Structure Analysis I

Chapter 9
 Deflection
Energy Method
 Energy Method
External Work
When a force F undergoes a displacement dx
i the
in h same didirection
i as the
h fforce, the
h workk
done is dU e = F dx

If the total displacement is x the work become

x
U e = ∫ F dx
0

U e = 12 P∆ The force applied gradually

 Energy Method
External Work
If P is already applied to the bar and that
another
h fforce F` iis now applied
li d
The work done by P when the bar undergoes
the further deflection ∆
∆` is then

Ue' = P∆'
The work of a moment is defined by the
product of the magnitude of the moment M
and the angle dθ then

dU e = M dθ

If the
h totall angle
l off rotation
i isi θ the
h workk
become:
θ
U e = ∫ M dθ
0

U e = 12 Mθ The moment applied gradually

 Energy Method
Strain Energy – Axial Force
σ = Eε
N
σ= NL
A ∆=
∆ AE
ε=
L

P=N
U = 12 P∆
2 N = internal normal force in a truss member caused
N L
Ui = by the real load
2 AE L = length of member
A = cross-sectional
i l area off a member
b
E = modulus of elasticity of a member
 Energy Method
Strain Energy – Bending

M
dθ = dx
EI
U = 12 Mθ

M 2 dx
dU i =
2 EI
L
M 2 dx
Ui = ∫
0
2 EI
 Principle of Virtual Work
∑ P∆ = ∑ u δ
Work of Work of
E t rn l
External Int rn l
Internal
Loads Loads
Virtual Load

1.∆ = ∑ u.
u dL
Real displacement
Method of Virtual Work: Trusses
External Loading
1.∆ = ∑ u.dL

NL
1. ∆ = ∑ n .
AE

1 = external
t l virtual
i t l unit
it load
l d acting
ti on the
th truss
t joint
j i t in
i the
th stated di ti off ∆
t t d direction
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external
virtual unit load
∆ = external joint displacement caused by the real load on the truss
N = internal normal force in a truss member caused by the real load
L = length of member
A = cross-sectional area of a member
E = modulus of elasticity of a member
Method of Virtual Work: Trusses
Temperature
1. ∆ = ∑ n ⋅ α ⋅ ∆T ⋅ L

1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual
unit load
∆ = external joint displacement caused by the temperature change.
α = coefficient of thermal expansion of member
∆T = change in temperature of member
L = length of member
Method of Virtual Work: Trusses
Fabrication Errors and Camber
1. ∆ = ∑ n ⋅ ∆L

1 = external virtual unit load acting on the truss joint in the stated direction of
n = internal virtual normal force in a truss member caused by the external virtual
unit load
∆ = external joint displacement caused by fabrication errors
∆ L = difference in length of the member from its intended size as caused by a
fabrication error.
 Example 1
The cross sectional area of each member of the truss show,
show is A = 400mm2
& E = 200GPa.
a) Determine the vertical displacement of joint C if a 4-kN force is applied
to the
h truss at C
 NL
Solution
1. ∆ = ∑ n .
AE
A virtual force of 1 kN is applied
pp at C in the vertical direction
 Member n (KN)
n (KN) N (KN)
N (KN) LL (m)
(m) nNL
AB 0.667 2 8 10.67
AC ‐0.833 2.5 5 ‐10.41
CB ‐0.833 ‐2.5 5 10.41
Sum   10.67

nNL 10.67 10.67 ( kN )

1. ∆ = ∑ = =
AE AE 400 × 10 −6 ( m 2 ) × 200 × 106 ( kN / m 2 )
∆ = 0.000133 m = 0.133 mm
 Example 2
Text book Example 88-14 14
Determine vertical displacement at C
A = 0.5 in2
E = 29 (10)3 ksi
Example 3
 Method of Virtual Work: Beam
1.∆ = ∑ u.
u dL dθ =
M
dx
EI

L
M
1.∆ = ∫ m dx
0
EI
1 = external
t l virtual
i t l unit
it load
l d acting
ti on the
th beam
b in
i the th stated
t t d direction
di ti off ∆
m = internal virtual moment in a beam caused by the external virtual unit load
∆ = external joint displacement caused by the real load on the truss
M = internall moment in a beam
b caused
dbby the
h reall lloadd
L = length of beam
I = moment of inertia of cross-sectional
E = modulus of elasticity of the beam
 Method of Virtual Work: Beam
Similarly the rotation angle at any point on the beam can be
determine, a unit couple moment is applied at the point and the
corresponding internal moment mθ have to be determine

L
mθ M
1( KN .m ).θ = ∫ dx
0
EI
 Example 4
Determine the displacement
p at p
point B of a steel beam
E = 200 Gpa , I = 500(106) mm4
Solution

10
(−1x) × (−6 x )dx 6 x dx ⎡ 6 x ⎤
L 10 2 10 3 4
M
1.∆ = ∫ m dx = ∫ =∫ =⎢ ⎥
0
EI 0
EI 0
EI ⎣ 4 EI ⎦0
15(103 ) 15(103 )
∆= = −12
= 0.15m
EI 200(10 ) × 500(10 )(10 )
6 6
 Another Solution

Real Load

Virtual Load

− 2000
∆B = −12
× −7.5
200(10 ) × 500(10 )(10 )
6 6

∆ B = 0.15m
Example 5
 Example 6
p θ and displacement
Determine the Slope p at p
point B of a steel
beam
E = 200 Gpa , I = 60(106) mm4
Solution

Virtual Load
 Real Load

10
(0) × (−3 x)dx (−1) × (−3 x)dx 3 x dx ⎡ 3 x ⎤
L 5 10 10 2
M
1.θ = ∫ mθ dx = ∫ +∫ =∫ =⎢ ⎥
0
EI 0
EI 5
EI 5
EI ⎣ 2 EI ⎦5
3(10 2 ) − 3(52 )
θB = −6
= 0.0094 rad
d
2 × 200(10 ) × 60(10 )
6
Another Solution

R lL
Real Load
d

Virtual Load

− 112 112
θB = × −1 =
EI EI
= 200 (109112
)×60×10 −6
= 0.0094 rad
Example 7
Example 8
Example 9
 Example 9b
Determine the horizontal deflection at A
Solution

Real Load

Virtual Load
 − 100 − 500 − 1250
∆A = ×0+ × 2 .5 =
EI EI EI
= 200 (10−9 1250
)×200×10 −6
= −0.031 m
 Virtual Strain Energy
gy
Caused by: Axial Load

nNL
Un =
AE

n = internal virtual axial load caused by the external virtual unit load
N = internal normal force in the member caused by the real load
L = length of member
A = cross-sectional area of the member
E = modulus of elasticity of the material
 Virtual Strain Energy
gy
Caused by: Shear
d = γ ddx
dy
γ = τ /G
dy = (τ / G ) dx
τ = K (V / A )
⎛V ⎞
dy = K ⎜ ⎟ dx
⎝ GA ⎠ L
⎛ νV ⎞
US = ∫K ⎜ ⎟ dx
dU S = ν dy = ν K (V / A ) dx 0 ⎝ GA ⎠
 Virtual Strain Energy
gy
Caused by: Shear

⎛ νV ⎞
L
US = ∫K ⎜ ⎟ dx
0 ⎝ GA ⎠

ν= internal virtual shear in the member caused by the external virtual unit load
V = internal shear in the member caused by the real load
G= shear modulus of elasticity for the material
A = cross-sectional area of the member
K = form factor for the cross-sectional area
K=1.2 for rectangular cross sections
K=10/9 for circular cross sections
K=1.0 for wide-flange g and I-beams where A is the area of the web.
 Virtual Strain Energy
gy
Caused by: Torsion
γ = cdd θ / dx
d
γ = τ /G
Tc
τ=
J
γ τ T
dθ = d dx = ddx = ddx
c Gc GJ
tT
T tTL
dU t = td θ = dx Ut =
GJ GJ
 Virtual Strain Energy
gy
Caused by: Torsion
tTL
Ut =
GJ

t= internal
i l virtual
i l torque causedd by
b the
h externall virtual
i l unit
i lload
d
T= internal shear in the member caused by the real load
G= shear modulus of elasticity for the material
J = polar moment of inertia of the cross-sectional
L = member length
Virtual Strain Energy
gy
Caused by: Temperature

α ∆T m
dθ = d
dx
c
m α ∆T m
L
U temp =∫ dx
0
c
 Virtual Strain Energy
gy
Caused by: Temperature
m ⋅ α ⋅ ∆T m
L
U tempp =∫ dx
0
c

m= internal virtual moment in the beam caused by the external

virtual unit load or unit moment
α = coefficient of thermal expansion
∆Tm = change in temperature between the mean temperature
and the temperature at the top or the bottom of the beam
c = mid-depth of the beam
Example 10
Example 11