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INVERSIÓN EXTRANJERA DIRECTA: DETERMINANTES Y SU CONTRIBUCIÓN A LA

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Fuente; Banco de la República.

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Fuente: World Economic Forum

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Fuente: The Global Competitiveness Report 2000-2010

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Fuente: Banco de la República – Balanza de Pagos

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Fuente: Banco de la República-DANE

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Fuente: Semana. Separata Las 100 empresas más grandes de Colombia. Abril a mayo de 2008.

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