Selena Yasmin Sapphire Galadriel Seay-Reynolds

Due: Friday, March 4, 2011

Heat of Fusion for Ice

Melting and freezing behavior are among the characteristic properties that give a pure substance its unique
identity. As energy is added, pure solid water (ice) at 0°C changes to liquid water at 0°C. In this experiment,
you will determine the energy (in Joules) required to melt one gram of ice. You will then determine the molar
heat of fusion for ice (in kJ/mol). Warm water will be cooled down by the addition of ice in a styrofoam cup
“calorimeter.” The energy required to melt the ice is removed from the warm water as it cools.
To calculate the heat that flows from the water, you can use the relationship
q = m∙c∙ΔT
where q stands for heat flow, c is specific heat capacity, m is mass in grams, and ΔTis the change in
temperature. For water, c is 4.18 J/(g°C).

MATERIALS
LabPro system styrofoam cup
TI Graphing Calculator ring stand
temperature probe utility clamp
tongs warm water
250-mL beaker ice cubes
100-mL graduated cylinder stirring rod

PROCEDURE
1. Plug the Temperature Probe into Channel 1 of the LabPro or CBL 2 interface. Use the link cable to connect
the TI Graphing Calculator to the interface. Firmly press in the cable ends.
2. Use a utility clamp to suspend the temperature probe on a ring stand as shown in Figure 1.
3. Place a styrofoam cup into a 250-mL beaker as shown in Figure 1.
4. Use a 100-mL graduated cylinder to obtain 100.0 mL of water from the hot water tap. Pour the hot water into
the styrofoam cup; record the volume as V1. Measure the mass of the styrofoam cup and hot water. Record
this as m1.
5. Turn on the calculator and follow these steps to start the DATAMATE program.
TI-73 and TI-83 Calculators: Press PRGM , then press the calculator key for the number that precedes the
DATAMATE program (usually 1 ). Press ENTER . You are now at the main screen of the program. Press
CLEAR to reset the program.
TI-83 Plus Calculators: Press APPS , then press the calculator key for the number that precedes the
DATAMATE program. Press ENTER . You are now at the main screen of the program. Press CLEAR to
reset the program.
TI-86 Calculators:
Press PRGM , press F1 to select <NAMES>, and press a menu key to select <DATAM> (usually F1 ). Press
ENTER . You are now at the main screen of the program. Press CLEAR to reset the program.
TI-89, TI-92, and TI-92 Plus Calculators: Press 2nd [VAR-LINK]. Use or the cursor pad to scroll down to
“datamate”, then press ENTER . Press ) to complete the open parenthesis that follows “datamate” on the
entry line and press ENTER . You are now at the main screen of the program. Press CLEAR to reset the
program.
Figure 1
6. Set up the calculator and interface for the Temperature Probe.
a. Select SETUP from the main screen.
b. If the calculator displays a Temperature Probe in CH 1, proceed directly to Step 7. If it does not, continue
with this step to set up your sensor manually.
c. Press ENTER to select CH 1.
d. Select TEMPERATURE from the SELECT SENSOR menu.
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 Selena Yasmin Sapphire Galadriel Seay-Reynolds
Due: Friday, March 4, 2011
e. Select the Temperature Probe you are using (in °C) from the TEMPERATURE menu.
7. Set up the data-collection mode.
a. To select MODE, press once and press ENTER .
b. Select TIME GRAPH from the SELECT MODE menu.
c. Select CHANGE TIME SETTINGS from the TIME GRAPH SETTINGS menu.
d. Enter “5” as the time between samples in seconds.
e. Enter “60” as the number of samples. The length of the data collection will be 4 minutes.
f. Select OK to return to the setup screen.
g. Select OK again to return to the main screen.
8. Obtain one large ice cube or a couple of smaller ones.
9. Lower the temperature probe into the warm water (to about 1 cm from the bottom).
10. You are now ready to begin collecting data.
a. Select START on the main screen.
b. Wait until the temperature reaches a maximum (it will take a few seconds for the cold probe to reach the
temperature of the warm water). This maximum will determine the initial temperature, T1, of the water. As
soon as this maximum temperature is reached, add the ice cube(s). Shake excess water from the ice cubes before
adding them (or dry with a paper towel). Record the maximum temperature, T1, in your data table.
c. A real-time graph of temperature vs. time will be displayed on the calculator screen during data collection.
d. Temperature readings (in °C) can also be monitored in the upper-right corner of the graph.
e. Data collection will stop after 5 minutes, and a graph of temperature vs. time will be displayed
11. Use a stirring rod to stir the mixture as the temperature decreases.
12. Continue stirring until the temperature reaches a minimum (and begins to rise). This minimum temperature
is the final temperature, T2, of the water. Record T2 in your data table.
13. When data collection stops, measure the mass of the styrofoam cup and the cool water. Record this as m2.
14. Use the or keys (or the cursor pad on the TI-92) to examine the data points along the displayed curve of
temperature vs. time. As you move the cursor right or left, the time (X) and temperature (Y) values of each data
point are displayed below the graph. Verify the initial (maximum) temperature, T1, and final (or minimum)
temperature, T2. Record the temperature values in your data table (round to the nearest 0.1°C).

QUESTION
1. If the ice was not completely dry when massed and placed in the water, what effect would this have on your
results? Would the % error be positive or negative? Explain.
If the ice was not completely dry when massed and placed in the water, then the calculated mass of the mass
of ice melted would be incorrect. This would most directly throw off further calculations, and affect the
percent error. In our experiment, this does not apply, as our percent error was positive, but the data can still
be used for the example. Our calculated mass of ice melted was 8.33 grams. If the ice was not dried, we
would have actually added liquid and solid water, as opposed to just the solid water. This 8.33 grams would
have included both liquid and solid water. The ice may have actually been 8 grams. Because the calculated
mass of ice would be larger in our calculations than it actually was, the value of q for warming up the melted
ice, which we found to be 903 J/g∙°C, would have actually been lower. We used this number in our
calculations to find q for the melting process. If it had been lower, we would have found q for the melting
process to be greater. Our calculations used two of these numbers in finding the heat of fusion. We found
this by dividing q for the melting process by the mass of ice melted. Because, as I said, q for the melting
process should have been larger, and the mass of ice melted should have been lower, our value for the
experimental heat of fusion should have been greater. Finally, our calculations for the molar heat of fusion
would have been affected. The calculated moles of ice would have been lower, and the number of kilojules
larger. Because the latter was divided by the former, the final number would have been bigger, and closer to
the accepted value. But due to the ice not being completely dry, and the water that would have been

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 Selena Yasmin Sapphire Galadriel Seay-Reynolds
Due: Friday, March 4, 2011
accidentally massed, the experimental value for the molar heat of fusion would have been lower, and the
percent error negative.
DATA AND CALCULATIONS
Initial (warm) water temperature 35.4 °C
Initial water volume 99.8 mL
Initial cup and warm water mass 101.01 g
Final water temperature 25.9 °C
Final cup and cool water mass 109.34 g

Change in (warm) water temperature, ∆T

Tf – Ti = ∆T
25.9 °C – 35.4 °C = -9.5 °°C
Mass of warm water
99.8 mL x 1 g = 99.8 g
1 mL
q for the cooling of the warm water
m∙c∙∆T = q
c of H2O (l) = 4.184 J/g∙°C
(99.8 g)(4.184 J/g∙°C)(-9.5°C) = -4.0 x 103 J
Mass of ice melted
mf – mi = mass of ice
109.3 g – 101.01 g = 8.33 g
Change in temperature of water from melted ice, ∆T
Tf – Ti = ∆T
25.9 °C – 0.00 °C = 25.9 °C
q for warming up the melt
m∙c∙∆T = q
c of H2O (l) = 4.184 J/g∙°C
(8.33 g)(4.184 J/g∙°C)(25.9°C) = 903 J
q for the melting process
qlost = -qgained
-4.0 x 103 J = -[903 J + q(for the melting process)]
q(for the melting process) = 3.1 x 103 J
J/g for the melting of ice (heat of fusion)
3.1 x 103 J = 3.73 J/g  3.7 x 102 J/g
8.33 g
kJ/mol for the melting of ice (molar heat of fusion)
molar mass of water = 18.02 g/mol
8.33 g x 1 mol = 0.462 mol
18.02 g
3.1 x 103 J x 1 kJ = 3.1 kJ
1000 J
3.1 kJ = 6.7 kJ/mol
0.462 mol
Percent error
experimental value – accepted value x 100% = percent error
accepted value
Molar heat of fusion:

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 Selena Yasmin Sapphire Galadriel Seay-Reynolds
Due: Friday, March 4, 2011
6.7 kJ/mol – 6.01 kJ/mol x 100% = 11%
6.01 kJ/mol