Harvard Referencing

Theses and Dissertations

1. Author - surname, followed by initial(s)
2. Date – in brackets
3. Title of the thesis or dissertation - underlined, and followed by full stop
4. Degree statement - followed by comma
5. Name of awarding institution – followed by a full stop

Sign, N. (2004) The reorganisation of secondary education in Suffolk. Ph. D.

thesis, University of East Anglia.

British Standard Publications

1. Author – name of institution
2. Date of publication - in brackets
3. British standard number and date of issue – these two elements separated by a colon
4. Full title of Standard – underlined, followed by a full stop
5. Place of publication – followed by a comma
6. Publisher – followed by a full stop

British Standards Institution (2000) BS ISO/IEC 17799:2000. Information

technology - code of practice for information security management. London, British
Standards Institution.

British Standards Institution (1996) BS EN ISO 14001:1996 Environmental

management systems - specification with guidance for use. London, British
Standards Institution.

Patents
1. Inventor/ Originator (name of applicant)
2. Year of publication – in brackets
3. Title of patent – underlined and followed by a full stop
4. Series designation – followed by a full stop

Kimberley Clark, Inc. (1999) Disposable shoe cover. BG2353691.

Graham, C. P., Fonti, L. and Martinez, A. M. American Sugar Company (1972)

Tableting sugar and compositions which contain it. US Pat. 3,642,535

Conference Proceedings

Technical / Research Reports

1. Author – surname followed by initials
2. Year of the report – in brackets
3. Title of the report – underlined followed by a full stop
4. Place of publication – followed by a comma
5. Publisher – followed by a full stop
6. Report code and number – brackets

Woodward, R. J. (1981) Case studies of the corrosion of reinforcement in concrete

structures. Crowthorne, Transport and Road Research Laboratory. (TRRL-LR-981)

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Conferences
1. Name of the conference – followed by a comma
2. Number (if appropriate) – ordinal number followed by full stop
3. Date of the conference – as given on the title page, followed by a full stop
4. Location of the conference (if appropriate) – followed by a comma
5. Date of publication - in brackets, and followed by a full stop
6. Title of the published work (if different from the name of the conference, underlined,
followed by a comma
7. Name of editor (s) of the work – followed by (ed.) or (eds) and a full stop. If more
than three editors, name only the first followed by (et al.) and a full stop. If there are
NO editors, end point 6 (above) with a full stop
8. Place of publication – followed by a comma
9. Publisher – followed by a full stop

ERGOB Conference on Sugar Substitutes, 1978. Geneva, (1979). Health and sugar
substitutes : proceedings of the ERGOB conference on sugar substitutes, B.
Guggenheim (ed.). London, Basel.

Writing Development in Higher Education, 4th. 8-9 April, 1997. Aberystwyth, (1998).
Writing in higher education : perspectives in theory and practice. Proceedings of the
4th conference in Writing Development in Higher Education, R. Lonsdale (ed.).
Aberystwyth, University of Wales.

Conference Paper from Conference Proceedings

1. Author of chapter or section
2. Date of publication
3. Title of chapter or section
4. In – in bold letters
5. Author or Editor of the proceedings as above
6. Title of the collected proceedings / papers – underlined, followed by a comma
7. Date of the conference – underlined, followed by a comma
8. Location of the conference (if appropriate) – underlined followed by a full stop
9. Place of publication – followed by a comma
10. Publisher – followed by a comma
11. Pages of the contribution / section/ chapter – followed by a full stop

Silver, K. (1991) Electronic mail : the new way to communicate in Raitt, D. A. (ed.)
9th international online information meeting, 3-5 December 1990, London. Oxford,
Learned Information, pp. 323-330.

Annual Reports
1. Corporate Author
2. Year of Publication – in brackets
3. Full title of annual report – underlined
4. Place of publication – followed by a comma
5. Name of Publisher – followed by a full stop

Marks and Spencer (2004) The way forward : annual report 2003-2004. London, Marks
and Spencer.

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Newspaper Articles
1. Author of article – surname followed by initials
2. Year of publication – in brackets
3. Title of the article followed by a full stop
4. Title of the newspaper – underlined
5. Date of the article – day and month followed by a comma
6. Page number(s) of the article – followed by a full stop

If the article is anonymous the order is as follows:

1. Title of article
2. Year of publication – in brackets
3. Title of the newspaper – underlined
4. Date of the article – day and month followed by a comma
5. Page number(s) of the article – followed by a full stop

Ward, D. (2006) Criticism of hospital plan to treat animals. Guardian 30 October,

p. 5.

Reviews
1. Name of reviewer – surname followed by initials
2. Year of publication – (in brackets)
3. Title of the review – followed by a full stop
4. Review of (use these actual words)
5. Title of the work reviewed – underlined and first letter of title capitalised
• If the author/creator of the reviewed work is given, follow this title with a comma
and the author/creator’s name and a full stop.
• If no author/creator is given, follow the title of the item reviewed with a full stop
• If the review is of a live performance, follow the title of the work reviewed by a
comma and insert 6. as below
6. Name of theatre, opera house etc. and city – separated by a comma and followed by
a full stop.
7. Journal / newspaper title – underlined
8. Volume number, part number (in brackets) or day and month – followed by a comma
9. Pages number(s) of the review – followed by a full stop

Clee, N. (2006) Another loner on the run. Review of In the evil day, by Peter
Temple. Times Literary Supplement 30 October, p. 21.

Gardner, L. (2006) The sweet smell of villainy and deceit. Review of The Duchess
of Malfi, West Yorkshire Playhouse, Leeds. Guardian 30 October, p. 36.

Dictionaries
• Dictionaries do not usually have an author as such, so the reference is based on the
title of the work.
1. Title of dictionary – underlined, followed by a full stop
2. Year of publication – in brackets
3. Volume number (if applicable) – followed by a comma. If you are referencing the
complete work, define the set (e.g. vols 1-32)
4. Edition number (other than the first) – followed by a full stop
5. Edited by or Compiled by if known – abbreviate as Ed. by, Comp. By as relevant –
followed by a full stop
6. Place of publication – followed by a comma
7. Publisher – followed by a full stop
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 The Oxford large print thesaurus. (1997) Comp. by Betty Kirkpatrick. Oxford, Oxford
University Press.

Concise colour medical dictionary. (1998) 2nd ed. Oxford, Oxford University Press.

Encyclopaedias
Encyclopaedias being referenced as a whole, should be referenced following the rules for
dictionaries above.

Entries in Encyclopaedias
1. Author or editor of the entry (if known) Use the abbreviations (ed.), (eds) or (et al.)
as appropriate following standard Harvard rules for authors.
2. Year of publication – in brackets
3. Title of the article / entry – followed by a full stop
4. In - in bold letters
5. Title of encyclopaedia – underlined followed by a comma
6. The specific volume of the work the entry appears in - followed by a comma
7. Edition number (if other than first) – followed by a full stop
8. Place of publication – followed by a comma
9. Publisher – followed by a full stop

If the entry is anonymous, the order is as follows:

1. Title of extract – followed by a full stop
2. Year of publication – in brackets
3. In – in bold letters
4. Title of encyclopaedia – underlined followed by a comma
5. The specific volume of the work the entry appears in - followed by a comma
6. Edition number (if other than first) – followed by a full stop
7. Place of publication – followed by a comma
8. Publisher – followed by a full stop

Walker, W. F. (et.al.) (2002) Muscles and muscle systems. In The new

Encyclopaedia Britannica, vol. 24, 15th ed. London, Encyclopaedia Britannica.

Translations
For a book or a journal article which has been translated into English you need to include the
details about the translator and the original language it has been translated from.
1. Author(s) of the original work
2. Year of publication – in brackets
3. Title – underlined followed by a full stop
4. Edition number (if other than the first) – followed by a full stop
5. Translated from the – these actual words must be used
6. Language of the original work
7. by - in bold letters
8. Translator’s name - as it appears on the title page, followed by a full stop
9. Place of publication – followed by a comma
10. Publisher – followed by a full stop

Auerbach, E. (2003) Mimesis : the representation of reality in Western literature.

50th ed. Translated from the German by Willard R. Trask. Princeton, Princeton
University Press.

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Music Scores
1. Composer – surname followed by initials
2. Date of publication – in brackets. If no date given use (n.d.)
3. Title of the work – underlined and followed by a full stop
4. Editor (s) of the work - initials before surname, followed by (ed.) as appropriate. If
the work is arranged or scored by another person, insert here Arranged by or Scored
by (again putting initials before surname) followed by a full stop. If no editor etc.
named, omit stage 4
5. Place of publication – followed by a comma
6. Publisher – followed by a full stop

Beethoven, L. van (n.d.) Symphony no. 5, C minor, op. 67. London, Ernst
Eulenburg.

Atlases
• Atlases do not usually have an author as such, so the reference is based on the title
of the work.

1. Title of atlas – underlined and followed by a full stop

2. Date of publication - in brackets
3. Edition number if known (other than the first) – followed by a full stop
4. Editor or compiler if known – abbreviate as (ed.), (eds) or (comp.), as relevant –
followed by a full stop
5. Place of publication – followed by a comma
6. Publisher – followed by a full stop

Philips world atlas and gazetteer. (2001) 9th ed. London, George Philip Ltd.

Maps
1. Originator’s name – this can be the cartographer, surveyor, complier, editor, copier,
maker or engraver.- surname followed by a comma then initial(s), each initial followed
by a full stop.
• If you do not know the orginator’s name then the title of the map followed
by year of publication.
2. Year of publication – in brackets.
3. Title of map – underlined and followed by a full-stop.
4. Scale of map (for example 1:100000) – followed by a full stop.
• If the map is published in a book, use In – in bold
• Title – underlined and followed by a full stop.
5. Place of publication – followed by a comma.
6. Publisher – followed by a full stop.

Example
Bartholomew, J. (ed.) (1956) Morocco Algeria and Tunisia. 1:5000000. In The Times Atlas
of the World: Mid Century edition: Vol. IV Southern Europe and Africa. London, Times
Publishing Company.

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Ordnance Survey Maps

1. The words Ordnance Survey.

2. Year of publication – in brackets.
3. Title of the map – underlined followed by a full stop.
4. Sheet number – followed by a full stop.
5. Scale of the map (for example 1:10000) – followed by a comma.
6. Series (for example Landranger series) – in brackets and followed by a full stop.

Example
Ordnance Survey (1986) Ipswich and the Naze area. Sheet 169. 1:50000, (Landranger
series).

Email Messages

Personal Email Message

1. Sender
2. Sender’s email address – in brackets and followed by a comma
3. Day Month Year the email was sent – followed by a full stop
4. Subject of message – underlined
5. The words E-mail to followed by recipient’s name
6. Recipient’s e-mail address – in brackets and followed by a full stop

Example
Smith, A. (Asmith@hotmail.com), 7 Aug 2000. RE: Canadian Rainfall. E-mail to M.
James (Mjames@suffolk.ac.uk).

Message from Email Discussion List

1. Author/editor
2. Year – in brackets
3. Title of message – followed by a full stop
4. Discussion list name and date of message – underlined
5. The words Internet discussion list – in square brackets and followed by a full
6. stop
7. The words Available from – followed by a colon
8. The email list address – in chevrons
9. The word Accessed and the date you visited the discussion list – in square brackets
and followed by a full stop

Shaughnessy, L. (2006) Unsuitable resources. COFHE 24 November 2006 [Internet

discussion list]. Available from: <cofhe@jiscmail.ac.uk> [Accessed 28 November 2006].

For help or information, email library@ucs.ac.uk