Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
INFORMATION SCIENCE and APPLICATIONS Melor Md Yunus, Maimun Aqsha Lubis, Chua Pei Lin
Abstract:- The rapid growth and improvement in Information Communication Technology (ICT) has lead to the
diffusion of technology in education. It is believed that ICT would bring many advantages to the students if it
is use under the right circumstances. Although ICT offer more advantages and flexibility, this type of learning
environment may not be conducive for all learners. This paper describes the use of ICT for learning English,
the challenges faced by the students in using ICT for learning English and their attitude towards the use of ICT
in learning English among the urban school students in Kuala Terengganu, Malaysia. Data was collected via
questionnaire survey of second language students. The results show that students are aware of the benefits of
using ICT in learning language. However, students did not spend much of their time for the purpose of
learning. Students spend only 1- 2 hours per weeks using ICT for learning activities. Most of the students use
ICT for surfing internet to get information and for searching for words meaning and pronunciation. Students
perceived themselves having high positive attitude towards the use of ICT in learning English. However, there
are two main problems faced by the students which are lack of English proficiency and lack of training on ICT.
Keywords: language learning, ICT pedagogy, technology in education, learning method, ICT in Learning
opportunities provided by ICT in language learning additional practice in specific areas of language
are not problems free. We also need to take in learning. These include reading tests and
consideration on the challenges which will affect comprehension questions, grammar exercises,
students’ acceptance of the integration of new pronunciation exercises, vocabulary tests, cloze tests,
technology (Razmah Mahmod 2005)[6]. Woodrow and so forth. Students can search the Web for such
[7] asserts that any successful transformation in web sites for their own learning. This can help them
educational practice requires the development of to enhance their English language learning.
positive user attitude toward the new technology. The Computer Assisted Language Learning
Studies on ICT have also identified a number of (CALL) software programmes which have been
reasons that slowed the adoption process. The designed for the purpose of language teaching
reasons are many and include access to computer despite other tools such as the Internet, e-mail, and
such as email, internet [8], affordability of others also promote student-centred language
computers and connectivity [9], telephone and learning and help students develop their
electricity infrastructure [10], computer literacy [11], communicative skills as well (Gonglewski 2003)
expertise and others [12]. In Selwyn [13] study on [19]. This CALL programmes also provide students
the factors of acceptance and not acceptance of the with a variety of choice in terms of which aspects of
Information Communication and Technology (ICT) the target language such as grammar, vocabulary,
in university also found the factors which affect and pronunciation, they want to practise or what
students not using ICT in the university were lack of skills (listening, speaking, reading, writing) they
technology skills on ICT, technophobia, and wrong want to develop, and topics which they are
perception towards ICT. interested. Students can manage their own learning
A research from a Polytechnic University of at their own speed and based on their own choice.
Valencia presented that the students mark have been This helps learners to take more responsibility for
better since they use the multimedia activities that their own learning, which leads to greater autonomy
have been built using Adobe Flash during the and more learner-centred.
lecture[14].E-learning for example, is a technical A number of studies have been done concerning
solution [15] to perform a comparative evaluation. CALL which affects the development of language
What we can say now is the ICT role in teaching learners’ in four skills (listening, speaking, reading
and learning process is very important and we and writing). Most report significant gains in
should realized its impacts in teaching and learning reading and listening and most CALL programs are
process and also in globalisation (Adriana geared toward these receptive skills because of the
Alexandru 2007) [16]. current state of computer technology. However, the
Hence, the aim of the paper is also to examine speaking abilities using CALL technology has
whether students in Kuala Terengganu also faced gained much attention. There has been some
the similar challenges on using ICT for their success in using CALL, in particular computer-
language learning and students attitude towards the mediated communication, to help speaking skills
use of ICT. closely linked to “communicative competence”
(ability to engage in meaningful conversation in the
target language) and provide controlled interactive
2 Literature Review speaking practice outside the classroom (Warschaur
1998) [20]. Using chat room has been shown to
help students’ to master certain often-used
2.1 Benefits of using ICT expressions to promote the development of
We are all living in the decade of multimedia and automatic structure that help develop speaking skills.
the millennium of the internet and the World Wide This is true even if the chat is purely textual. The
Web (WWW). According to Chuah Yoon Fah [17] use of videoconferencing gives not only immediacy
the impact which has been brought by this media, is when communicating with a real person but also
very visible and stiffening. This new technologies visual cues, such as facial expressions, making such
instrument has changed and innovated the way we communication more authentic.
learn. ICT provides a variety of learning In the Impact Report 2006 on the schools in
opportunities for students to learn language (Melor Europe, which draw the evidence on ICT from 17
MD Yunus 2007) [18]. The Internet and the World impact studies across Europe (Balanskat 2006) [21].
Wide Web was able to provide supplemental These studies show overwhelming majority of
language activities which can help students with studies reviewed in the report confirm wider
positive benefits of ICT for learning and learners in
such areas as motivation and skills, concentration, self-directed. The barriers identified to participants
cognitive processing, independent learning, critical in Web-based courses include the inability to have
thinking, and teamwork, all important skills for the face-to-face interactions with the instructor and
language learner. classmates, the inability to have questions answered
immediately. Other barriers include the
2.2 Challenges faced in the use of ICT incompatibility with student learning styles and
There are many challenges which affect the Web-based courses, lack of understanding of Web-
integration of technology into language learning. based courses, the perceived lack of structure of
This is because of the difference in age, learning Web-based courses, the quality of Web-based
styles, perception, attitudes and others which the courses, lack of personal motivation, and concerns
person holds. Several researches on barrier of ICT with technology. Here clearly show, there are many
in education have been conducted by previous different factors which challenged students in their
researcher to identify the genuine factors on ICT process of learning by using ICT. As a result,
usage. A range of factors was identified, including factors related to the use of ICT need to be
confidence with ICT [22], self-efficacy, and prior identified so solutions can be undertaken to improve
educational background [23]. Muilenberg [24] students’ usage of ICT in helping them to be a better
investigated on analytic studies of barriers to online learner.
learning. He identified eight underlying constructs
that limit students’ experience of online education. 2.3 Attitude towards the use of ICT
These barriers are administrative and instructor According to Anderson [28] an attitude is a
issues, limitations of social interactions, limited moderately intense emotion that prepares an
academic skills, limited technical skills, learner individual to respond consistently in a favourable
motivation, time and support for studies, high cost and unfavourable manner when confronted with a
and limited access to the Internet, and technical particular object. Baron and Byrne [29] asserted
problems. that attitudes shape individuals perceptions of the
On the other hand, Show Hui Huang [25] in world and their social behaviour. Attitudes,
Taiwan performed a study on factors that influenced behaviour and feelings have been found by some
students’ learning attitudes towards Computer researchers to be linked, such that people’s attitudes
Courses. In her study, she investigated the determine their behaviour towards object and people
influencing factors from the internal and external they meet and influence even the relationships that
perspectives. Two groups of factors which are exist among this with them. From these features we
internal learning motivation and external learning may describe attitude as a complex, mostly learned
environment were defined as the influencing factors. and enduring but changeable system of cognition
Findings revealed that interest, motivation, school and affection which influence an individual’s
environment, employment and trend variables had a favourable and unfavourable action or reaction to an
significant and direct effect on students’ learning object. Attitude is likely a personal factor which
attitudes while home environment did not directly could influence the person’s on the use of ICT. This
influence the students learning attitudes but is because the users’ attitude may directly influence
indirectly affect students’ attitudes through their attention to use the computer or ICT (Speier
computer use. 2008) [30]. A positive relationship exists between
Another, study by Robert Whelan [26] who experience levels and favourable attitudes towards
investigated on the use of ICT in education and computer or using ICT tools.
lowering barrier in South Pacific. He reported Recently, there were a few studies conducted
training and capacity building, curriculum relates to attitudes on ICT. Saunders & Pincas [31]
development, infrastructure (including electricity, study on students’ attitudes towards Information
transport and basic services), financing, renewed Technologies in Teaching and Learning in the UK.
policy initiatives and top-down government support Findings from this study indicated that students
are perceived as the most important factors in highly used email and internet to support their
educational ICT development. studies. As it can be seen from the data obtained
Recently, Sandra [27] conducted a study on that a high proportion of the students surveyed are
Community college students’ barrier to participate using email as a basic form of networked learning.
in web-based course. Findings show students who Students also believe that ICT has a significant role
take face-to-face courses view the learning as a in supporting and enhancing their university
shared partnership between the instructors and learning experience and felt that ICT could
themselves, unlike Web-based courses that are more sometimes be used as an alternative to face-to-face
activities. However, there are some students who Terengganu were involved. This study was
are against the notion of holding face-to–face conducted using survey method. To elicited data for
classes as they think it would lead to their loss of the study, the students had responded to three parts
routine, and motivation to serve to highlight the of questionnaire: 1) hours students spend on the
present perceived importance of face-to-face classes English learning activities 2) the extend ICT helped
to campus based students. students in learning English 3) benefits of using ICT
Glenda, Sonia, Philmore & Dwayne [32] in helping students to learn English 4) factors
investigated on management students’ attitudes affecting the use of ICT in learning English and 5)
toward Information and Communication their attitude towards the use of ICT in learning
Technology (ICT). This study used a self- English. Part 1 items were measured by the time
administered questionnaire which was adapted and frame, on the other hand part 2, 3, 4 and 5 were
modified the Dorup’s questionnaire [33] in measured by a four-point Likert-scale range from 1-
Denmark. 166 undergraduate management students Strongly Disagree, 2-Disagree, 3-Agree and 4-
were targeted in the study. Results showed the Strongly Agree. A descriptive statistic of
majority of the students had access and regularly use percentage and mean score were used in the data
the Internet. It was found that female students had analysis. An open-ended questions were also used to
access to a computer off campus than males. Over elicited more information about students attitudes in
90% used the course-based WebCT, whereas only towards the use of ICT for learning English.
30% used the Campus Pipeline. The study also
showed that students were generally favourable
towards ICT. 4 Findings
Wongwanich Rumpagaporn [34] studied the
students’ critical thinking skills, attitudes to ICT and 4.1 Use of ICT in learning English
perceptions of ICT classroom learning environment Table 1 presents the distribution and frequency for
under the ICT schools pilot project in Thailand. The the use of ICT in learning English. Generally, the
finding indicates many students improve their levels findings showed that ICT was not widely used by
of critical thinking and develop positive attitude to the students in the purpose of learning English, as
ICT. There are differences between students’ averagely students only spent 1-2 hours weekly on
perceptions of their actual and preferred classroom learning activities. There were a large number of
learning environment with ICT because of students’ students reported that they did not use the activities
individual characteristics (gender, academic most of the time such as writing blogs in English
background, computer usage). Besides, outcome (75.8%), reading English newspaper online (72.7%),
also show that there are associations between search for English of English essay (63.6%), search
students’ individual characteristic, students’ for English past year examination questions (59.1%)
perceptions of ICT classroom learning environments, and practising grammar exercises as well as
and students’ outcome in relation to teachers’ practising vocabulary exercises (54.5%). In greater
critical thinking skills and teachers’ attitudes toward detail, 21.3% of the sampled students reported
ICT. minimal use (ranging from less than an hour and 1-
From this few of studies, we can conclude that 2hours) of ICT in writing blogs in English. Only
attitude changed occurs depending on the particular 1.5% reported used 6-10 hours and 11-15 hours.
function that the attitude serves. According to This is probably because students did not have
Wagner [35], under conditions of compliance, a the habits to write blogs or they write their blogs in
favourable reaction by the influencing agent is their mother tongue.
crucial to maintenance of the attitude. If favourable However, students reported some usage on
reaction was altered or displaced by another agent, “surfing internet to get information”, and “searching
presumably the attitude would change. In this study, for words meaning and pronunciation”. As can be
researcher would also like to identify the attitude of seen both the items has the highest mean score
the students towards the use of ICT. which is 2.85 and 2.00 respectively. This shows
that students found it is convenience and easy using
the ICT search for information and words or
3 Methodology meaning rather than searching in a dictionary. On
This study employ a survey design in order to the other hand, reading English newspaper online
measure the extend students use ICT for learning has the lowest mean score which is 1.36. This
English. For the purpose of the study, 66 form 4 might be due to the fact that newspapers are easily
students from a secondary school in Kuala
Table 1: Distribution and Frequency for the use of ICT in learning ESL
hours
( %)
(%)
Item
Table 2: Mean and standard deviations for the use of ICT in learning English
Item Mean Std.
Deviation
Surfing internet to get information 2.85 1.32
4.2 The extend ICT helped students in the data indicated that students perceived the use of
learning English ICT are able to enhance their language learning in
In reporting the result of the analysis in this part, the vocabulary, grammar, writing, speaking and allow
“agree” and “strongly agree” responses were them take greater control in their learning. Hence
combined as “agree”, whereas the “disagree” and we can conclude that students knew ICT could help
“strongly disagree” responses were combined as them improve their English language in a variety of
“disagree”. ways.
Results tabulated in table 3 shows, the majority Table 4 below illustrated the mean and standard
(89.4%) of the students surveyed agreed with the deviation for the extend ICT helped students in
items “the use of ICT has helped enrich their learning English. Among the 5 items, “the use of
English vocabulary” and “the use of ICT has helped ICT has helped me better in using English to
them better in using English to communicate in their communicate in my daily communication” has the
daily conversation”. However, there were 10.6% highest mean score which is 3.11. This is followed
who disagreed. 84.8% of the students agreed with by, “the use of ICT has helped enrich my English
the statement “the use of ICT has helped improve vocabulary” and “the use of ICT allows me to take
their English grammar whereas 15.1% responded greater control on my language learning” which
the opposite. This is perhaps due to the fact that yield the same means score that is 3.02. The lowest
students view learning grammar as difficult. mean score is by item “the use of ICT has helped
In great detail, 81.8% of the sampled students improve my writing skills” with mean score of 2.83.
agreed with the statement “the use of ICT allows me This is not surprisingly, as earlier a large number of
to take greater control on my language learning” and students reported that they did not practicing writing
more than half (74.3%) agreed with “the use of ICT blogs in English.
has helped improve my writing skills”. In general,
Table 3: Distribution and frequency on the extend ICT help students in learning ESL
Strongly Strongly
Disagree Agree
Item Disagree Agree
(%) (%)
(%) (%)
The use of ICT has helped enrich my
7 51 8
English vocabulary
(10.6) (77.3) (12.1)
Table 5: Distribution and frequency on the benefits on using ICT in learning ESL
Strongly Strongly
Disagree Agree
Item Disagree Agree
(%) (%)
(%) (%)
Help to improve both my English and ICT 5 51 10
skills (7.6) (77.3) (15.2)
attitudes would shaped a person’s behaviour important for communication. The students
towards a certain object. revealed that “I can communicate with people of
The second frequent reason for liking English other countries”, “it helps us to communicate with
subject (18.2%) was English is an international all the people in the world and get a better job in the
language. Responses given included “English is an
Table 8: Attitude towards the use of ICT in learning English
Strongly
Strongly Disagree Agree
Item Agree
Disagree (%) (%) (%)
(%)
The use of ICT has
7 39 20
improved my English
(10.6) (59.1) (30.3)
language skills
Using ICT in learning 2 8 40 16
English is fun (3.0) (12.1) (60.6) (24.2)
Using ICT in learning 11 39 16
English is interesting (16.7) (59.1) (24.2)
I like to use ICT in learning 1 13 35 17
English (1.5) (19.7) (53.0) (25.8)
It is beneficial using ICT to 5 40 21
learn English (7.6) (60.6) (31.8)
It is convenience to use ICT 6 29 31
to get information (9.1) (43.9) (47.0)
I do not like to use ICT in 2 5 40 19
learning English (3.0) (7.6) (60.6) (28.8)
It is difficult to use ICT in 1 7 48 10
learning English (1.5) (10.6) (72.7) (15.2)
Using ICT in learning 6 8 33 19
English is bored (9.1) (12.1) (50.0) (28.8)
It is a waste of time using
1 3 39 23
ICT to search for
(1.5) (4.5) (59.1) (34.8)
information
International language and gives me many future”. These show students know the need of
conveniences if I go abroad and surfing net”, communication in English.
“English is an international language and it is very There were 10.6% students stated that they liked
important for us to get successful job if I know English subject because English can help them in
English”. From the responses given, “it is an their future. On the other hand, 9.09% students
international language” revealed that students were reported that they viewed English as an important
aware of the status of the importance of the English subject. This shows students have positive
language. perception on English subject.
13.6% students stated that they liked English However, there were 24.3% students who
subject because they viewed that English is reported they dislike English subject (refer table 4).
Students pointed out “English is difficult”, “English was in confident and unmotivated in learning
is difficult and boring” and “English is hard to English.
understand”. This is probably due to the fact they
Table 9: Students’ response on liking of English subject
Response Frequency Percentage (%)
Learning English is interesting 16 24.2
English is important subject 6 9.1
English is important for communication 9 13.6
English is an international language 12 18.2
English help me in the future 7 10.6
Total 50 75.7
4.7 Preferences on method in learning easily”, “it has more details in the books”,
English “convenient to bring the books”. There was one
When students were asked about the method they student who reported that “I like traditional method,
preferred in learning English. Findings from the because it is more practical and convenient with
study denotes, the majority (78.8%) students books, I can carry them anywhere to read without
preferred to use the ICT for learning English. This accessing the internet”. Here it reveals that some
category consists of the following reasons: “It gives students still prefer the traditional method, probably
more information and broaden my knowledge”, they are lacking of the technology skills in using
“ICT is very fun and easy”, “It would be a better ICT in learning as supported in the findings on the
solution for mastering the English language, the ICT challenges faced by the students.
is replacing the traditional methods with its vast and
easy access of information”, “Through ICT, we can
learn all sorts of things and it is very convenient, 5 Discussion
besides ICT is colourful and also interesting and it From the survey, we can conclude that ICT was not
can let use memories the information well”, “ICT is widely used when learning of English as a Second
fun, and internet has an easier way to learn English Language is concerned. A high percentage of the
in a funny and interesting style”. From the above students stated that they do not use the activities
responses, we can conclude that students like such as writing blogs in English, read English
learning English using ICT because of the newspaper online, practising grammar exercises,
attractiveness which caught students’ attention and practising vocabulary exercises, search for sample
its’ convenience to get information. English essay and search for English past year
However, despite majority of the students who examination questions. This showed majority of the
liked using ICT, there were 21.2% students who still students do not utilize the ICT tools for the purposes
preferred the traditional method where they used of learning. The finding is consistent with the
references or exercises book in learning English. It previous study by Bradley and Douglas [36] and Ott
was found that, some students preferred traditional & Tavella [37]. In their study involved 30,000 15
method as they claimed they can “understand more year old Canadian students, found that only less
than third used computer to help them learn school experience online education such as administrative
material. and instructor issues, limitations of social
The students were also asked on the extend ICT interactions, limited academic skills, limited
helped them in learning English. Generally, most of technical skills, learner motivation, time and support
the students agreed that ICT has given helped to for studies, high cost and limited access to the
them such as in enriching their vocabulary, better in Internet, and technical problems.
using English to communicate in their daily Regarding the issues of students’ attitude
conversation, improved their grammar, take greater towards the use of ICT, results revealed that
control in their learning language and improve their students has highly positive attitudes towards the
writing skills. However, there were still a small use of ICT in learning English supporting previous
sum of the students who disagreed especially in the findings by Glenda et. al [32] and Saunders &
statement “ICT helped improve their writing skills” Pincas [31] where in their studies found students
as 25.8% stated they disagreed with ICT help them also have positive attitudes towards the use of ICT.
improve their writing skills, this is supported by the Speier; Morris & Briggs [30] also state that an
earlier findings where a large number of 75.7% attitude is likely a personal factor which could
students do not practising writing their blogs in influence the person’s use of ICT. This is because
English. the users’ attitude may directly influence their
Regarding the benefits of using ICT in helping attention to use the computer or ICT.
students learn English, results revealed that the In the open ended questions, students were asked
majority of the students were aware of the various whether they like English subject. Findings
benefits which ICT can provide in their language indicated their liking of English subject is high as
learning. The findings is in line with the previous they claimed that English is interesting, important
Impact Report [10] where the findings revealed that for communication, English is an international
ICT have wider positive benefits for learning and language and English will be able to help them in
learners such as motivation, concentration and all their future.
the important skills. This means, ICT is useful for Besides, when asked the method which they
the students’ to improve their English. preferred in learning English, results illustrated that
However, among the 8 benefits listed on the majority of the students preferred using ICT in
table above demonstrated there is one item which learning English as compared to the traditional
most students disagree. That is “ICT can increase method, because ICT can easily catch students’
their motivation” as can be seen 31.8% of the attention and convenience in getting information.
students stated that they disagree with the item. This implies a strong relationship between the
This is possible because most of the language used perceived students’ attitude and the use of ICT.
in the website were in English, as a result, those According to Wagner et. al [35] students attitude
students whose English proficiency were weak or were determined by the conditions of compliance, a
not in a favour for the English subject might favourable reaction will influence the maintenance
discouraged them to use the ICT tools so they feel of the attitudes.
not motivated and could also be possible students
are lack of ICT skills.
Hence, we can conclude that students were aware 6 Conclusion
of the variety of benefits which ICT can provide in Feedbacks from the students’ showed majority of
their English language learning. However, they do them do not use ICT in language learning purposes.
not fully utilize the ICT tools especially in helping Hence, actions need to be taken to promote students
them learn better English. to use ICT in their language learning, because ICT
The result of the questionnaires analysis also could provides variety of learning opportunity for
showed that there are two mains challenges which the students. Study conducted by previous study
majority of the students reported were lack of had shown the success in using CALL software in
English proficiency and lack of training of ICT. helping student improve their speaking skills and
The findings are inconsistent with several previous provide controlled interactive speaking outside the
studies on the genuine factors of ICT usage where classroom [20]. Besides, in the experiment carried
the factors identified were confidence with ICT [22], out by Williams [38] also found that students who
self-efficacy, and prior educational background [23]. use ICT achieved better results in communication,
Furthermore, the result also contradicts with the cooperation and in solving problems. Furthermore,
findings of Muilenberg [24] where he identified this study is relevant to research that conducted
eight underlying construct which limit students previously Kirdilog, Aykol and Gulsecen [39]. This
proves the powerful of ICT in the learning study is beneficial especially to the Minister of
environment. Perhaps, the Minister of Education Education, headmaster, and school teachers to be
can organize more ICT campaign or seminar on ICT make aware of the problems faced by the students in
to give awareness to the students on the variety of using ICT for language learning. Hence, actions
exercises and also information in the website. need to be taken in order to help the students
Besides, teachers in school need to play their role to overcome their problems. Before the ICT can be
keeps reminding students to use ICT for searching successful integrated in students’ language learning,
for information or teacher can provide students with teachers must at first changed the students’
URL ask them to search as one of the tasks. perception and their attitudes towards the ICT.
The finding also showed majority of the Teachers could instil students’ confidence level on
students’ has highly positive attitudes towards the ICT through encouragement of using the ICT tools
use of ICT in learning English. However, there and guide the students step by step on the way to
were still a minimum number of students’ holds use ICT meaningfully. Teachers could also inform
negative attitudes towards the use of ICT. the students about the variety of benefits that ICT
Therefore, it is essential for the teachers to sustain could provide to the students, so students will be
and promote students attitudes because ICT could make aware of the resources they can use for
provide various benefits to them in their language learning. Perhaps, the Minister of Education, can
learning. When students have positive attitudes, organize a course on the programmes such as CALL
they will try whatever means to use ICT for their or ICT guideline for the students.
language learning.
There are two main challenges identified faced References:
by the students in using the ICT for learning English [1] Brian, K., Williams, S.C., Sawyer, Sarah, E,
which are lack of English proficiency and training Hutchinson. (2000). Using information
on ICT. These pointed out, ICT is more suitable for technology: a practical introduction to
students with better proficiency level of English and computer and communications. Boston:
equipped with technology skills. However, the McGraw-Hill.
challenges faced by the students can be overcome if [2] Neil Selwyn. (2003). ICT in Non-Formal
training is given to the students on the appropriate Youth and Adult Education: Defining Territory.
ways to search for information using the ICT tool. OECD/NCAL International roundtable,
Philadelphia. Retrieved July 19, 2008 from
7 Implications http://www.literacy.org/ICTconf/OECD_Selwy
The findings from this study, showed most of the n_final.pdf
students knew the various benefits which ICT can [3] Grabe & Grabe. (2005). Integrating technology
provide to them. However, many students still lack for meaningful learning. USA: Houghton
of awareness on the use of ICT resources to help Mifflin.
them especially in learning English. Therefore, it is [4] Krajka, J.G. (2002). "Using the Internet in the
crucial for the teachers in school to encourage and Language Classroom to Foster Learner
guide the students to use ICT (internet) tools and Independence? Ideal and Reality." Retrieved
provide the students with some suggestion of August 15, 2008 from http:
websites available which is useful for enhancing //www.iatefl.org.pl/tdal/n/krajka.htm
students’ language development. Before the [5] Flecknoe, M. (2002). How can ICT help us to
teachers are able to guide the students, the teachers improve education? Innovations in education
must at first acquire the technology skills so he or and teaching international, 39(4), 271-279.
she will be able to guide the students successfully. [6] Razmah Mahmod, Noornina Dahlan, T.
This can be done by the Ministry of education Ramayah, Noorliza Karia, and Muhammad
through organizing computer courses to upgrade the Hasmi Abu Hassan Asaari. (2005). Attitudinal
teacher with the technology skills. Most Belief on Adoption of E-MBA Progarm in
importantly, the students must change their attitudes Malaysia. Turkish Online Journal of Distance
towards the use of ICT in learning before they can Education-TOJDE 6(2), 1302-1488.
successfully learn from the ICT tools. [7] Woodraw, J.E. (1987). Educators’ attitudes
Results also showed majority of the students’ and predispositions towards computers.
perceived positive attitudes towards the use of ICT. Journal of Computers in Mathematics and
However, students claimed they faced certain Science Teaching 6(3), 27-37.
circumstances such as lack of English proficiency
and lack of training on ICT. The findings of the
[25] Show Hui Huang. (2005). Factors that [32] Glenda, S M., Philmore Alleyne & Dwayne
influence students’ learning attitudes Devonish. (2006). Management students'
toward Computer Courses. Retrieved July attitudes toward Information and
18, 2008 from communication technology. International
http://mail.nkmu.edu.tw/~khsu/main/paper/ Conference.
conference/2005%20Hawai%20Conference [33] Dorup, J. (2004). Experience and attitudes
.pdf. towards information technology among
[26] Robert, W. (2008). Use of ICT in education first year medical students in Denmark:
in South Pacific: findings of the Pacific longitudinal questionnaire survey. Journal
eLearning Observatory. Distance of Medical Internet Research 6(1), e10.
Education 29(1), 53-70. [34] Rumpagaporn, M.W. (2007). Student's
[27] Sandra, M.M. (2008). A qualitative study critical thinking skills, attitudes to ICT and
of barriers to participation in web-based perceptions of ICT classroom learning
environments among learners at the environment under the ICT schools pilot
Community College level. United State: project in Thailand. School of Education,
Capella University. Bangkok: University of Adelaide.
[28] Anderson, L.W. (1985). Attitudes and their [35] Wagner, R.V., Richard, J.J., Sherwood &
measurement. In T. Husen, & T. N. John. J. (1969).The study of attitude
Postlethwaite, (Eds) The International change. California: Brooks, Cole
Encyclopaedia of Education, 1, 352-358. Publishing Co.
[29] Baron, R.A. & Bryne, D. (1994). Social [36] Bradley A.C & Williams J.D. (2002).
psychology: understanding human Canadian Students’ Access to and Use of
th Information and Communication Technology.
interaction. (7 ed) Massachusetts: Allyn
and Bacon. Retrieved May 20, 2008 from
[30] Speier, C., Morris, M.G., Briggs, G.M. http://www.cmec.ca/stats/pcera/rsevents02/bcor
bett_oen.pdf
(2008). Attitudes toward Computers: The [37] Ott, M & Tavella, M. (2009) A contribution to
Impact of Performance. Retrieved June 16, the understanding of what makes young
2008 from students genuinely engaged in computer-based
http://hsb.baylor.edu/ramsower/acis/papers/ learning tasks, Procedia Social and
speier.htm behavioural Sciences, (1) 184-188.
[31] Saunders, G. & Pincas, A. (2004). Student [38] Williams, J. (2003). Computers and project-
Attitudes towards Information based learning. Retrieved June 26,2008 from
Technologies in Teaching and Learning in http://www.media-methods.com
the UK. Retrieved July 15, 2008 from [39] Kirdilog, M, Aykol, M & Gulcesen, S. (2009),
http://www.itdl.org/Journal/Aug_04/article Interpersonal communication and gender in the
ICT profession, IEEE Technology and Sociey
01.htm - 62k
Magazine, 28 (1) 48-56.