank safety valve, 7) burned gas
chamber, 8) burning gas access
chamber, 9) exhaust burned gas
pipe, 10)supply air pipe, 11)
differential safety pressure switch for
the burned gas exhaust fan, 12)
exhaust fan, 13) air valve, 14) heat
exchange wing, 15) burning room,
16) ceramic insulation, 17) stainless
steel burner, 18) motorized three way
valve, 19) heating circuit hydro meter,
20) manual air valve, 21) magnesium
anode, 22) curve, 23) 60 liters heater
Fig. F Functional diagram of an apartment boiler 114

with water heater
Mounting boilers inside an apartment is executed with regard

to Design and Execution Regulation for gas supplying system I6-98.
As in apartments it is mandatory the use of induced draught
burned gas, Fig. G presents some valid options for it’s connection.
115
M ODERN SOL U T I ON S FOR B OI L ERS –
” WA L L S” I N T EGRA T ED U N I T S
Fig. G Connection possible options for induced draught boilers.

3 – vertical passing trough roof, 4 – connection through exterior wall, 5 – concentric intake and outlet chimney,
6 – intake separated from outlet gas.
116
117
Heat ing elem ent s
118
Heating elements
Heating elements are those components

of a heating installation with the role of
transmitting in the room to be heated the
heat released be the thermal agent.
Heating elements transfer heat in two
manners: by convection, trough the air that
comes in contact with its surface and by
radiation.
119
Heating elements
Based on the main characteristic of the two
components, a heating element will be named
convector or radiant. Heating elements can be
grouped as :
– static heating elements, where the convective air
circulation is natural. This group contains radiators,
convector-radiators, and convectors.
– dynamic heating elements, where the air circulation is
activated by mechanical means. This group contains
unit heaters, fan coil units and air heater batteries
(heating coils) of mechanical ventilation systems.
120
Heating elements
Most used from the static heating

elements group are radiators.
Based on the material they are made of
there are three used types:
cast iron;
steel ;
aluminum.
121
Heating elements
• Ca s t i r o n r a d i a t o r s are the classical
heating elements that use as thermal
agent water heated at maximum 115
degrees and maximum pressure 6 bars or
steam at up to 0.7bar pressure.
• St e e l r a d i a t o r s are made from special
iron plates with good properties for cold-
embossing, with high thermal power. They
are produced in two constructive models :
a) panel radiators and b) elements
radiators.
122
Heating elements
Steel radiators: a) panel radiators, b) elements radiators
123
Heating elements
• Most used are panel radiators characterized by

their high thermal power according to the overall
size surface.
• One radiator contains 1,2 or 3 interior
convectors. One panel is formed from two
parallel embossed iron sheets, where there are
created one distributor and one collector united
by vertical channels for thermal agent
circulation.
• Radiators are made by combining these panels
and convectors.
124
Heating elements
Steel panel radiator, constructive models
Type 11 – 1 panel with 1 convector;

Type 21 – 2 panels with 1 convector;
Type 22 – 2 panels with 2 convectors;
Type 33 – 3 panels with 3 convectors; 125
Heating elements
• Are made in a diverse range, with heights
between 300 and 900 mm and standard
lengths of: 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900,
1000, 1100, 1200, 1300, 1400, 1500,
1600, 1700, 1800, 1900, 2000, 2200,
2400, 2600, 2800 and 3000 mm.
• Radiator’s thermal powers vary based on
constructive type, heights and length.
126
Heating elements
Excepting models we presented, there are panel steel radiators that
offer practical solutions for narrow spaces. These models have
heights between 150 mm up to 2100 mm, widths of 450, 600 and
750 mm.
127
Heating elements
• A special class of radiators are bathroom radiators

user for small spaces, mounted vertically , with a
particular design, having also a decorative role. They are
produced in different constructive shapes with
supplementary elements (metallic bars, mirrors, different
types of supports) in order to offer the possibility of
drying towels and event take the room’s shape (corner
radiators or wall-type radiators). These radiators can be
painted in different colors, or chromate versions.
• Thermal powers for these radiators vary between 500
and 1900 W and their dimension vary between 450 –
750 mm width and 700 – 1700 mm height.
128
Heating elements
Decoration steel radiators for bathrooms

129
Heating elements
Aluminum radiators have particular

properties due to material they are made of and
to improve fabrication technology.
The main qualitative characteristics are
design, high thermal efficiency due to increased
thermal conductivity of aluminum, reduced water
content which diminishes thermal inertia as well
as smaller weight and surface occupied
comparing to thermal power developed.
130
Heating elements
Aluminum radiators with height between 350 and 800 mm

131
Heating elements
Constructive, aluminum radiators are available in the range 350,
500, 600, 700, 800 mm which represents the distance between axis.
There are models especially designed to solve the heating problem
in rooms where the surfaces available for radiators mounting are
narrow. The respective radiator’s heights vary between 900 up to
2000 mm and thermal power takes value from 235 to 437 W /
element .
132
Aluminum radiators with heights between 900 and 2000 mm
Heating elements
Fa n c o i l u n i t s
133
Heating elements
• Heating and air-conditioning were treated as

separate systems. The connection element is
nowadays the fan coil unit (fan coil) which
changes the manner of studying heating and air-
conditioning as a unit.
• Fan coil is a terminal element of a heating
and/or air0conditioning installation which has
two basic components: one heating battery (coil)
and a fan.
134
Heating elements
1. adjustable outlet grille, 2. heating coil, 3. condensation collector,

4. electric fan, 5. air filter, 6. fresh air intake
135
Heating elements
• Working principle is simple : the outgoing air

trough fan is supplied by heating coil in the
room. Generally the fan coils are mounted under
windows and use the re-circulated air, but there
are models that allow interference of fresh air, or
exclusive fresh air supply.
• There are many constructive types: vertical,
horizontal, as well as models designed for
hidden (masked) mounting in walls or false
ceilings, especially in large rooms or if they
serve for more than one room .
136
Heating elements
Fan coils constructive types

a) vertical, b) horizontal, c) masked mounting models
137
Heating elements
Fan coils with masked mounting in false
ceiling previously presented can be used
for larger or more than one room. These
models come very close as far as
functionality and size as the inferior limit of
one piece air handling units. Just like
these, fan coils use supply and exhaust
ducts, air intakes, air diffusers and exhaust
air holes.
138
Heating elements
1. fan coil, 2. conditioned air exhaust air, 3. re-circulated supply hole 4. supply
fresh air duct, 5.re-circulated air supply duct, 6. conditioned air exhaust duct 139
Heating elements
Based on thermal agent used, fan coils allow
heating or cooling the air in a room. We must
stress that fan coil can function for heating as
well as for cooling with the same battery (two
pipes fan coils), or can use two separate
batteries (four pipes fan coils) , leaving the
option of choice to the designing engineer.
As construction features, fan coils can have
accessories as follows:
– speed adjustment (air flow) fan : in steps (at least 2
+ stop) or continuous;
– water flow adjustment with two or three way tap.
140
Heating elements
Electronic control device for fan coil
Control of air velocity or water flow can be made manually, from the switch, or
tap or automatically. Automatic control supposes the existence of an
thermostat which allows setting the fan on/off and/or tting the tap.Evolved
systems impose fitting fan coils with a control device that act on the tap of each
battery and on the fan.
141
Ce n t r a l h e a t in g i n st a l l a t i o n s p u m p s
142
Ce n t r a l h e a t i n g i n s t a l l a t i o n s p u m p s
Thermal agent’s circulation inside heating

installations is ensured by circulation
pumps. Their role is to overcome linear
and local hydraulic resistance in the most
unprivileged circuit of the heating
installation. For small and medium
capacities there are usually used p i p e
m o u n t e d p u m p s (i n -l i n e p u m p s )
with variable speed, low electrical energy
consumption, silent and very reliable.
143
The main characteristics of a pump are:fluid

flow rate G, expressed in m3 / h and
pressure difference between supply
and exhaust expressed in N /m2 or in
bars. In some cases one uses the notion of :
pumping height H as the equivalent of pump
pressure expressed in liquid column height. It is
also important to know the shaft motor’s power
P, in kw, speed n, supply voltage and electric
power frequency.
144
Ccharacteristics of a pump with humid rotor and variable speed
145
Circulation pumps must always be chosen in

such manner that the functioning point places on
the characteristic Q/H corresponding to
maximum motor speed, in it’s point ,or closest to
maximum efficiency.
Choosing the pump

146
Pumps with humid rotor Pumps with dry rotor

147
Examples of thermal agent circulation pumps
• Thermal agent flow resulted from calculations can be

varied with more pumps in parallel connection. Parallel
mounting is currently used for the purpose of achieving a
flexible functionality, as well as increased safe
exploitation.
• In the case of two identical pumps parallel mounted in
the same network, the common characteristic curve of
the two will be obtained by doubling characteristic flows
for a certain pumping height. It is also possible the
parallel mounting for two pumps with different
characteristics, on the condition that maximum pumping
height will be the same. Functioning point for the two
pumps parallel connected is the intersection point of
pumps common characteristic curve with network
characteristic curve.
• Pumps must be chosen in the manner that the
functioning point be positioned in the maximum
efficiency aria. 148
EXPANSION TANKS
EXPANSION TANKS
149
EXPANSION TANKS
• In any water heating installation may occur dangerous

overpressure situation up to explosion, as consequence
of exceeding vaporization temperature.
• Standard 7132 / 1986 classifies water heating
installations with maximum temperature up to 115 0C
into two categories:
– Installations directly related with the atmosphere, provided
with opened expansion tank;
– Installation not related with the atmosphere, provided with
safety valves and closed expansion tank.
150
EXPANSION TANKS
• A safety system with o p e n e d e x p a n s i o n t a n k has
the following functions :
• overtaking water volume variations, due to normal
temperature variations heating-cooling and ensuring a
water reserve which covers for reasonable period of time
the small, inevitable loss;
• exhausting in atmosphere the steam resulted as less
supervising the boiler, errors, malpractice, negligence,
automation breakdown, etc.
• maintaining the installation filled, once filled up, up to a
level that exceeds higher consumer’s level, in an inferior
distribution installation, respectively, pipe network level,
in case of a superior distribution installation;
• exhausting air during filling up the installation, as well as
supplying it during emptying it, in the manner that no air
nor water sacs are formed.
151
EXPANSION TANKS
• For the choice of ensuring heating installations with
safety valves and c l o s e d e x p a n s i o n t a n k , safety
systems functions are satisfied as follows :
• overtaking volume variations and the small water reserve
by the closed expansion tank;
• maintaining at full capacity the water in installation
pressure exerted by the air cushion over the water from
the closed expansion tank , which, in this case may be
mounted at the inferior part of the installation, close to
the boiler;
• upper limitation of installation pressure using safety
valves mounted on the boiler before every shutting
element;
• exhausting air at filling and supplying it at emptying the
installation trough ducts, tanks and air valves.
152
EXPANSION TANKS
Closed expansion tank is provided with an elastic membrane between

eater cushion and water
a-rectangular type, useful volume 6-16l

b-disc type, useful volume 6-20l
c- cylinder type, volume 6-300l
5-air surface with variable volume
1-connection to boiler’s return pipe; 6-compressed air valve
2-tank wall;
3-elastic membrane;
4-water surface with variable volume;
7-support
153
Closed expansion tank types
EXPANSION TANKS
• A closed expansion tank is mounted at the

inferior part of the installation, close to the boiler.
Upper limitation of pressure is made using safety
valves mounted on the boiler previous every
shutting element.
• Exhausting air at during filling and supplying air
at exhaustion is made with manual or automatic
air valves.
• Constructively, closed expansion tanks can be
rectangular, disk, or cylinder type, and their
volume vary between 6 up to 5000 liters.
154
EXPANSION TANKS
Closed expansion tanks
155
Heat ex c hangers
Heat ex c hangers
156
Heat ex c hangers
Heat exchangers are units used for

hot water preparation for the option of
accumulation installation (water heater) as
well as without accumulation.Likewise,
heat exchangers are used in heating
systems for the superior parts of high
buildings or for heating buildings part of
centralized heating systems that use hot
water or stem as primary agent.
157
Heat ex c hangers
Wa t e r h e a t e r s are heat exchangers with water
accumulation used for hot water preparation and
they are constructed in two shape types:
horizontal and vertical. The heat exchange
surface, respectively, the coil, will be dimensioned
in a manner that will ensure warm water flow in
accordance with the temperature difference from
the secondary circuit (+10 0C cold water
temperature, +60 0C warm water temperature )
and with the temperature difference from the
primary circuit.
158
Heat ex c hangers
Magnesium anode or external current
anode
Surface completely
thermal insulated
Superior coil
Water heating from boiler
Ceraprotect protection
Inferior coil connected

to solar panel
Cleaning pass
Horizontal water heater Vertical water heater 159

Heat ex c hangers
• Water heater capacity varies from 80 up to 1000 liters.
• Water heater body is made from anticorrosive protected
steel , and for supplementary cathode protection a
magnesium anode is used, or, optionally an anode fed
from an external source.
• Heat losses are diminished by completely covering the
heater with a thermal insulated layer.As a construction
option, water heaters can performed as bivalent water
heaters in systems with solar panels combined with
boilers.Heat supplied by the solar panel is transferred in
the heater trough the inferior coil. As an option some
heaters can be provided with an electrical heating
system.
160
Heat ex c hangers
• Besides the types presented above, there is
another constructive model called Tank in
Tank ,meaning, stainless steel heaters, with
high resistance to extremely corrosive water
without temperature (fig. 3.26).
• Stainless steel used is a chrome-molybdenum
alloy witch give resistance to all temperatures
and corrosive waters up to 2000 mg
chlorides/liter.
• These types of heaters are used for direct sea
water heating, for therapy water, residual water
in regions with extremely corrosive waters, and
they are recommended in industrial applications
that use corrosive waters.
161
Heat ex c hangers
1.Steel interior tank DUPLEX DIN 14462

2.Steel exterior tank
3.Rigid polyurethane foam insulation
4.Inlet heating agent (primary)
5.Outlet heating agent (primary)
6.Cold water inlet (secondary)
7.Hot water outlet (secondary)
8.Control thermostat
9.Control thermometer
10.Control thermostat bulb
11.Control thermometer bulb
12.Air valve
13.Metalic coating
14.Hot water recirculation valve
Tank in tank heater 162

Heat ex c hangers
Heat ex c hangers w it hout ac c um ulat ion.

The most common in this range are plate heat
exchangers. They are simple devices used for
thermal energy transfer between two fluids, made
of a pack of identical stainless steel plates, with
sealing, aligned at the both superior and inferior
part of two supporting pipes between two pressure
plates, one of them fixed and another mobile. The
pack is sealed with sealing guys. Between the
plates a free space is left for fluid circulation; the
are kept equidistant from humps, scratches or
dimples.
163
Heat ex c hangers
• Each plate has two walls, one representing the

front, the other one the back of the plate.
• Fluid 1 flows all along the front of the plate and
bathes it and fluid 2 flows along the back of the
same plate, in counter-flow with fluid 1: in this
manner the heat is transfer along the entire
surface of the plate, while the gaskets tighten
the border of the plate and in the same time
separate the fluids.
164
Heat ex c hangers
A plate heat exchanger design 165

Heat ex c hangers
• Plate heat exchangers are used in heating for thermal
points modernization, for heating or preparing heated
water, in the heating and cooling processes, in heat
recovery, for thermal tests on fluids (e.g. pasteurization)
and in situations were working fluids are corrosives(
using plates executed from austenitic stainless steel,
resistant to corrosives environments).
• Stainless steel plates are 0,5 – 0,6 mm thick, which
allows achieving a very good transmission coefficient as
well as a reduced thermal emission, but also lead the
fluid in the heat exchanger. They are made of rubber
resistant at up to 150 0C temperature (propyl-ethylene),
silicon rubber or food industry rubber .
166
Heat ex c hangers
Heat exchanger plates Plate heat exchangers

167
BUILDING INSTALLATION COURSE
L OW T EM PERA T U RE RA DI AT I ON
H EA T I N G SY ST EM S
168
L o w t e m p e r a t u r e r a d i a t i o n h e a t i n g sy s t e m s
• Radiant floor heating – by including

heating elements inside the floor ;
• Radiant ceiling heating - by including
heating elements inside the ceiling;
• Radiant wall heating – by including heating
elements or radiant panels (opened or
closed radiant panels ) inside the walls.
169
Using delimitating elements of a surface

as radiant elements imposes, from
physiological reasons, the limitation of
surface temperatures as follows :
• 40 0 C for ceiling heating;
• 29 0 C for floor heating;
• 70 0 C for walls heating.
170
Radiant panel heating systems are system

where the thermal agent conductive pipe
are buried in the floors (whether floor,
ceiling or walls).
171
Low temperature radiation heating, aside the fact that
gives the possibility of using thermal agents with low
parameters, also presents advantages in what thermal
comfort is concerned :
• reduced temperature gradient;
• more uniform temperature repartition over the
delimitating surfaces;
• rising interior temperature at the level of delimitating
surfaces and achieving a better thermal comfort for a
room air temperature with 1 up to 3 0C smaller than
usual, which is an important comfort factor;
• space saving is made and superior architectural esthetic
is ensured;
• solves the energy problem by giving the chance of
cooling rooms during summer, which is a serious
problem as far as comfort is concerned. 172
Reduced temperature on heating surfaces

imposed the use of wider surfaces for heating, a
work for which the delimitating surfaces fitted
successfully, thus obtaining :
• radiant ceiling heating in which case the medium
temperature cannot exceed + 40 0C ;
• radiant floor (under floor) heating, in which case
the medium temperature is limited at +30 0C ;
• radiant wall heating, in which case temperature
can reach up to + 70 0C .
173
Radiant floor heating
174
Radiant floor heating installations have the

following components: the heating floor
panel, distributors-collectors (which are the
common element of more heating circuits),
adjustment equipment and thermal energy
source.
175
A radiant floor panel contains:

• the insulation layer (for thermal and acoustic
insulation) ;
• the insulation protection layer ;
• heating pipes ;
• thermal flow allotment and emission slab (heating
slab);
• final floor ;
• other elements, such as : diffusion layer, marginal
insulation, etc.
176
The temperature at the floor level is

limited, from physiological reasons at up to
+30 0C, based on the destination of the
room.
177
A heating floor’s structure

1)Interior coating, 2) plinth, 3) area strap, 4) final surface, 5) mortar layer, 6)
cement layer, 7) heating pipe, 8) covering foil ( PE foil or red rosin paper), 9)
thermal and acoustic insulation layer, 10) hydro insulation, 11) concrete plate,
12)soil.
178
Heating system with vario compact naps plate 179

sistem cu sine de fixare
180
Heating system with mounting rails
181
Heating system with wire screen
182
183
The mounting rails system ensures rising the pipe up to 5mm, and
thus a minimum height for the cement layer. Sustaining clamps and
clips guarantee a solid fixing of the pipe.
Pipe fixing Pipe fixing with clamps and clips

184
Wire screen system Rotating clips
185
Border insulation
• Before the slab, along the walls, an insulating strap will be laid,
around frames and pillars. Insulation will be laid fro the base floor
(sub floor) till the final floor, allowing a maximum displacement of 5
mm.
186
187
Overview for a house-downstairs
Overview for a home-upstairs 188

Ra d i a n t c e i l i n g h e a t i n g
189
This type of heating system allows achieving a

more homogenous air temperature, as well as a
more reduces air circulation, which are
considered important advantages as far as
thermal comfort is concerned. For the heating
surface the hole ceiling is available ,except for
the cases where there are large windows (glass
surface) when supplementary heating surfaces
will be added (for example inside the exterior
walls).
190
• Main advantage is given by elimination of

exterior heating elements, thus obtaining
more free space, more architectural
freedom. The space gained, for social
buildings, can be considered an important
space saving.
• Another advantage is given by the option
of cooling the ceiling during summer, thus
a reversible ceiling.
191
• This system is very reliable in museums,

showrooms or commercial places.
• Due to hygienic advantages, the system is
preferred in hospitals, nursing homes, medical
centers.
• The possibility of reversing ceiling heating,
meaning cooling during summer represents a
big gain for choosing this system in
administrative and office buildings.
192
Ra d i a n t w a l l h e a t i n g
193
Transforming walls into heating surfaces by

integrating a curved pipes system, is possible
taking into consideration the following aspects:
• exterior walls require supplementary thermal
insulation;
• there is always the chance of piercing the pipe ,
specially in apartment buildings (e.g. with
paintings supports);
• placement of furniture will restrict the radiant
thermal flow of the walls.
194
Radiant wall heating can be used in

different variants :
• individually;
• in combination with radiant floor heating
system;
• in combination with radiators heating
system.
195
196
BUILDING INSTALLATION COURSE
V EN T I L A T I ON I N ST A L L A T ION S
197
VENTILATION INSTALLATIONS
VENTILATION SYSTEMS
• NORMAL VENTILATION
• MECHANICAL VENTILATION
198
NORMAL VENTILATION
Unorganized normal ventilation systems
ventilation is accomplished by opening doors
and windows, by leaky rooms, offices,
warehouses, working places, etc.
Organized normal ventilation systems
ventilation is made through gaps or special
constructions, windows, scuttles, ventilation
chimneys in kitchens, bathrooms, industrial
buildings,etc.
199
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
General mechanical ventilation systems – uses
fans for air circulation that serve the entire building and
make the circulation for the entire air volume in industrial
buildings, social, cultural, commercial, administrative, etc.
Local mechanical ventilation systems act on the

air supply source, sweeps the air around the source,
absorbs the harmful substances before the air comes back
in the room ( industrial furnaces, weld tables, industrial zinc
bathing, varnish removals, grinders, wood processing etc.) .
Mixed mechanical ventilation systems – apply

both general and local ventilation.
200
INSTALATII DE VENTILATIE
201
Local ventilation with wall outlet and pipe mounted fans
General ventilation installation with air handling uni

202
MECHANICAL VENTILATION SYSTEMS
203
MECHANICAL VENTILATION
• SYMPLE – INLET/OUTLET
• MIXED – HEATING / COOLING-DRYING/

HUMIDIFICATION
204
By the pressure difference between inside

and outside the ventilated room we have:
• BALANCED VENTILATION –inlet flow
= outlet flow
• OVERPRESSURE VENTILATION –
inlet flow > outlet flow
• DEPRESION VENTILATION –
outlet flow > inlet flow
205
V EN T I L A T I ON I N ST A L L A T ION
DRA WI NGS
206
1. intake
2. collector pipe
3. noxious air exhaust fan
4. protection cap of outlet
noxious air pipe
5. dust filter
6. heating coil
7. warm air force fan
8. pipe network
9. discharge openings
10. heat recuperator
General mechanical ventilation system 207

1. intake
2. collector pipe
3. noxious air exhaust fan
4. protection cap of outlet noxious
air pipe
5. dust filter
6. heating coil
7. warm air force fan
8. pipe network
9. discharge openings
208
10.mixing chamber
Basic drawings for general ventilation installation 209

210
Basic drawings for an air cooling installation
Ventilation installation with air dehumidification

211
Ventilation installation with air dehumidification without fresh air inlet

212
Air handling unit 213

COM PON EN T S OF A V EN T I L A T I ON
I N ST A L L A T ION
A ventilation installation contains:
– air ventilation unit ;
– duct (pipe) network;
– vent holes ;
– regulating devices;
214
215
Air ventilation units

• Air ventilation units are placed in specially
designed places, in the interior or exterior
of buildings
• Air ventilation units introduce fresh air.
They contain modules in which
equipments are mounted.
216
Modular air handling unit
217
218
Modular air handling units- components
Fa n s
Fans contain :
-chassis with two connection pieces :for air inlet
and outlet
-rotor cu blades depending on fan type
-electric engine for rotor actuation
Fans can be :
- centrifugal (radiant )
- axial flow
219
Centrifugal fan for circular ducts
220
Centrifugal fan for rectangular ducts and silencer mou in the interior
221
Roof centrifugal fans with horizontal or vertical exhaust
222
Air filt ers

Filters know different types:
- Filters with air filter cells .One cell contains a
metallic case filled with metallic perforated foils
impregnated with mineral oil, overlapped. Cells
are placed in a rack.
- Dry band filters .At superior part a coil with
synthetic fiber filter is attached .At the inferior
part there is the coil that rolls the dirty. The
material ,which creates a screen through which
the dusty air passes, rolls between the two coils.
- Self-cleaning filters .Filter is made of cells
cleaned in an oil bath.
223
Heat ing c oils

Are made of a wings pipes fascicle in an
iron case with flanges to which ducts are
connected. Trough ducts steam or hot
water flow and between them circulates
the air that heats due to heat transfer by
ducts contact.
224
Duct coils for heating or cooling (for both rectangular or circular ducts)
225
Electric line heaters (for both rectangular or circular ducts)

226
H e a t r e c u p e ra t o r s
227
a) Wheel heat recuperator
Fresh
air
Noxious
air
Wheel heat recuperator
1. purification sector
2. electric engine
3. metallic case
4. rotor
228
• The most used is wheel recuperator.
• At the case the ducts for cold and warm air are connected.
• Rotor contains a heat accumulation surface with the looks of a
honeycomb with small channels parallel with the rotation axis. At
small speed, the rotor offers the two air flows ,warm and cold, a heat
exchange surface. Rotor accumulates heat in contact with hot air
which the transmits it to the cold air, after rotating t the edge of the
two flows there is a purification sector, with clean air for cleaning
ducts where noxious air flows. In order to increase the heat
exchange, the rotor’s surface is covered in a solution containing
lithium chlorate, which is an excellent absorber. Due to this
substance rotor also absorbs vapors from the warm air which it
transfers to cold air. Due to lithium chlorate and the fact that heat
accumulation mass comes alternatively in contact with
flows, wheel recuperator achieves a total heat transfer, thus
resulting in a high thermal efficiency.
• In order to be mounted in the ventilation systems, wheel
recuperators require a meeting point for the cold and warm air ducts,
where heat exchanger should be mounted.
229
b) Intermediate fluid heat

recuperation system
1. noxious air duct

2. wings pipes coil
3. fresh air duct
4. circulating pumps
5. ducts
230
c) Plate heat recuperator

The device is made of parallel plates
installed in a case. Plates are mounted at
small distances, forming narrow, parallel
channels for cold and warm air circulation.
Plates are mounted in manner that allows
cold and warm air an alternative
circulation. Heat transfer is made through
plates surfaces.
231
EXHAUST
FRESH AIR
AIR
232
Prefabricated, small dimension fans with energy recuperator mounted in the

interior ( heat recuperator )
233
Blinds fram es for air c ham bers

Blinds are mounted in a metallic frame
bounded through articulations at a common
lever which simultaneous actions all blinds. The
lever can be maneuvered manually or using an
automatic device operated actuator.
234
Blinds frames simultaneously adjustable Conjugated blinds frames
235
Blinds frames simultaneously adjustable
236
V EN T I L A T I ON PI PES ( DU CT S)
237
• Ventilation pipes contain :

– straight ducts
– special pieces : bends, branches, level change
pieces, diffusers ,confusers, etc.
• Used materials :
- black or zinc sheets;
– plastic materials , mineral fibers plates , etc.
• Ducts shape : cylinder or rectangular .
• Ducts dimensions ( diameters , sides ) are
standard.
238
Zinc sheets rectangular ducts – rectangular ducts sections and special pieces
239
Zinc sheets rectangular ducts– mounting images
Air holes
• This category includes : discharge
openings, intakes, air intakes, exhaust air
holes.
• Discharge openings are posed in openings
executed in walls, or ahead of supply air
ducts.
240
Air holes 241

Swirl discharge openings with and without distribution
242
Ceiling diffuser with adjustable outtake direction ins led at the head of the duct
243
Re g u l a t i n g d e v i c e s
• Regulating devices are mounted inside the ducts , or in
the discharge openings.
• - wings dumpers , mounted inside ducts , made from a
rigid plate sheet which rotates around a central fixed
axis;
• -branch dumpers , mounted inside branch pieces, made
from a rigid plate sheet which rotates around an axis
fixed at one border;
• -shut off dumpers , mounted inside ducts or at discharge
openings;
• -adjustable blinds .
244
Rectangular and circular silencer
245

Building Installations Course 2009

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BUILDING INSTALLATIONS COURSE

E) Natural gas feed installations

• CHEMICAL AIR COMPOSITION - GENUINE

• ESTHETICHAL DEMANDS - FURNITURE,

THERMAL COMFORT PARAMETERS

• Indoor air temperature ti ( 0C);

Optimum values for thermal comfort parameters

• LOCAL HEATING SYSTEMS;

• CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS;

• GLOBAL HEATING SYSTEMS .

LOCAL HEATING SYSTEMS represent heating systems in

• Stoves made of ceramic ware or metal parts.

CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS may also be classified as:

• Hot water heating systems;

A central heating system usually contains:

Thermal energy necessary for a building, or a group of buildings

H o t w a t e r h e a t i n g s ys t e m may be classified according with

By the manner in which the hot water circulation is made :

By the number of pipes that supply the heating equipments:

By the type of heating equipments:

By the manner of preparation, distribution and hot water supply :

By the distribution of pipes manner:

By the nature of materials the pipes are made of:

Steam heating systems may be classified according

By steam circulation manner

By condensation pipes type

Air heating systems may be classified according with the

Global heating systems –thermal energy is obtained in the

Heat load for a room, Q, expressed in W, is given by the following

• Ao – Orientation additional coefficient;

• Ac – Cold surfaces effect compensational coefficient;

m – thermal mass multiplier for outdoor space delimitating ments;

• Ao –orientation additional coefficient, for the

• Ac –cold surfaces compensating additional

Or i e nt at i o n a dd i t io n a l c o e f f i c i e nt , A o , only affects on the thermal flow

Cold surfaces effect compensation additional coefficient,

Thermal charge for heating air infiltrated by leaky

• i – air infiltration multiplier through backlashes,  

• L –length of doors and windows backlashes posed on the

Qu = 0,36 Au n (θi - θe) CM, [W];

• Heating installation with natural

• Heating installations with forced

Heating installation with natural

Water heating installation, double-piped, natural circulation, mixed distribution and

The installation contains:

• heating boiler placed in the basement room,

• By distribution type of both supply and return

• The main supply and return pipes, as well as

• As far as safety is concerned, this was

• The opened expansion tank has the role of

• For the choice of inferior distribution system

• For a superior distribution system,

Fuel used for the heating boiler may be one

• This type of heating systems has the

• Heating installations with natural

Heating installations with forced

• This type of installations have the same structure as the

In the following, we will see drawings of a

• Heating system with forced circulation is

Heat ing elem ent s dim ensioning

The number and size of heating elements

- k represents transfer heat total multiplier of