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Routing
Basic IP Addressing
1
IP Address Classes
A 0.0.0.0 – 0 7 24
127.255.255.255
B 128.0.0.0 – 10 14 16
191.255.255.255
C 192.0.0.0 – 110 21 8
223.255.255.255
D 224.0.0.0 – 1110
239.255.255.255
E 240.0.0.0 – 1111
255.255.255.255
2
Special-Purpose IP Addresses
Address Range Purpose
0.0.0.0 Unknown network,
commonly represents default
10.0.0.0 – Reserved for private use
10.255.255.255
127.0.0.0 – Reserved for loopback / local
127.255.255.255 address
172.16.0.0 – Reserved for private use
172.31.255.255
192.168.0.0 – Reserved for private use
192.168.255.255
255.255.255.255 Limited broadcast
3
Some Conventions
IP Subnetting
4
IP Subnet
• Basic concept:
¾A subset of a class A, B or C network.
• IP addresses that do not use subnets
consists of
a network portion, and
a host portion.
¾Represents a static two-level hierarchical
addressing model.
IP Subnet (contd.)
10
5
Natural Masks
Network Host
portion portion
11
Decimal Binary
IP address:10.0.0.20 00001010 00000000 00000000 00010100
Mask: 255.0.0.0 11111111 00000000 00000000 00000000
Network Host
12
6
Natural Masks (contd.)
13
14
7
Example: Subnets
Subnets (contd.)
• What happens?
¾Initially it was a single large Class A
network (224 – 2 hosts).
¾We have now split the network into 256
subnets.
From 10.0.0.0 to 10.255.0.0.
The hosts pet subnet decreases to 65,534.
16
8
Subnets (contd.)
Decimal Binary
IP address: 10.5.0.20 00001010 00000101 00000000 00010100
Mask: 255.255.0.0 11111111 11111111 00000000 00000000
Network Subnet Host
17
Subnet Mask
255.255.192.0
IP Address Network Address
144.16.72.57 144.16.64.0
AND
9
Subnets vrs Multiple Address Classes
• Subnets
¾Management of subnets is done by
local network administrator.
¾Single entry in external router tables.
• Multiple Address Classes
¾Multiple entries in external router tables.
¾Additional overhead on the backbone
(external) routers.
19
Comparison
R R
MULTIPLE
SUBNETS ADDRESS
CLASSES
R R
R R
20
10
Variable Length Subnet Mask
(VLSM)
21
• Basic concept
¾The same network can be configured
with different masks.
¾Can have subnets of different sizes.
¾Allows better utilization of available
addresses.
22
11
Example: VLSM
D1 D2 D3
(110) (45) (50)
23
24
12
The Subnet Options
• Basic concept:
¾Use the mask 255.255.255.128 to divide
the network address into two subnets
with 128 hosts each.
192.203.17.0 (.0 to .127)
192.203.17.0 (.128 to .255)
26
13
The VLSM Option (contd.)
27
192.203.17.0
Mask:
255.255.255.128
Mask:
255.255.255.192
192.213.17.128 (.128 to .191)
28
14
Interface 1 :: 128 hosts
Network number: 192.203.17.0
Network mask: 255.255.255.128
Address: 192.203.17.0 -- .127
Interface 2 :: 64 hosts
Network number: 192.203.17.128
Network mask: 255.255.255.192
Address: 192.203.17.128 -- .191
Interface 3 :: 64 hosts
Network number: 192.203.17.192
Network mask: 255.255.255.192
Address: 192.203.17.192 -- .255
29
128 Hosts
E2
64 Hosts E3 E4
ROUTER 64 Hosts
30
15
VLSM :: Current Status
31
32
16
Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
33
34
17
Growth of Internet Routing Tables
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000 Routing Table
Size
20000
10000
0
'88 '94 '96 '98 '00
Year
35
CIDR: Introduction
36
18
CIDR: Basic Idea
• An IP address is represented by a
prefix, which is the IP address of the
network.
• It is followed by a slash, followed by
a number M.
¾M: number of leftmost contiguous bits
to be used for the network mask.
¾Example: 144.16.192.57 / 18
37
38
19
Example: CIDR
Example
20
• Supernet:
¾Address : 192.60.128.0
¾Netmask: 255.255.252.0 (last 10 bits 0)
• Also written as:
¾192.60.128.0/22
¾22 denotes size of network portion. Also
called prefix.
¾Routing done by prefix
41
Advantages
21
• Routing table at all higher level routers:
¾ 192.60.128.0/22 - send to host X (next hop on
way to Company A’s router RA)
• Routing table at RA:
¾ 192.60.128.0/24 – send to router of first net
¾ 192.60.129.0/24 – send to router of second net
¾ 192.60.130.0/24 – send to router of third net
¾ 192.60.131.0/24 – send to router of fourth net
RA
43
44
22
Recent Trend
45
23