8

FOURTH Quarter – Module 1

Structure and Functions of the
Digestive System
 Lesson
Structure and Functions of the
Name:
1 Digestive System
Overview

Do you know someone who experiences stomach pains? If that person already vomits blood and
defecates dark-colored stools, these symptoms are indicated of a stomach ulcer. A stomach ulcer, also known
as gastric ulcer, is usually an infection caused by a bacterium called Helicobacter pylori. This species with
persistent stomach inflammation and gastric ulcers, which are conditions that were not previously believed to
have microbial cause.

Learning Objectives

After going through this module, I can:

1. explain ingestion, absorption, assimilation, and excretion.

Activating Prior Knowledge

Task 1: Explain Me!

Direction: Analyze the situation given. Choose and explain the best answer. Write your answer on a separate
sheet of paper.
Rubrics: 10 pts – If the answer was explained very well and showed correct usage of grammar.
5 pts – If the answer was explained well but some error in grammar.
0 pt – If the answer was not correct and not related to the question

1. What happens to the food once digested?

Lesson

FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

Ingestion – the oral cavity allows food to enter the digestive tract and have mastication (chewing)
occurs , and the resulting food bolus is swallowed .
DIGESTION
Mechanical digestion – muscular movement of the digestive tract (mainly in the oral cavity and
stomach) physically break down food into smaller particles .
Chemical digestion – hydrolysis reactions aided by enzymes (mainly in the stomach and small
intestine) chemically break down food particles into nutrient molecules , small enough to be absorbe
TYPES OF DIGESTIVE ORGANS
1. Accessory organs – assist in food digestion. (salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, pancreas)
2. Alimentary canal – contains organs where food passes through (mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach,
small and large intestines, rectum, anus)

WHERE DOES DIGESTION BEGIN?

A. THE ORAL CAVITY

Ingestion is the process from which the body take in the food through the mouth for digestion, absorption and
elimination.

A. THE ORAL CAVITY

The mouth or oral cavity is the first portion of the digestive tract or alimentary canal.

TYPES OF DIGESTION

1. Chemical – involves the action of enzymes and other chemical substances in the body
2. Mechanical – involves the cutting, crushing or grinding of food using the teeth (mastication
B. PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS
The bolus is the end product of the food that has been chewed, partially digested, and lubricated by the saliva.

HOW COME THE FOOD ENTER THE ESOPHAGUS AND DOES NOT GO THE OTHER WAY?
Muscular movement of the GI tract
Peristalsis – wavelike movement that occurs from the oropharynx to the rectum , allowing GI tract
to push food particles toward the anus .
Mixing—mixing motion in the oral cavity and stomach that allows the GI tract to repeatedly break
down food into smaller particles , using mechanical digestion .
Segmentation – regions of the small intestine contracting and relaxing independently , allowing the
small intestine to digestive and absorb more efficiently

Assessment

Assessment 1. Frayer Model! performance task!

Complete the Frayer Model. Follow the instructions inside the four quadrants. Write your answer on
separate sheets of paper.
DESCRIPTION: Define the term using your own FACTS: Give at least three interesting facts about
words the term.

DIGESTION

EXAMPLES: Share your own experience about it IMAGE REORESENTATION: Draw objects that
represent the word.

Congratulations! You have completed this module on Science! – Sir Christian