PAPER TO BE SUBMITTED TO EEE

To,
ADDRESS FOR CORRESPONDENCE:
Dr. S. Khaja Peer
Co-ordinator, Techno Drive 2007
Prof. & Head, Dept. of Industrial & Production Engg.
K.S.R.M. College of Engineering
KADAPA - 516 003, A.P.

FROM,

AUTHORS: K.DIVYA (05121A0212)

M.C.P.PRIYANKA (05121A0237)
ADDRESS:
SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
SREE SAINATH NAGAR,
A.RANGAMPET,
ANDHRA PRADESH.

E-MAIL ID:
K.DIVYA divya.konda@yahoo.co.in
Contact no: 0877 2260991
M.C.P.PRIYANKA mcp_priyanka@yahoo.co.in
Contact no: 9247007249
TOPIC:
NON CONVENTIONAL ENERGY RESOUCES.

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 THE RENEWABLE REVOLUTION - THE FUTURE OF WORLD ENERGY

K.DIVYA, M.C.P.PRIYANKA (II B-Tech, EEE)

SREE VIDYANIKETHAN ENGINEERING COLLEGE

SREE SAI NATHNAGAR,

A.RANGAMPET,

TIRUPATHI-517502

Abstract:

Present day technology is largely based on conventional fuels like petroleum, coal
and natural gas. These conventional fuels are non replinishable and are going to be
exhausted in near future. So man has to look for non-conventional, replinishable fuels
like biomass, solarenergy, wind energy, tidal energy, geothermal energy etc in order to
avoid dependence on conventional fossil fuels. We have to develop technology for the
effective utilization of these renewable resources. Some of the renewable resources have
their own limitation in applying commercially as equal to oil and gas. So lot of research
is to be done to overcome the inherent problems for safe and maximum utilization on
large scale. How this renewable energy is being used and how it has served the purposes
of man kind in the past, at present and what changes it is yet to undergo in the near
future due to developing technological trends for its effective usage is the main theme in
the presentation .
INTRODUCTION:
At present fossil fuels, petroleum, coal, natural gas which are regarded as conventional
resources will get dried up in coming 50 years as per estimates. . So the world should
work together united to overcome this problem before the world activities come to a
stand still. For coal extraction the technology is in sufficient and risky. So man has no
choice except developing technologies for the utilization of abundant inexhaustible
resources like solar, biomass, tidal, wind .Electric energy is the most versatile energy

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resource. The above resources should be finally converted into electricity. All these
resources are natural and are eco-friendly causing no harm. Some of these renewable
resources are listed below.
1. Solar energy
2. Wind energy
3. Geothermal
4. Biomass
5. Hydropower
6. Tidal energy

SOLAR ENERGY:
Solar power is the technology of obtaining usable energy from the light of the
Sun.

Types of technologies:

Many technologies have been developed to make use of solar radiation. Some of
these technologies make direct use of the solar energy (e.g. to provide light, heat, etc.),
while others produce electricity.

Applications of solar energy:

 Solar cooker:

A solar cooker is like a hot box, in which we can cook

our food without any cooking gas or kerosene, electricity, coal or
wood. We do not need to spend even a single paisa on fuel. This
cooker works with the solar energy, which is available free. In a
solar cooker we can boil, bake and roast, and in a cooker for
domestic use, we can cook food for four to five persons. Bigger
size solar cookers are also available for cooking food up to 15
persons. The important parts of a hot box solar cooker include the outer box, inner
cooking box or tray, the double glass lid, thermal insulator, mirror and cooking
containers.

 Solar Hot Water System:

A Solar Water Heater (SWH) is a device that uses solar energy to heat water.
Solar Water Heater has several advantages over
conventional water heating systems. For consumers, they
save electrical energy, save interior space; they require
little or no care and attention while providing hot water.

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For society at large, they reduce the need for fossil fuels for electrical generation and for
fuels such as firewood, coal, furnace oil, etc, that are used in domestic, commercial and
industrial boilers. Thus they reduce degradation of the environment.

 Solar Lantern:

A Solar lantern is a simple application of solar photovoltaic

technology, which has found good acceptance in rural regions where
the power supply is irregular and scarce. Even in the urban areas
people prefer a solar lantern as an alternative during power cuts
because of its simple mechanism.

 Solar Street Light:

This system is designed for outdoor application in un-

electrified remote rural areas. This system is an ideal application for
campus and village street lighting. The system is provided with
battery storage backup sufficient to operate the light for 10-11 hours
daily. The system is provided with automatic ON/OFF time switch for
dusk to down operation and overcharge / deep discharge prevention
cut-off with LED indicators.

 Solar Thermal Electric Power Plants:

Solar thermal energy can be focused on a heat exchanger, and

converted in a heat engine to produce electric power or applied to other
industrial processes .

 Solar Pond:

A solar pond is simply a pool of water which collects

and stores solar energy. It contains layers of salt solutions
with increasing concentration to a certain depth, below which
the solution has a uniform high salt concentration. It is a
relatively low-tech, low-cost approach to harvesting solar
energy.

Advantages:

 Solar power is pollution free during use. Production end wastes and
emissions are manageable using existing pollution controls.

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  Facilities can operate with little maintenance or intervention after initial
setup.

Disadvantages:

 Polysilicon Solar cells are costly, requiring a large initial capital

investment, and silicon shortages raise prices.

 To get enough energy for larger applications, a large number of

photovoltaic cells are needed. This increases the cost of the technology
and requires a large plot of land.

 Like electricity from nuclear or fossil fuel plants, it can only realistically
be used to power transport vehicles by converting light energy into
another form of stored energy.

WIND ENERGY:
As environmental concerns have focused on generation of electricity from clean
and renewable sources wind energy has become the world’s fastest growing energy
source.

Wind Power:

Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into more useful forms, usually
electricity using wind turbines.

Traditional Way of Utilization of Wind Energy:

 Wind Mills:

Windmills were used in the past which is an

engine powered by the wind to produce energy. The energy
windmills produce can be used in many ways, traditionally
for grinding grain or spices, pumping water, sawing wood
or hammering seeds. Modern wind power machines are
used for generating electricity and are more commonly
called wind turbines.

Wind T urbines:

A wind turbine is a machine for converting the

kinetic energy in wind into mechanical energy. If the

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mechanical energy is used directly by machinery, such as a pump or grinding stones, the
machine is usually called a windmill. If the mechanical energy is then converted to
electricity, the machine is called a wind generator.

Present Day Trends:

 Wind Farms:
A wind farm is a collection of
wind turbines in the same location and
used for the generation of wind
power electricity.
The Next Generation Of Wind
Turbine:

Applications Of Wind Energy In The Present Day Scenario:

 Supplying Electricity For A Nation:

Arrays of large wind turbine generators can be connected to electricity supply

grids and can provide significant amounts of provincial and national electrical demand.

 Electricity For Communities:

Small numbers of medium/large wind turbine generators can be installed by

groups of individuals wishing to contribute pollution-free energy to their electricity
networks.

 Electricity For Homes And Farms:

Small and medium wind turbine generators at homes, farms or small industrial
sites connected to the electrical supply grid. From there the user of the electrical supply
pays only for the electricity they use from the electrical utility company.

 Remote communities:

Small wind turbine generators that are connected to batteries can provide
sufficient electricity for rural dwellings, communications relay stations, navigational aids,
and other needs in isolated areas and are also used for pumping.

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Advantages:

 Wind is free, wind farms need no fuel.

 Produces no waste or greenhouse gases.

 The land beneath can usually still be used for farming.

 Wind farms can be tourist attractions.

 A good method of supplying energy to remote areas.

 It doesn’t produce toxic or radioactive waste.

Disadvantages:

 The wind is not always predictable - some days have no wind.

 Suitable areas for wind farms are often near the coast, where land is expensive.

 Some people feel that covering the landscape with these towers is unsightly.

 Can kill birds - migrating flocks tend to like strong winds. Splat!

Future Trends In Wind energy:

Due to the development of technology efforts are made to utilize the wind energy
to the maximum extent possible by overcoming the drawbacks. Some of them are listed
below

 It is expected that in future power quality devices will be inbuilt into the turbines.
 With the land available for wind farms limited, sites are
expected to move off shore from the present on shore.
 In future there is expected to be an increase in the number
of stand alone generators.
 Another trend would be to utilize the land in the wind
farm for some other use.
 
Noise reduction techniques would be deployed to reduce the noise from the turbines.

 
There are experimentation going on vehicle mounted wind generators (very small
power rating) for battery charging and auxiliary supply.

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY:
Geothermal energy is energy obtained by tapping the heat of the earth itself,
usually from kilometers deep into the Earth's crust.

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Ancient Usage:

Ancients used to bath and cook in hot springs.

Present Day Usage:

Applications Of Geothermal Energy:

Geothermal energy can be used in three ways:

 Geothermal Electricity :

Geothermal electricity is created by pumping a fluid (oil or

water) into the Earth, allowing it to evaporate and using the hot gases
vented from the earth's crust to run turbines linked to electrical
generators.

 Geothermal heating, through deep Earth pipes.

 Geothermal heating, through a heat pump.

Geothermal heat from the surface of the Earth can be used on most of the globe
directly to heat and cool buildings with the use of Geothermal Systems. The temperature
of the crust a few feet below the surface is buffered to a constant 5 to 14 °C (41 to 58 °F),
so liquid can be pre-heated or pre-cooled in underground pipelines, providing free
cooling in the summer and, via a heat pump, heating in the winter.

Location Of Resources:

Worldwide, those hot areas with

fluids above 200 oC at economic depths for
electricity production are concentrated in the
young regional belts. The main geothermal
areas of this type are located in New
Zealand, Japan, Indonesia, Philippines, and
the western coastal Americas, the central
and eastern parts of the Mediterranean,
Iceland, the Azores and eastern Africa.

Advantages:

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  Geothermal energy doesn’t produce pollution.

 No outside sources of fuel are needed to keep the power houses running.

Disadvantages:

 You just can’t set up a geothermal power station anywhere you want

 Sometimes a geothermal site might, well, literally run out of steam.

 Hazardous gases and minerals can seep up from beneath the ground.

BIOMASS:
Biomass is a renewable energy resource derived from the carbonaceous waste of
various human and natural activities.

Biomass, in the energy production industry, refers to living and recently living
biological material which can be used as fuel or for industrial production.

Uses Of Biomass Energy:

This energy is being used for: Cooking, Mechanical, Applications/Pumping,

Power generation, Transportation.

Present Day Uses:

 As Manure, Fuel, Lighting:

At present, biogas technology provides an alternative source of energy in rural

India for cooking. It is particularly useful for village households that have their own
cattle. Through a simple process cattle dung is used to produce a gas, which serves as fuel
for cooking. The residual dung is used as manure.

Biogas plants have been set up in many areas and are becoming very popular.
Using local resources, namely cattle waste and other organic wastes, energy and manure
are derived. A mini biogas digester has recently been designed and developed, and is
being in-field tested for domestic lighting.

 Generation of electricity:

"Bioconversion" uses plant and animal wastes to produce fuels such as methanol, natural

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gas, and oil. We can use rubbish, animal manure, woodchips, seaweed, corn stalks and
other wastes.

Sugar cane is harvested and taken to a mill, where it is crushed to extract the
juice. The juice is used to make sugar, whilst the left-over pulp, called "bagasse" can be
burned in a power station .The fuel is burned, which heats water into steam, which turns
turbines, which in turn drive generators, just like in a fossil-fuel power station.

Other solid wastes, can be burned to provide heat, or used to make steam for a
power station.

Advantages:

 It makes sense to use waste materials where it is available in plenty.

 The fuel tends to be cheap.

 Less demand on the earth's resources.

 Its advantage is that it can be used to generate electricity with the same
equipment or power plants that are now burning fossil fuels.

Disadvantages:

 Collecting the waste in sufficient quantities can be difficult.

 We burn the fuel, so it makes greenhouse gases.

 Some waste materials are not available all year round.

Future Expectations:

Scientists are trying to explore the advantages of biomass energy as an alternative

energy source as it is renewable and free from net CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions, and is
abundantly available on earth in the form of agricultural residue, city garbage, cattle
dung, firewood, etc. Bio-energy, in the form of biogas, which is derived from biomass, is
expected to become one of the key energy resources for global sustainable development.

HYDRO POWER:

Of the renewable energy sources that generate

electricity, hydropower is the most often used.Hydropower is
the capture of the energy of moving water for some useful
purpose.

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 Instead of using steam to drive generator turbines, a hydro plant uses the force of
falling or flowing water. Hydroelectric power uses the kinetic energy of moving water to
make electricity. Dams can be built to stop the flow of a river.

Advantages:

 The major advantage of hydro systems is elimination of the cost of fuel.

 Hydroelectric plants tend to have longer lives than fuel-fired generation.

 Reservoirs created by hydroelectric schemes often provide facilities for

water sports, and become tourist attractions in themselves.

Disadvantages:
 Hydroelectric projects can be disruptive to surrounding aquatic
ecosystems.

 Generation of hydroelectric power impacts on the downstream river

environment.

 Hydroelectric dams are the need to relocate the people living where the
reservoirs are planned.

We regard hydropower as the ideal fuel for electricity

generation because, unlike the nonrenewable fuels used to
generate electricity, it is almost free, there are no waste
products, and hydropower does not pollute the water or the
air

Tidal energy:

Tides are generated through a combination of forces exerted by the gravitational

pull of the sun and the moon and the rotation of the earth. The relative motion of the three
Bodies produce different tidal cycles which affect the range of the tides. The tide moves
a huge amount of water twice each day, and harnessing it could provide a great deal of
energy. Although the energy supply is reliable and plentiful, converting it into useful
electrical power is not easy.

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 Energy can be extracted from tides by creating a reservoir or basin behind a
barrage and then passing tidal waters through turbines in the barrage to generate
electricity. Tidal energy is extremely site specific requires mean tidal differences greater
than 4 meters and also favorable topographical conditions, such as estuaries or certain
types of bays in order to bring down costs of dams etc

The largest tidal power station in the world (and the only one in Europe) is in the
Rance estuary in northern France. It was built in 1966.

Locations:

Since India is surrounded by sea on three sides, its potential to hamess tidal
energy has been recognized by the Government of India. Potential sites for tidal power
development have already been located. The most attractive locations are the Gulf of
Cam bay and the Culf of Kachchh on the west coast, The Ganges Delta in the Sunderbans
in West Bengal also has good locations for small scale tidal power development.

Tidal Energy Efficiency:

Tidal energy has an efficiency of 80% in converting the potential energy of the
water into electricity, which is efficient compared to other energy resources such as solar
power.

Draw Back Of Tidal Energy:

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 A major drawback of tidal power stations is that they can only generate when the
tide is flowing in or out .However, tides are totally predictable, so we can plan to have
other power stations generating at those times when the tidal station is out of action.

Advantages:

 Once you've built it, tidal power is free.

 It produces no greenhouse gases or other waste.

 It needs no fuel.

 It produces electricity reliably.

 Not expensive to maintain.

 Tides are totally predictable.

 Offshore turbines and vertical-axis turbines are not ruinously expensive to

build and do not have a large environmental impact.

Disadvantages:

 A barrage across an estuary is very expensive to build, and affects a very

wide area - the environment is changed for many miles upstream and
downstream.

 Only provides power for around 10 hours each day, when the tide is
actually moving in or out.

Conclusion:

Renewable sources are the asset for the world. These are eco-friendly causing no
harm to nature and human community. Man has identified its importance and
significance after witnessing the destruction he has caused to the nature. The need of the
hour came when he found that non-renewable energy sources are becoming exhausted.
So renewable sources of energy are the future energy resources.

References:

1. www.geda.org.in/solar/inside_solar.htm.

2. http:// edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/renew.htm.

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