♣Computer programming (often shortened to programming or coding) is the process

of designing, writing, testing, debugging / troubleshooting, and maintaining the source

code of computer programs. This source code is written in a programming language. The
purpose of programming is to create a program that exhibits a certain desired behaviour.
The process of writing source code often requires expertise in many different subjects,
including knowledge of the application domain, specialized algorithms and formal logic.

♣A computer program (also a software program, or just a program) is a sequence of

instructions written to perform a specified task for a computer.[1] A computer requires
programs to function, typically executing the program's instructions in a central processo

♣In computer science, the syntax of a programming language is the set of rules that
define the combinations of symbols that are considered to be correctly structured
programs in that language. The syntax of a language defines its surface form. Text-based
programming languages are based on sequences of characters, while visual programming
languages are based on the spatial layout and connections between symbols (which may
be textual or graphical).

♣A compiler is a computer program (or set of programs) that transforms source code
written in a programming language (the source language) into another computer
language (the target language, often having a binary form known as object code). The
most common reason for wanting to transform source code is to create an executable
program.

♣A programming language is an artificial language designed to express computations

that can be performed by a machine, particularly a computer. Programming languages
can be used to create programs that control the behavior of a machine, to express
algorithms precisely, or as a mode of human communication.

♣Object-oriented programming (OOP) is a programming paradigm using "objects" –

data structures consisting of data fields and methods together with their interactions – to
design applications and computer programs. Programming techniques may include
features such as data abstraction, encapsulation, messaging, modularity, polymorphism,
and inheritance. Many modern programming languages now support OOP.

♣The Polymorphic Programming Language (PPL) was developed in 1969 at Harvard

University by Thomas A. Standish. It is an interactive, extensible language with a base
language similar to APL.

The '<-' (or '←') assignment operator has played an influence in the S programming
language.

♣In programming languages, a declaration specifies the identifier, type, and other
aspects of language elements such as variables and functions. It is used to announce the
existence of the element to the compiler; this is important in many languages (such as C)
which require variables to be declared before use.
♣In computer programming, initialization is the assignment of an initial value for a data
object. The way how initialization is performed depends on programming language, as
well as type, storage class, etc., of an object to be initialized.

Programming constructs which perform initialization are typically called initializers and
initializer lists.

Initialization is distinct from (and preceded by) declaration, although the two can
sometimes be conflated in practice.

♣In computer programming, a data type (or datatype) is a classification identifying one
of various types of data, such as floating-point, integer, or Boolean, that determines the
possible values for that type; the operations that can be done on that type; and the way the
values of that type are stored.

♣A flowchart is a type of diagram that represents an algorithm or process, showing the

steps as boxes of various kinds, and their order by connecting these with arrows. This
diagrammatic representation can give a step-by-step solution to a given problem. Process
operations are represented in these boxes, and arrows connecting them represent flow of
control. Data flows are not typically represented in a flowchart, in contrast with data flow
diagrams; rather, they are implied by the sequencing of operations. Flowcharts are used
in analyzing, designing, documenting or managing a process or program in various fields.

♣Iteration in computing is the repetition of a process within a computer program. It can

be used both as a general term, synonymous with repetition, and to describe a specific
form of repetition with a mutable state.

♣A statement directs the computer to perform a specified action. A single statement in a

high-level language can represent several machine-language instructions. Programs
consist of statements and expressions.