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Agenda
What is Vibration?
Quantifying Vibration
The Single Degree of Freedom Model
Structural Resonances and Forced Vibration
Vibration Transducers
Brief Intro to Vibration Analysis
Wrap Up
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Page 1
Vibration In Everyday Life
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To make conditional
maintenance on machines
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Page 2
Mechanical Parameters and Components
Displacement Velocity Acceleration
d
v a
k
c m
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f(t) x(t)
k c
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Page 3
Simplest Form of Vibrating System
Displacement
Displacement
d = D sinnt
D
Time
T Frequency
1
T
m
Period, Tn in [sec]
k 1
Frequency, fn= T in [Hz = 1/sec]
n
1 k
fn = 2 m
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Time d=D
Velocity, v v = dd = D cos t
dt
v = D = D2f
Time
Acceleration, a 2
a= d d = D2 sin t
dt2
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Page 4
Conversion from Acceleration to Displacement
Acceleration, a
a = A sin t
A
a=A
Time
Velocity, v v = a dt = - A cos t
v=
A = A
Time 2f
Displacement, d d= a dt dt = - A
2
sin t
A = A
Time d=
2 42f 2
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1g = 9.80665 ms-2
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Page 5
Effect of Change in Mass
time
m1
k
n 2f n
m m1 m
Increasing mass
reduces frequency
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time
Increasing damping
reduces the amplitude m
k c1 + c2
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Page 6
Forced Vibration
e
m
Displacement Ti
m
dm
Frequency
k c
dF Magnitude C
K
F dm = df M
Frequency
Phase
+90°
0°
-90° Frequency
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Responses Combine
Magnitude
1+2
d1+ d2
2 1
Frequency
m
d1
Phase
Frequency
dF 0°
F 1 2
-90°
1+2
-180°
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Page 7
Forces and Vibration
System
Input
Forces + Response = Vibration
(Mobility)
+ =
Frequency Frequency Frequency
Forces caused by Structural Vibration
Imbalance Parameters: Parameters:
Shock Mass Acceleration
Friction Stiffness Velocity
Acoustic Damping Displacement
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891875
Vibration
level
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 12th Order
Frequency, Hz
(Frequency, Hz)
Misalignment
Vibrations
NOISE, at of
50 the
i.e., shaft
60 Hzcauses
or vibrations (incl. vibration
caused
harmonics) at
Vibration
Vibration
Vibration
Harmonics
Extra high
at
(suborders
amplified
the
level 6atthof
of rotational
speed
ofby structural
42-48%
harmonic/order
main
frequency
shaft st
ofresonances
RPM)
(1
caused
due
order)
caused
by
toinof
causedby bylower
Vibration
other harmonics
electromagnetic
machines
caused by or=worn
orders
forces
ambience
gear
or electric
bythe
oil main
film
imperfect
the
whirl
shaft,
machine
misalignment
orfan
caused
whip with
structure
in 6
e.g.,noise
windpicked
excitation
(rotational up from
frequency ×by
journal
or acoustic
blades
power
unbalance
bearing
1, 2,cables
excitation
3,…)
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Page 8
Sources of Machine Vibration
Vibration
level
1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 12th Order
Frequency, Hz
(Frequency, Hz)
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Page 9
Piezoelectric Accelerometer
Principles of operation F
F
F F
V mV F V mV F
Q pC F Q pC F
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800290/2
P P
E R M
M M R
P E
B B B
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800284
Page 10
Operational Range of Vibration
Transducers
Relative
Amplitude
108:1
Piezoelectric
106:1 Accelerometer
10 000:1
Velocity
transducer
100:1
Eddy current
Proximity probe
1
0.2 2 20 200 2k 20kHz Frequency
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930656
Choosing an Accelerometer
0.003-0.01
0.0001-0.001
Frequency
~0.1 ~1 5-12k 15-30k Hz
800299
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Page 11
Special Accelerometers
z
Calibration Triaxial High sensitivity
(with built-in amplifier)
x
y
55 g 10 g
High temperature Shock
316 mV/ms-2
-2
Tmax.= 400° C amax.= 1000 km amin.= 20 × 10-6 ms-2
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Output
~ 10%
0.3 f 0
Input
Acc.
ms-2
(pC)
~ 35 dB
f1 f0 Frequency
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800298
Page 12
Accelerometer Mounting — Fixed
Level
Beeswax
dB
30
20
10
0 Max.40 °C
Frequency
200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k 30k 50 kHz
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930616
Freq.
time
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Page 13
Step by step – how to use REq-X
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Without REq-X
+50%
With REq-X
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Page 14
REq-X with Accelerometers
~ 10% ~ 10%
0.3 f0 0.5 f0
f0 f0
1kHz 3kHz 10kHz 1kHz 5kHz 10kHz
Without REq-X With REq-X
The correction for accelerometers is automatically calculated from TEDS
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obe
Pr
Level
dB
30
20
10
0
Frequency
200 500 1k 2k 5k 10k 20k 30k 50kHz
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930617
Page 15
Choosing a Mounting Position
B
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800305
0,1 pC/ms-2
0.65 g M>7g Dynamic Mass
1
< M
10 pC/ms-2 10
54 g M > 600 g
1000 pC/ms-2
470 g M > 5 kg
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800304
Page 16
Frequency Spectrum or Overall Level?
Frequency
Spectrum
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Fan
Frequency Date
Vibration 5
5 1 2 3 4
4
3
2
1
Gearbox Hz Date
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Page 17
Types of Signals
Stationary signals Non-stationary signals
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Deterministic Signals
B C
Amplitude Amplitude
E
CD
B
A
A
Time
Frequency
E Vibration
D
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Page 18
Random Signals
Time
Frequency
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Impact-Impulse-Shock Signals
Time
Frequency
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Page 19
Time Signal Descriptors
Amplitude
Peak- Peak
Peak
RMS
Average
Time
1 T 2 1 T Peak
Average x( t ) dt
T 0
RMS x ( t )dt Crest Factor :
T 0 RMS
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Modal Analysis
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Page 20
Mode Shapes from Quadrature Picking
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Human Vibration
Standards
– Hand Arm: ISO 5349
– Whole Body: ISO 2631
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Page 21
Shaker Applications
Environmental “Survivability”
Stress Screening
Modal Testing
Squeak and Rattle Studies
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Environmental “Survivability”
– Recreate vibration environment that equipment under test
may experience to see if it can survive
Stress Screening
– Expose equipment under test to high vibration to weed out
infant mortality cases
Modal Testing
– Optimize excitation to provide clear picture of structures
modal properties
Squeak and Rattle Studies – simulate environmental
excitation to induce any noise problems
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Order Analysis
From a simple runup or coastdown of a machine we can tell so much!
1st order 11th order
10
[m/s2]
10 [m/s2]
5
5
0
0
Speed [RPM] Speed [RPM]
Structural
10 Resonance
[m/s2]
5
0
Speed [RPM]
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Conclusion
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Page 23
Webinar Course Material
Jason Kunio
Application Engineer
678-250-7684
jason.kunio@bksv.com
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