THE ULTIMATE EU TEST BOOK 2010

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Harper Pub1iShg
i’ithSrhH Fy )ohui Introduction
Palace Gates Road About the Authors ..,,....,,.....,...,.,..,..................,..,,.................ix
27 United Kingdom.
Lond° N22 78W,
ohherperpmbco PART I: GETTING AN EU JOB
WWW

1, Working “with” or “for” the EU ...,....,...,......,,,.,.,...,..,.,.,..,.,...,...3

Test Book 2. The European Union’s Pecsoimel Selection and Recruitment Process ................,.
13
The Ultimate EU 2005
First edition, November
Second edition, May 2007
2008 PART II: THE PRE-SELECrION PHAS
Third editiOn, March 2009
Fourth edition, April
2010
lAtin editiOn, March 1, Verbal, Numerical and Abstract Reasoning Teats in EPSO Exama.........,...,..,,...,.43
807
2. Succeeding in Verbal Reasoning Tests 49
ISBN 97K0-E5b450 3. Verbal Reasoning Test
— Questions ‘19
Publishing 2010 — Answers 97
© john Harper system,
stored on a retrieval 4. Succeeding in Numerical Reasoning ‘rash 99
No part of this pubuicsdon may be reproduced photocoPymg, recording or
All rights reserved elecofllC, mechanical, permitbflg 5. Numerical Reasoning Test
,
or trsmitted in any
form or by any means,permission of the Publishers or a licence
prior written Questions
either the Agenrp Ltd —
otherwise, without Answars 133
by the Copyright Licensing
resicicted copying issued 6. Succeeding in Abstract Reasoning Tests 145
7. Abstract Reasoning Test
Typeset 9 & 10/lipt PalstinO
—Qtiestions 155
Press Group
Great Britain by Cromwell —Answers 171
Printed and Bound in
8. Succeeding in Situational Judgement Tests 1139
— Sample Situational Judgencent Test 186

PART III: THE ASSESSMENT PHASE

1. About Asacasmant Centres and Exercises I P7
2. EPSO Assessment Exercise: The Group Exercise 2(18
— Sample Group Exercise 212
EPSO Assessment Exercise: The Case Study 221
— Sample Case Study Exercise 24
EPSO Assessment Exercise: The Oral Presentation 21
— Sample Presentation Exercise 255
EPSO Assessment Exercise: The in-Tray Exercise 259
—
Sample In-Tray Exercise 262
>SO Assessment Exercise: The Structured Interview 27’)
Sample Structured Interview 2115
Iflple Assessment Centre Reports 298
—
Further Resources for Part [11 306
 TABLE OF CONTE WI’S

GENERAL EU KNOWLED INTRODUCTION

PART IV: SPECIAL1ST AND
TESTS Purpose of the Book
1. EO1C :E r0pe0
Ecnn0m Policy Test 309
The purpose of The Ultimate EU ‘list Book is to
help candidates prepare and practise
—
European Personnel Selection Office 1
QuesttOflS 317 (EPSO) recruitment competitions, often called for tb
French name, the cencours. by their
,xnswers
Previous editions of this book comprised extens
2. Audit Test ive tests of EU knowledge, with sonic verbal
arid numerical reasoning questions, reflecting the
— QuestionS .
character of the (first-phase) pre-selection tests
.330 of the time. This new edition, responding to the major
— Answers effect from 2010, has been entirely reshaped to reform of the system introduced by EPSO
3. Law Test 337 covers not only the full range of tests of reasoning meet the demands of the new system. It now
ability used at pee-selection (veibal, numer
QuestiOOS and abstract reasoning) hut also the suite of new ical
tests introduced in the second, assessment phase.
Answers The aim is to give you, the candidate, a thorough
understanding of what the tests involve arid
Public Administr5hOfl & HR Test 356
how to tackle them, While the main purpose is to help
— Questions standing of the qualities and behaviours the examin you pass the tests, without doubt an under-
361 ers
—
also stand you in good stead to be “operational from are seeking to identify in candidaten uill
Day One” when starting to work in an EU
Technologies Policy Test institution or body.
5 lnJormat and Con urocatlon 369
Questions 372
Answers The Four Parts
6. EU Genersl Cnowledge Test 378 The new Ultirnufe EU Teat Book is divided itito
—
Questions four parts.
385
— Answers Part I starts with a short overview of the “EU affairs
” jobs arena, including the various types
permanent and temporary contracts available
when of
bodies, It then moves no to a detailed step-by-step working for the EU institutions and other
the new EU recruitment process. Including dozens guide with tianeli ne describing each stage of
of useful tips and hints, it signposts you
the areas covered in greater detail later in to sil
the book.
Part II deals with the pre-selection phase
of the testing system, which is the stage where
majority of candidates tend to fail. Pre-ele
ction involves computer-based resting of the
numerical and abstract reasoning skills and vthal,
non-eliminatory situational judgement tests,
candidates find verbal, numerical and abstrac
t reasoning tests difficult and intimidating Men,’
I aim is to help you gain the technical skills
and confidence to achieve the best you are end the
With this in mind, individual chapters capable of.
are devoted to detailed methodologies for
esch of those test types, followed by compr succeeding in
ehensive test question exercises sods detaile
Candidates who do not reach the required d key.
“‘‘
level in these three tests will not be offered
to proceed further in the competition. it is the
therefore vital to study carefully the method
to learn the principles and shortcuts involv -
ed and then make sure to practise to increas
speed, accuracy and ratio of correct answer e
s.
rt II also covers situational judgement
teats: these are included in the pre-selection
hmanatory basis, but those candidates
who succeed at pre-selection will have their on a non
Lt’uational judgement test taken into results h: rho
account in the subsequent assessmemtt phase,
portent new aspect of the exam so thi& is an
system that you can read about in detail.
III deals with the second stage
of the testing system, called the assessment
ar emphasis on the so-call phase, with par
ed Assessment Centre (AC) which represents
ty-level recruitment compe a new element in IL
titions. Until 2010, EPSO used ACs only for head
‘2c posts, but since the reform, ACs are ot wilt and more
used for all levels, including entry-le’.’ela
nistratnr, Linguist and Specia
list profile of
ant profiles are also “aases s who have passed the pm-selection phase, while
aed” in a structured form. Consequently,
based on a detailed
,‘r WlstV.eu’Csreers en
 INTRODLTCTI ON

full set of
each profile, you will bird a ABOUT THE AUTHORS
CD”st)et encv rrnw ’,ork that has been established for tions that the assessors will most likely
ing ques
you prepare fur the prob Ldscl,nmer’ Lltles l’llterwise VrOoided, all views e.apreased in tiu
sample questions to help expect to
5 book are strictly lIiw qf the
challenge you with . each exercise that you can a:tin,c in their prituce capacity, ana tinder no 5
circumslqnc can theaa be partly or in/u!! inlerkrete,j as ye,.
this part you can find an in-depth description of prese ntati on, with num erou s useful
In study, group exercise nd oral
ri’Sn’ntmp .nr Incising the niatiiutiorrsfer which the authors work. Ad items, ideas art,? i’Ormatm,nn pun Or
unte r, inclu ding the case eove r, the aitus tiona l judg ement tests ward lsioe been independently romp fled by the 5
enco st. Mor ainthor who mspeet third parties’ copyrights snot 5
nel,,te
J
exercises to test yourself again lled ‘structured r:Nts jOb,!! ill 0 0
inlbr’ntat i’ used in this book is based on publicly available resources and
tips and with sample taken as a basis for the so-ca expert rescareL
will have taken in the pre-selaction exams are with tips and samp les, ‘[‘his part of the Nofle H r t
you also find a detailed chapter
ns eusthors, the pub!laher or any oilier contributor has army connecjrm to the
inter view ’, on whic h you can stant (AST ) cand idate s a feel for what 0 crsQiiitt’l 0
Assi Ec!ectio Office (BPS 0) or its affiliates whatsoever Whenever required flu their CiniplonJrrt oil
slse nocl udes a samp le in-tray exercise to give will featu re a com pute r-based acid
book Though the real EPSO exam ay” institud of “in-tray’), it seemed
crnnr’,fii,tero ItOVO sht,innad piper Cutlioruaqf ian/or publ lout ion shy to be acknowledged as authors Deap’ntC
these exercises may invblve. “e-tr the best qt!orts’ to moviele in,n-todate practical and reliabfy injorrruation at the time sFgo:ng to p,ss
of this task (hence the name the requirements of this exercise in a
therefore dynamic version familiarise yourself with
Tchrsa 20! 0), neither flue ,oithors nor the publisher can take any respemmsibuilyfi,r merits or
sensible to offer a chance to th,,t tnio:y ten lNkd to pstenru’!y 0vba
s o ol or incorrect data 000fajned in the book.
datailed manner, based on current bast practice,
le Assessment Centre reports, will be
l-hnafly, Part Ill inciudes samp how assessors will approach their task arid what they
idea of
which will help you get an
5
AnOn BANETTi is en expefr on EU policies, institutions ccimmnunso,,no.n
looking for.
s with and interest representation; his bestselling 5 Ultitat EU Thi flint’ l’as helpee
topics of EU knowledge. It start
—
choice questions on various (AD ) job profi les Economics, t
nousands of candidates prepare for EPSO cuunpetitions Currently a poicy
Part IV consists of multiple rator
the most common Administ and Public Administration/Human officer at the European Commission, Andris has pceviosaly worked at di
dedicated tests for some of
Communication Technologies gh Hungarian Parliament at the European Court of Justice in Luxembourg md
Audit, Law, Information and ing tool that covers most, thou
prov ide you with a testing and revis then as briefing Coordjpstr for Commission President Ban’oso and later ass
Resources. The aim is to iers in your specialist field .
to all member of the cabinet of Cornnmissioner Kovgcs Fluent ci English, t’renetm
certainly not all, of the major dossfollowed by a short general EU knowledge test, relevant
These specialist questions are ion-m akin g. EU insti tutio ns, major policies and Spanish, he holds an MA. in law aamd politic sciences and the degree of
s euch as history, decis Mastc of European Public Administration froumi the College of Cut epa,
candidates, covering key topic
play Bnuges, Belguum. He is th author of several articles amid a frequent guest er
and the Treaty of Lisbon. at prw-selection, it now comes into
e is no longer a requirement case stud y, grou p exer cise and the tinier at academic sen’,ir,ars iii Europe arid beyond,
Even though EU knowledg as the
particulsrly in aspects such works and a confident use of EU j
in thin assessment phase, and
of the essentials of how the EU out icr your interventions a
oral presentation. A firm grasp you stand
ue terminology will help have a real commitment to Benjamin WlLl.Jf5 is en Hl Registered Occupsmi Psycliulogis sn
concepts and especially its uniq iners that you
t and show the exam Osrtered Assodate Fellow of the 5 h
Bdti Psychologicaj Society tl3). den has
tormal presentations at assessmen
for. led the design and ruplemoentatioji of Assessment Centres for over ) public
die profile you have applied
and pdvaie sector dienis across Europe and tine Eddle East. Bn began his
career reading xperimmri Psychology at Oxford University foiov,’ef by
Important Notice ’
T1
ugh and up-to-date to the fe Masters in Orgaiussgonal and Occupational Psychology After lOs studies, tire
authors’ best efforts to be thoro bocf joined SHL, the UK’s largest Occupational Psychology firm, then began we k.
Despite my and the contributing may have become outdated over the course of 2011). The
on there —
fore fine tuning ant irg for l’SL as a Senior Corsultsnt before launching U 5 freelance career in 20w
possible extent, some informati be impl emet ited
is just beginning to Ben is an active member of the 11 flivjsio of Occupational 7
describes a major reform that since going to press. Make sure therefore that you keep up-tq
d tes PSYisOlcib ivittisi ilso
adjustments may be anticipate other EU news sources. This book being a preparation and F and has lectured at the Univemides nt Greenwich and Surrey en a range of
date with the EPSO wmrbsite and rs as piirt of your study prowl asses amm itrelated topics. Ben
ly on EU affai can be ri’adoed si &enwil!iaresCo,i5mJlflhigA,,ia, “a
Jot’ tool, it is also highly
recommended to marl wide
ty to practise and rehearse.
— as well as taking every opportuni ne seeking to pass an EPSO recruitment competition
lies ahea d of anyo for 2slt MOGyogsj has been reading Intenmuslional ReIstions sect Applied
The task that y good candidates contesting
Each competition brings man be anev er-us eful gxnde to he
Statiatics at time Corvinus UnuversiW of Budapest. When spending a semester
undoubtedly very challenging. e EU Test Book will
that The Hit final at the Uraveramty of Passsu as a scholar of the German Academic Eactiarge
finite number of places. I hope Service, he conducted research in Business Administration and Economies
you on the road ahead. also gaining a thorough understanding of applied statistics tom testing psi.
poses Given his expertise in the field, hue started working ssa freelance expe’ t
tons mnulunaflooal recruitment company based hi Hungary. Zsult is so aspect
Ancir/ta l3aneth on cognitive and psychometric killa tests, Possessing srVCrej years iii exie
COre di composnng numorkat verbal and absim’aci reasoning
Ft nicole, Friiruarni 200 qWzea with a
highly creative approach, Apart from his native Humigarian, he is ili,enL in
English and German.
 PART II
THE PRE-SELECTJO PHASE
 PART II covers the tests you will face in the EPSO recruitment
pre 1. Verbal, Numerical and Abstract Reasoning
selection (or in case of Specialists, in the assessment)
phase. Tests in EPSO Exams
We can group these tests into two main types: classic
psychoirietuc
tests (verbal reasoning, numerical reasoning arid abstract
reasoning)
and the situational judgment tests, While the first
group of tests gauges
Introduction
candidates’ skills in art indirect manner, situational
judgment tests P050 has, since its inception, itsed verbal reasoning and numerical reasonin
1
ç tests in
relate closely to real-life work situationa while measuring so-called pre-selection or admission phase of open competitions (while fur sorre
cnrnpetencies
against a pre-established framework that EPSO Specialist profiles these are required in the aSSCssment phase). Although it is often said
has determined for that taking such tests does not require specific knowledge and they are therefore “easy”
each job profile.
—
to pass, they have been dreaded by many candidates and for good reasons.
Although situational judgement tests are described as
“non-elintins From 2010 onwards, a new component, the so-called abstract reasoning test
eeo
tory” at pre-assessnient, end may therefore seem less becomes part of the pre-selection stage of the competitions. While this is a new teS:
important at this h re
stage, how well you do in them will be taken into account that has never been administered to candidates before, it is expected to trigger the ssn:e
and ‘vali kinds of mixed feelings in test-takers as the other two test types.
dated” in hands-on exercises when it comes to the
assessment phase, so When it comes to abstract, verbal and numneiicai reasoning tests (conunnnlv reFcrrr!
they alao need to be taken seriously from the beginning. to as “psychometric tests”), it is important to answer the following questions:
A tundamental difference between the two types What exactly are these tests like?
of tests is that while
it is perfectly possible to prepare intensively for A
the verbal, numerical What do they measure?
.—
and abstract reasoning tests as mastery of techniques end regular • Whet is the concept behind their design?
—
practice can siificantly improve your test scores
you cannot “pre
pare” for the situational judgment tests in quite • k/hat is the rationale or their use?
the same way. You can
however aim to understand their rationale, fan-dliarising • What are the factors dci errnirting success?
yourself with
tins type of test, internalising certain EU organisationa
l values and • I-low are these tests scored?
doing some basic reading on EU officials
code of conduct (reading • Arid fins fly: how to prepare and practice for thorn?
resources provided below). What you should
not do in situational
udgement tests is try to second-guess what answer An Overview of the Three Test Types
is “expected” from
you as thns will only backfire at the Assessment
Centre.
it
Each test type will be described tn detati to th relevant upcoming chapters. but
We start Part 11 with a general overview
of what the psychometric important to first get a sense of what these tests are like in general terms,
tests involve and how to approach them.
This is followed by specific
preparation and exam-taking advice, sample
questions and detailed
Format
answer keys for each type of question in
turn. So let’s get started! All three test types, verbal, numerical and abstract reasoning, are in mulriple-ci:u
ice
format. Based on EPSO’s practice so far, there are always four answer options, and there
is always only one correct answer, though EPSO may decide to offer five
or six options
per question to make candidates’ choices more challenging. It is crrtcia to note thai
the
correct answer option can sometimes be the “incorrect” one. This happens
whert the
question spectt’icauy looks for the only “incorrect” answer (“Which of the followisr,ç answers
is incorrect?” or “Which of the following statements is false?”)’— thus tricking the “corrCct”
it
‘I (Or “right”) one in the context of the test question, It is vital to read the question prop
erly to avoid misunderstanding what needs to be answered.
 4
44 VERBAL, NUMERICAL AND ABSTRACT REAS
ONING TESTS -s VERBAL, NUMERICAL AND ABSTRACT REASONING
TESTS

1
V erba! Reasoning
The drawings in the questions can be geometrical
Verbal reasoning tests are designed to measure angles, lines, and combinations of these, but ones, such as circles, rectangles, tri
a candidate’s ability to comprehend corn they can also be the simplified repre
pex texts on various topics. These may vary
from the description of an EU policy through tions of real-life objects, for example bodies, faces, vehicle senta
current news, culture, history, or even natural s, animals, and so on. Another
-
sciences in other words, the topic can be important aspect is to avoid any gender, nation
almost anything. abilities to solve them; EPSO also made sure
ality or other bias regarding candid
ates
that those with visual challenges axe
The length of the text is usually not more than being discriminated against either. not
above “introduction” section), and it is usually 200 words (e.g. a similar length to the The tests are designed so that there is some kind
questtons: followed by one of the following two of relationship among the items in the
set of Zliu5tratiOns included with the question. This
relationship can take several forms one
a
“Which of tlicfollswing sttenzeizts is correct?’ item can be the odd-one-out, the items in the set can
form meaningtul series, and they car.
“Which of titeJhliawiitg statements is incorrect?” even be the visual representation of mathematical
Test questions can include up to six shapes concepts like addition or subtraction.
the !ou (or more) answer options will , and the test taker is expected to select one
then measure whether you: shape from up to six answer options which will fit
• -
into the logical concept reprcsented by
understood key concepts? the set of shapes in the question.
• have the necessary vocabulary to comprehend
Abstract reasoning tests measure your ability
to:
a wide range of topics? • interpret abstract concepts that do nor carry
V
are bie to deduce arguments from the text? actual reai-l,fe meaning
• draw conclusions in new and unfam
• V cart
accurately irtterpret key indicators (such as chrono iliar scenarios
logy, causality, quantities) in the text? • discover relatiortihips between seeosingly “unrela
For more information arid practice tests, ted” concepts, n:l
turn to the chapters on “Verbal Reasoning”. • use your so—called ‘fluid irtteliigence” and apply
it to any intellect OSi ‘rehlem
Ntirnericai Reasoning
For more information arid practice tests, turn
Numerical reasoning tests are designed to
measure a candidate’s ebinty to interpr to the chapters on ‘Abstract Reasoning’.
and numbers, with a special emphasis
on the relationship between various data et data
performing quick calculations based on sets and on Why these Tests are Used
intuitive insight. This means in practic
focus is not on complex mathematics but e that the
on identifying how one can arrive at the When someone ftrst locks at verbal or numer
question irs the most efficient way. figure in ical reasoning teSt questions, and especia
The data on which the test question is in the case of abstract reasoning, a though lly
t that often comes to mind is “How is this
based is usually a table with several to my potential petfvnnartce as art Administrato related
columns. The rows usually indicate rows and r Zn the European Commission?” It is
various groups (countries, age groups
, regions, question and one which deserves a good a fair
industries, and so on), while the colum
ns often contain various metrics answer.
income, amount transported, percen (COP, average According to one approach, these tests are
tages, are standardized and are simply good predict
genetic Indicators of intelligence. Their results
presented Sri the form of a chart or severa and SO On). Alternatively, the data can also be
bination of the above-mentioned items. l charts (pie chart, bar chart, etc.), or any com where intelligence and independent thinkin
ors of performance irs any work astusti
en
g is required. While this is certainly true,
The test question usually seeks either also easy to identify much more concre
te work scenarios where the “skills” measu ii is
a figure (“200”, “0.3”, “45%”, “1/5”, etc.) these tests can actually be put to good red by
the groups in the data set (“Fran
ce”, “People aged between 15-64” or one of use.
“Agriculture”, etc.) as the answer. , “Europe”, As mentioned above, verbal reasoning tests
measu re a genera l
regardless of the topic. One can easily imagin ability to interpret texts,
By arriving at the answer in a timely manner, e the wide array of topics, formats and
you can demonstrate your ability
to: a European Commission or Committee anUs
of the Regions official will be expected to read
• identify relevant data and make sense of in the course of their about
career. One day you might be reading
new internal procedures to follow, the about sorrsc
• understand the relationship between
various metrics next
report on the effects of the increasing price day you might be expected to aldus through a
of fertilizers on the Latvian farmers’ standa
• determine the level of accuracy needed
to answer the question living. Regardless of the topic, one thing rd cf
is certain: you will need to be able to make
• peiform quick mental calculations, and of the text in a timely manner, draw the sense
right conclusions, avoid con-orion misund
ings and eventually act on your finding erstand
s. Sounds familiar? Hopefully it does
• make/set but relatively accurate estima
tes exactly what you will be expected to do as this is
in the verbal reasoning test as well.
For more information and practic You might also be given a statistical report
e tests, turn to the chapters one day at work. ]t may contain a mind-numb
Reasoning”. on “Numerical ingly large number of tables and charts,
and
or piece of data, it’s just not in there. There although you are looking for one single figure
may be a wealth of other (irrelevant) data,
Abstract Reasoning not the bit you axe looking for though you but
on that report and nothing else. What you wifi are expected to come up with an answer based
Abstract reasoning tests always need to do is sort through all the data, die-
involv regard everything you do not need and
find
where the shapes are three-dirnenst e geometric shapes. Although there are test types Again, this is exactly what you will do when a way to “extract” the useful information
onai, EPSO decided against
therefore candidates will only he using When it comes to abstract reasoning, the above
taking the numerical reasoning tests.
given questions with two-dimensional such tests and
objects. in an institution with as widespread respon analogy will of course not work. Not even
sibilities as ti-se EU will you face a Situation
 TESTS VERBAL, NUMERICAL AND ABSTRACT REASONING TESTS
VERBAL, .VL1MLRI CAL AND ABSTRACT REASONING

rae have the financial means to pursue my long-tune hobby of learning hen-
four circles and one rectangle (as opposed to two to sail. Even if I find these tests challenging or tedious at times, I under
whore you noed to select a shape wtth stand a good chance of going to
to get through the day. You do, however, stand thai they are required for the exam and in an case I can improve
tnglea) in order
a situation or being given a task that will be my skills too,”
your office one Monday morning and facing
completely unfamiliar; it might be about something you have never even heard about.
this are the ones where that above-mentio ned “fluid intelligence”, the ability — “I will set aside this amount of lime for the next X montha to aehi this
Situations like Time--bound
the “unfamiliar” and apply logic, patterns and common sense becomes useful or that goal. I will have a clear timetable for the next two months
to manage
tests measure. where I indieste the days and hours Iplarm to speod cm Draciiring. I ‘Oil
and that is exactly what ahsbuct reasoning
be able to stick to my schedule because I see the end of the tunnel”
The Factors Determining Success Educational Background
and good performance in. EPSO’s pre-selec
Ju5 e is the case with any other teat, success four moat Educational background is another important factor in success, In addition to the obvi-
hon exam is determined by several factors. We will now briefly discuss the
ous fact that the quality of education one received can make a huge difference, there are
important ones varioua academic fielda that provide a more relevant background for performing well at
• Nlotioat ion • Educational background these tests than others. Mathematics or other disciplines that make use of logic and
• Preparaticn and practice deduction may help in solving the test questions better under time pressure.
1-labits anti hobbies Obviously, your educational background is noL something you can change at the time
you decide to participate in an EPSO competition. If you have a more relevant back
Aotwation ground, so much the better — though if you do not, there is certainly rio reason for
that one must prepare for and Set aside
EPSO’s pre-selection exam is certainly an event despair either: there are numerous important factors tam success, all of which you can
to experience a lot of stress both in
significant amounts of time for this purpose: expect irr.prove significantly (see relevant tips below and L-’m each consequent chapter).
short, it takes time and effort, and it is
the process of preparing and in the exam itself. In is exactly why having a clear and
easy to be distracted or discouraged on the way. This Habits and I-lobbies
strong motivation is so important. Before turning to the “controllable” factors mentioned above, we must also mention that
motivating myself is to know why am I
I always found that one essential component of there are certain hobbies and activities that, if you area fan of them, may provide seine tem
from the effort that must be dccii-
expected to carry out a given task and how can I benefit porary advantage. When ii comes to verbal, numerical asset abstract reasoning, people who
is just a means to an end, it is still much
catch to it. Even if performing well at these tests have done crosswcrd puzzles, Sudoku and other mind games might be at some advantago.
sense of why we are expected to dc tt
easier to put in the required effort if we have a clear
of getting an EU job or perform
and understand its objective benefits such as the potential
ing much better in job tasks requiring psychometric skills.
Preparation and Practice
to actual work situations may The factor, however, that is the single most important one is what this book is all about: the
The above section on how these test types can he related —
needed to succeed knowing why quality and quantity (if preparation and practice yue complete in the un—up to the cram.
be thought of as one component of the motivation
else.
you are expected to do this at the exam, and not something There is an acronym that i;j
Motivation is also about setting clear and attainable goals. In the following chapters, we will introduce in detail:
nicely sums up this challenge: being SMART. the three test types
that are
A S tART trategy is one that includes goals the typical problems aol challenges they pose
order to get the job I • the methoils and tricks that can greatly improve year peribrmcnce
Specific “I will practice X hours a day for X days a week in of tests and revise X =
have always wanted. Each week I will do X number • the best ways to approach and interpret tht test questions, and
to fasrihisrise
previous tests. I will also start reading about EU affairs
myself with the institutions.” • the optimc,’ way to prepare and practice for fheac tests
win be abic to liCt X With a clear grasp of the methods that can be used to efficiently take these tests and with
4
e esore mble I will improve tins or that much evety week and ‘.
the right amount of focused practice, powered by the correct motivation, even those can
do a benclunark
per cent at these tests by the time of the exam, I will didates who feel that such tests are not their strong suit can improve significantly and
test against which I can measure my progress.” : pass this stage of the exam.
so I wall not try to
LV ibli I have nevcr been particularly geod with numbers
sure to score 55 • How these Tests are Scored
score 100% at numerical reasoning, but I will make
make it up in the
much as possible above the 50% threshold and to you are preparing for the exam, you might often wonder exactly boss’ well you are
other test types.” expected to perform in order to succeed. To answer this question, let us overview th
on regional policy marking system for these tests. The scorecandidates receive will have to satisfy two ccii
“I ‘vOl do all of the above because my goal is to work difjon
in the European Commission. I would also like to
get bOs job so I will
48 VERBAL, NUMERI CAL jLVI) ABSTRACT REASONING TES1S

—
Pass Mark this is a simple “ob)ective” barrier, for example 511% of the overall
score in the test that must be reached iii each test separately, to be
considered for the shortlist.

—
The Best X this is a “relative” harrier, meaning that in addition to scoring
higher than the pass mark, you must also be among a given
number of best-performing candidates in all tests collectively

Mixed Version —
at the rime cii going
to press of this book, it seems that EPSO will use 2. Succeeding in Verbal Reasoning Tests
the “pass mark” approach to create a large pool of potential candi
dates (which also means that the pass mark is more than likely to.be In the world of standardized testing, the term “verbal reason
ing” is often useil to doug.
higher than 50%) and then “sift ir” a certain number whose qualifi tate various test types relating to the interpretation
and comprehension of texts.
cations match various objective, pm-determined criteria, though the Although EPSO is currently administering only one of
these verbal reasonir.g test t.’pes,
‘best X” may also be factored in the decision some of the models below are being considered for
checking Assistants’ or Linguists
spelling or linguistic skills. It is therefore worth taking
a quick look at each of them:
In Practice Spelling tests are designed to test a person’s ability
to correctly spell words and also to
differentiate between words with similar spellings
yet completely or partially different
• Although you can count on compensating your weakness in one lest type by pefurmieg meanings (for example, “their” and “there” or the
correct spelling of “conscientious”)
stronger in another and thus still reaching a relatively high oeerall score, this option is limited
• Word meaning tests measure a person’s vocabulary
1
by the re
uirement to reach the Pass Mark in each test separately and their ability to select the best
definition for words that have complex meanings
(for example. to correctly identity
• A “good” score it: the context of one group of candidates might be an ir:seffLootl score in the meaning of “preporterous” or “spill-over effect”
)
—
another oep so entropies of ‘successfisl scores” from the past are not really rsiec’ant
• Word relalionship teats are designed to test a
person’s ability to detennir’,e the reD
The figure on the left shows tionship between two concepts based on the analog
what is known as a “bell example, “what apple is to pear, a horse is to a y of another pair of concepts (for
curve”. Although it is just an
illustration and it is not based • Comprehension tests measure a person’s ability
to comprehend complex texts and
determine whether statements about a text are
on statistics, it quite accurately correct, incorrect, or impossible to tell
(this is the “classical” type used by EPSO)
shows the typical distribution
of scores candidates get at such • Verbal deduction tests are the most advanc
-
ed form of verbal reasoning exercises
tests. As we can see, these are they measure the reader’s ability to make correct
and
few candidates with very low information provided (for example, a text describ logical conclusions based on the
ing Dubai’a financial troubles faD
scores and very high scores. lowecl by various questions such as “Who is the
Most of the candidates will get main investor in the country?”, “Why
did constructions stall last year?” etc; this is a
somewhat different approach from the
scores in a very narrow range, “Which of the following statements is false?” questio
n)
for example between 60% and
EPSO’s verbal reasoning tests are closest in design
70%, or 70% and 80%. is, however, easy to see how good perform to the comprehension test type. It
If “successful” candidates candidate’s ability to identify correct spelling,
ance in a comprehension test is based on ti-ic
are selected by the best X the relationship between various concepts.
the meaning of complex expressions and
number of participants in the c In this respect, this type of lest is at the top in
exam, you must certainly score higher than others. Looking at the bell curve, it is easy s hierarchy where success in comprehensi
(,j formance on each of the lower levels.
on depends on skills stemming from good per
to see that only a few percentage points of improvement can mean that you have beaten (l
a larye number of additional candidates! We must 5150 mention another particular feature
of the way EPSO has implemented
Why is this important? The way we must approach this information ss that the goals verbal reasoning tests. It is important to
note that verbal reasoning tests are, by design
you set when you start preparing and practicing for these teats do not have to he unre not language tests. They were not concei ,
ved to measure a candidate’s command of or
alistic or unattainable. Also, you can take comfort in the fact that every small lmpcove vocabulary in a second language (that is, the
candidate’s first foreign language). Yet most
mont will make a huge difference at the exam and will improve your chances Idiely due to various technical arid organi
zational challenges, EPSO has so far only
—
exponentially all thanks to the bell curve. ::,. offered verbal reasoning tests in three EU
official languages: English, French and Germa
Although, according to the EPSO Develo n.
In the following chapters, we will see what the best methods and tricks to achieve SuC P introduction of verbal reasoning tests in
pment Plan, current EPSO plans include the
ress are, sccnmpanted by a large number of quality practice tests. all 23 official languages, this is still only a piat:
After all, the best way of learning things is by doing them. the time of going to press. at
The fact that candidates are expected to take the
verbal reasoning test in a language other
 SUCCEEDING IN VERBAL REASONING TESTS SUCCI’iEDfNG IN VERBAL REASONING TESTS

long as it is an EU oth We will also discuss the best way to deal with each teat question, the suggested Order of
Lhan their first language (generally meaning their mother tongue as
consequences: reading the various components of the test (the text, the question and the answer
cial language) has been challenged previously given a few unintended options) and the recommended methods to practice for the test.
a bias toward candidates with linguistics backgrounds, as second The sample test above is representative of the type of test questions El°5O currently
The tests may have
language proficiency becomes a factor in succeeding at the test uses (though you might be given altogether six instead of four options). It consists of:
may he at • A passage of text of bettoesri 100 and 200 words
Native speakers of the three languages in which the tests are administered
their first lan
some disadvantage as they are also forced to pick a language other than • A standard question asking which of the supplied statements is correct or incorrect
—
though many
guage a native English speaker may not take the test in English. even
English-speaking professionals might not previously have felt the need to learn either • Four (orfrve or six) statements as answer options, one being the correct answer, that is, the orti:j
French or German, and vice versa correct or incorrect statement
strongly Let now consider the factors listed above one by one,
The recjuirer ‘ent to take the verbal reasoning test in a second language
posi
favours candidates with very good knowledge of a second language even for
putting
tions where a more modest language knowledge would be sufficient, thereby Tue Role of Familiar aod Llnfzmiliar Topics
otherwise competent and suitable potential candidates at a disadvantage The topics of the texts in the verbal reasoning test can be varied. They may ho closely EU
Taking the test in a second language puts even more emphasis on methods that can help related (descriptions of policies, EU news) or they may be completely unrelated, dealing
routine. with history, art, nature, science end technology, music, and so on, Based on their inter
candida tes perform well at this test, as well as the need for substantial practice and
as well as a ests or hobbies, most candidates have one or several preferred topics; however, the topic
Irs the following, we will overview several issues to look out for in a text,
number of methods and tricks that, once mastered, can greatly improve your performance. of the text should he completely irrelevant from the point of view of performing well in
These include: the test. While it is troubling to be faced with a topic that is completely alien to you, a
familiar topic has its own dangers, because you must only use the information in the text,
The role ofJhrrziliar and unfamiliar topics not your own knowledge.
• Sources of information let us consider the pros and cons of familiar and unfamiliar topics.
Assumptions
Familiar Topic (e.g. LU-related) Unfamiliar Topic (e.g. molecular biolugyl
• Correct versus incorrect statements
Pros Co,,s Pros Cons
• hear-equivalent versus identical concepts
,Vlaiststresm vscabslanj Bias No bias May be colloqatsl
• Omission of information Familiarity ‘Tcphntcei rstabulary May be everyslsy topic May inclede erotic too: obsb:y
• General vereuS particular Na csiloqoiolisrns Ne ssssmptisns
• Determiners and quantities
As we can see, there is no significant argument either for or against wishing for famil
• Frequency iar topics. Each has its distinct pitfalls and advantages.
• Verbs: time arid mode As an example, if a candidate is very up to date in EU issues and reads a text on a topic
she knows a lot about, for instance the Services Directive, it may seem a comfortable situ
* Causality versus chronology ation but may also backfire. 1-laying a deep knowledge of a topic may make it hard to isp
—
arata the information in the text from the information we already have about the sub)ect
and, as we will see, it is one of the main mistakes test takers commit. In the above exam
A Sample Test ple, the candidate maybe familiar with the regulations on cross-border healthcare services
Many visitors from abroad are surprised to learn that the US economy is not dominated by giant corpo and “project” this into the text even if it does not mention this particular aspect at all,
rations, 99% ot all companies in the country employ fewer than 500 people. These small businesses Ott the other hand, marty candidates panic when faced with a text about a subject they
employ almost half of all US workers. Small businesses produced three quarters of all new jobs in the have never been interested in. There may even be several words and expressions thai
also they have never even heard of. Yet it often happens that it is exactly the distance fronts
1990s; this is an even larger contribution to employment growth than they made in the 1980s. They
represent art entry point into the economy fur under-represented groups such as wonien and part-tome the topic and “objectivity” that allows us to consider only the information in the text and
workers, For example, the number of female-run small businesses climbed by 89% to an estimated 8.1 nail- select the correct answer quickly and correctly.
lion between 1987 and 1997.
Which of the following statenseets is carted? Sources of Infoi’mation
A. 89% ol small businesses set up between 1987 sod 1997 were run by women When we discussed the familiarity of th subject, we touched upon the fact that it is cru
13. Businesses with fewer than 500 people generated more new jobs to the 1990s than gisnt corporations cial to always keep in mind what information we use when assessing whetlser State
C.The majority of new jobs in the 19th were in small businesses merits in the answer options are correct.
D.Small businesses make a greater financial contribution to the US economy than gient corporations
 SUCCEEDING iN VERBAL REASONING TESTS SUCCEEDING IN VERBAL REASONING
TESTS

Let us consider the following excerpt from our sample text.

“Thss small businesses employ almost half of all 115 workers.”
‘Ieftr Equivalent versus Identical Statements
If the reader of this passage happens to have an encyclopaedic knowl Consider the following example:
edge about the
United States and knows the exact figure for how many workers there
are in the coun “Not many inuentons last fur more than
lid ,ears wirhot muir mod:fic.;tion
try, he might unconsciously use that information when assessing whethe
r a certain state- is the barometer. One these
mantis correct. Let’s see a theoretical answer option where thIs could
cause a problem: A possible answer option:
“Almost 100 million US workers are employed by small businesses.”
“Since it was invented, th barometer
If the reader happens to Icnow that there are approximately 200 million has not been modified in any w:ly”
workers in the US ‘l’lre statement in the answer option
rtd uses that assuInpti aehen taking the test, he might end up selecting
the above answer is very sirnhiar to the information in the
‘-
option as correct and lose a point, because the above answer cannot uses many of tie same words and
be correct since the expressions, and it eksentially conveys the excerpc [I
toxt does not contain information about the actual number of people ing. We cou,d ‘ha, that ti-a two statem same mean
employed by small ents are nearly equivalent. Yet in the
busioosses. verbal reasoning test, we cannot infer COntest Or a
“riot been modified in any way”, that “witho ut major modification s” is equivalent to
It is thus crucial to remember that statements in the answer
options must be assessed it is always dangerous to look for
bciaed solely on the information in both the main text and the answer
itself. Similarity can hide small but import
similar words and expressions in the answer
option.
ant differences in meaning and can
Assumptions from reading on and seriously consid prevent the reader
ering other answor options among which
one can be found. the correct
In the previous example, we saw a situation where an assumption Anothei piece of advice is to always
(regardless of whether look for prefixes or adjectives that change
correct or incorrect) was made about a statement based on “outsid
e” knowledge. Let us ing or the scope of a statement, such as the mean
consider another example. “completely”, “at all”, “partially”, “to
“some”, “hardly”, “almost”, “not always”,
“an’,”,
some extent”, “mostly”, “generally”,
“Consuming small amounts ef healthy nuts irrlprooes the speed at which “soroeti,nies”, “largely”, “arguably”, “exolusi’,:e.y’
certain cognitive tasks “seemingly” ar,d others (see more examples
below)
con bt performed.”
Omission of Information
A possiule answer option:
Here is an excerpt from another text:
“Consuming small amounts of peanuts improves, for example,
performance in verbal and
numerical reasoning tasks.” “Verdi’s operas continue to bit ext remely
popular. ‘This yesir over 50 opera houses
Verdi’s various works’ with great success have staged
One might be tempted to select the above answer option as all over the world,”
correct. If we do so, we A possible answer option:
make two assumptions’.
1. Peanuts are a type of healthy nuts, “Verdi’s operas are still being played
in a number of thestrex”
2. Verbal and numerical reasoning belongs to those types of cognitive Note that the above answer option
formance is boosted by consuming healthy nuts. tasks whose per hoin the text, l-{avi,ng read the text, has a completely different approach than
readers might be inclined to look for answer the excerpt
emphasize how extremely popular
Verdi’s operas still ace, Our example options that
Whether the above answer option is indited the correct one
depends entirely on what does not do that, it simply states
that Verdi’s operas are still being played answer option
other inform lOoms i egarclln healthy nuts and tin types of cognstive in certain places.
text on which the answer options sre based. For example, tasks is toduded In inc At first reading, the statement
in
if there is no mention of peanuts excerpt by not conveying the extremethe answer option seems to be in conflict with the
popula
in the text, considering them as healthy nuts will be a false sod correct statement. rity of these operas. Yet it is a perfectly valid
assumption which will cause us
to lose a valuable point in the test. Also, it is merely our
Interpr We must, then, rerr,ember that the
fact that
verbal and numerical reasoning tests belong under “cognitive etation (assumption) that a statem ent fails to convey sU the infon’i,ahon
tasks” unless the text itself that was included in the text about
gives that information. ment. En short and all other factors something does not rneao that it is an incorrect state
being equal, omission of information
disagreement or contradiction, is not necesaardy
Correct versus Incorrect Statement
General versus Particular
l’his point will seem so trivial that some readers will
wonder whether it was even worth Another typical mistake many
mentioning. Yet it is crucial to always carefully read the
question (the one inunediately after :l,y candidates make has to do with the disfere
general categories and particular oce between
the text) and keep in mind whether you are suppos instances, ‘This mistake can take ooe of
ed to look for the correct or incorrect state- two forms:
moot. As simple as this may sound, hundre • Gencralisrif ion
ds of candidates have lost points irs verbal rca
sonirig tests by not taking the extra two seconds
to read the question especially under the • Over-s pecification
stress and time pressure ot the exam. This
inattention happens more often than you would f.l
think and leads to the loss of valuable points Let us consider an example.
that may lead to missing the peas mark,
“Deserts are the driest habitats on Earth.
Average precipitation in deserts is 5% 0j the
mOunl
 SUCCEEL)LNG L’i VERBAL REASONING TESTS pCCEEDING IN VERBAL REASONING TEST’S

per:ortce rain for Although the only bce concrete indicators are “never” and “awavs’, aoil it is
art tscd to in l’,kstt’r Europe. Some decrta in Cent nil America do not /
i irs it a r dehre “e .Jterercr L ccci S maO_i e_ a_id ooc siiinsiy as o trust O,_ rtr
tar e fret do cr “ean “
arc art 1a tiV Coal 6
e U’s rnLa_r’g _a sta . te
A posoir;o answer on ;100: ‘The same also can be said about adjectives and adverbs expressing chronology;
“
“-Deserts do not eaperience rain for ;‘erll years in a row “before”, “previously”. “earner”, “prior to that” are hints that one even; took place
Tli above statemont is an example of a generaitsation where a statement made about sooner than another cite
c n ma cocos ci cateboy n this case Centre er can deaets is assumed t be e
1
n can ah Ct flc ren1y siwu a euu_t menna a I od a a
cOrrect about the entire category (that Is, deserts;, that two events occured at the same time
Let us consider another example. “after”, “aobseauentlv”, “followed by”, “later”, and slintlar words help tie

“Some deserts do not stspvc”i arty plant life whatsoever; others, such as those riar get limited
rainfall evrnJ year, support some plant bye.”
A possible answer option:
“Souse deserts nippon some plrirtt le, depending on the ae:iaorl.
The above answer option is correct in stating that some deserts support some plant life,
but it is overly specific in stating that the supported plant life depends on the season this
is unfounded information not included in the text which makes the statement incorrect.
Determiners and Quantities
We now come to more langiaagewpecific problems. ile most of the points raised so far
arc valid in all langiie’es the test is administeted in there are always language specific
issues to consider given that caridsdates may not take the tESts an their native ariguages.
Determiners and words expressing certain or uncertain quantities can be hard to
notice; marty candidates tend not to attribute much meaning to them in everyday SO_uS-
lions even though they may greatly alter the meaning of a statement in the contCxt of a
vorbal reasoning test.
Be mindful of the exact meaning of some of the most common determiners:
• “the” usually signifies one concrete object or person, or one concrete group: toe girt
“tim Member States”, “the books [on the table)”, and so ott.
• “a/an” and nouns without any determiner usually refer to one unspecified clject Or
person, or an unspecified group of objects or persons, “a girl”, “a Member State”,
“Countries around the world”, and so on.
so’t the answer ontion lacks the determiner found in the text or fearores a different
t
‘,‘,
one, we most always be suspicious and consider whether this diatinaton changes t C
uneaning of the statement.
A similar pattern can be observed when it corsica to quantittes: “some’, “many , 5ev-
erai”, “a number of” refer to an unspecified number of objects of persons. “All”, “the ‘ have actually happened
mOre” “ever “ and “each” sir’-riifies that the statenient is about every single member of
that one eventS :‘c,wed another event in tune
Think of the following statements: “He copied the document and left the otftce; aubse.
cuenLly he talked to the press.” and “After he talked to the press, he copied the document
—
and left the office.” the implied actions are very different in the two scenarios. Another
example ti “Birds have colourhal feathers” versus “Birds occasionady have colourful teath
ars”: the scope arid extent are very different.
Verbs: Tints and Mode
Closely related to the previous point, the tense of verbs also plays a crucial role in re-crc-
sting a series of events. Take an example:
“Prior to her sister Anne’s marriage to King Henry VIII of England, Mary Boleyn was the niosl
renownest member of her Jornily due to her adulterosi Effal; with lie King
A possible answer option:
“M is the most famous member of the Boleyn family.”
The above option is incorrect because according to the text, she had been the roost
famous member of the family only until her sister became the wife of he King. This, foct
is indicated by the use ci the expression “prior to” and also the past tense.
Verb mode also plays an important part in determining whether a statement is correct:
• Probab±t’t’ “would happen” does not necessarily mean that something “will happen”;
“woadd have happened” certainly means that that event did not in fact hapnen at
“Could hanpen” indicates that a certain event is only one of several possible ouicon,es
‘
Should do soinothin in licates that a certain c anrse of acnc” is ri coons nd_ct
likely, hut not necessarily unavoidable or mandatory
• “About to happen” shows that an event was going to take place but may’ or man no;
“.

a “rossn or an obiect in its entirets’, without exception.

as anou., to, (e g a was acoul
, ,
to go home wh 1 refers o an _ii or
‘- .
r
_hat as La-e y to tace nice a tern a ocr an- ca-Cot intertu sted it or took place
It is important to bear in mind ta-sat these determiners 01 quan.1ty are not aster nge
‘shle md il tho n_st mentions marty count’rit.s sri sriswor option that oxtends that claim s-y
to all countries as’tll not he correct.
Causality versus Clue io
As a last- point, we must mention Iwo phenomena that are frequently confused. Let us
look at an example.
A very similar situation can be created by the use of adverbs signifying the freqoency at “Cafe t
/fan has heart frequently visited by Hollywood celebrities since 2003 ti In 2008, ii finalS;
which an action takes place. Always pay special attention to the use of the adverbs “some- received the highest rating in one of the worldb most respected restaurant review guides.”
tamos often usually frequently never bar Ily ever 0cc asiortally always
.
and so on. A possible answer option:
 SUCCEEDING IN VERBAL REASONING TESTS
“J-ielliiwood celebritic’s frequently dine at Café Vian, which led in the restaurant receiving the
highest rating in a respected restaurant review guide.”
The statement in the above answer option incorrectly makes the assumption that there
is a cause-and-effect relationship between the patronage of Hollywood celebrities and
the rating the restaurant received in the review guide a few years after celebrities started
going there. The relationship between the celebrity visits and the high rating is, in this
case, merely chronological (one event happened before the other one), but there is no evi
dence that the earlier event led to the second event mentioned in the text,
It is often very easy to mistake a merely chronological relationship for a cause-and-effect
one, but one thing that will hep decide is the verbal clues mentioned above. Since test-
makers tend not to include ambig. a information in tesw, we can always count on mdi
cators of a cause-end-effect relationsnip (“led to”, “consequently”, “resulted in”) or a mere
chronological relationship to appear in the text.
Methods for Approaching the Test Qoestions
Let us return to our sample text:
Marty visitors from abroad arc surprised to learn that the US econsrny is rtot dominated by giant rompora000.s. 59%
of all companies in the country employ fewer than 500 people. These small businesses employ almost half of all
US worket s. Strati businesses produced titter quarters of all new jobt in the I990s; this ii an even larger contribu
tion to employment growth than they made in the 198k. They also represent an entry point into the economy for
urdcr’rrpresenttcd groups mactm as women and part’linoe workers, Fur esaniple, the number of female-run small
businesses climbed by 89% to an estimated 5.1 million between 1987 and 1997.
W!,,ch of the following ststeirrenf5 is correct?
7.89% of smrmll businesses set up between 1957 and 7997 were run by wonton
13. lltrsir,esses with fewer than 500 people generated more new jobs lathe 19’80s than giant corporattorts
C. The majority of new jobs in the 198Qs were in small businesses
D.Stnall businesses make a greater financial contribution to the US ec000rt-ry tItan giant corporations
When somebody first looks at a verbal reasoning test like the one above, the natural
instinct is to start reading the text, then read the question, and finally read the four or
more answer options. If we wish to consider all the factors we discussed in this chapter
and make mental “notes” of them by underlining the key expressions in the text using
the above method, it would look like this:
incus visitors from abroad are surprised to learn that the US economy is -rot dontinetsd by giant corpo
rations. 2555 of all companies in the country employ fcwerAhsa,,55 people. Ihto smm,ll businesses
employ almeat,,hstll of all US workers, Small businesses produced meuis of all new jobs in the
1220w this Is so eveojamgcr contribution to employment growth than they made in the ISSOs. They also
ti’presett so,.entry point into the economy for under-represented groups such as women end part-time
workers. For exampie, the number of female-run small businesses djn55edustrSkl5 to en
n,diton between 1957 5 nd 1997,
Which of the following statements is coriect?
A. SS,’ba afste,tti bstsi,iesses set up between L5L,5sd 1997 were ran by women
If, Iitis,ncsses with.fcwrr,1jjriza,,5,Q,flpeopie generated tttg sets )Ot’s in tire
155Ll tttsn gtamtr corporations
C. The iattjt,tc,tfti,of ceo, jabs ri the 1,9Jifls were In small buiinrsses
U. Strut! basinetses ,eak a greater financial conlrlbsfia,t to the 115 economy than giant corporations
The underlined expressions are “suspect phrases” because of the various factors we
SUCCEEDING IN VL’R 8.-IL REASONING TESTS 57
considered m this chapter. We can see that there are quite a few segments in the text tl’tst
we roust pay attention to:
Deterrntners (“art “, “these”)
• Quantitiss (“altnoctt half”, “three quarters”, ‘fewer than 500”)
• Corrtparcsorto (“larger”, “greater” I
But what if most of the factors that we concentrate on when reading the text for the
first tune later turn CrC to he completely irrelevant because the answer options do trot
relate to those hits of the text? In order to avoid wasting time on irrelevant iriformatiun,
it is a good idea to read thr qftestiori and the answer options jtrst, looking for keywords end
key concepts, and then rea,! the text, already focusing on and searching for those hits that
we know we riced to answer the question.
Our mental notes using this recommended method would therefore look like this:
Many visitors from abroad are surprised to lani that the US economy is not dominated by giant corpo
rations. 99% of all companies in the country employ fewer than 500 people. These small businesses
employ almost half of all US workers, Srriatl businesses produced three aiaarter&oLalb.new..iob’n the
1990w this is Sr. even lsn,snu rmibusiaio to emptoyment growth thsui they made in she 1980a. They also
represent an entry point into the economy for under-represented groups such as Werner, and part-rime
workers, For example, t,l,e number of female-run small businesses ctim,hed by 891”, to an estimated 8.1
million between 19a7 nd 1997,
If we have the necessary routine, using the method described above, we could essen
tially stop reading at “Small businesses produced three quarters of all new jobs in the
1990s”, since this statement is clearly in agreement with enawer option B:
13 “lluoittess’es wtlhfe’toer lh,tn 500 people generated more sent jot’s it, inn 1990s than giant fttr7)Ot’atiOns.”
Although we do not have any information about the number of jobs created by giant corpora
tions in this period, we definitely know that it must be less than the number small business cre
sted given that small business created three quarters of all new iobs in the same period.
By focusing on the ml orn-sation found in the answer options, we can save a significant
amount of time. If, however, you are not sure that answer B is indeed the correct one,
you can always quickly consider the other answer options. If those are clearly or more
likely to be incorrect, ycu get a second confirmation that your initial assessn’tet,t was cor
rect, Let us finally see i-tow we to eliminate the other three answer options:
A. “59% of small businesses set up tIwce 1987 arid 1997 were run by women,”
The text talks about an 89% percent increase, not the proportion of businesses run by
women.
C. “The majority of new job in the ‘t9SOs were in small businesses.”
All we know is that in the l980s an-tall business created a smaller proportion of jobs
than in the 1990s when they created three quarters o the total As “majority” rtrearcs
more than 50%, we do not have enough information since “less than three quarters” can
mean 60, 50, or even 10%.
D. “Small businesses make a great,,rfi,,ancial csntrtbulirn, to flit IfS economy than giant CorporatIons.”
‘l’here is simply no mention of “financial contribution” in the text,
Let Its summarize the above method in a few ptlints:
1. Read the question first — are we looking fur the correct or incorrect statetitent?
 SUCCEEDING IN VERBAL REASONING TESTS

2. Read the answer options and make a mental note of the important keywords and
themes included in those statements.
3 Read the text by focusing on the themes and keywords we made a mental note of when
reading the answilr options.
4. If you encounter a statement in the text that is clearly in agreement with an answer
option (Or in clear disagreement, if we are looking for the incorrect slalernent), and
you are sure about your assessment, you can even slop reading and move en, thereby
saving precious time.
5. 11 you are not sure shout your assessment, you can continue reading and iliac. elintinate For acfvce and tips on tocklmO c-erlai
—
the answer options one by one, starting with the most clearly wrong one. In many cases, reasoning questions see the prem’tocts
you will be left with one answer option, and you can be fairly certain that it is indeed the chapter.
correct one.
For the answers to this fei,t- see at end
Proc fice ivIethods of questions.
As a last point, it might be useful to make a few suggestions as to what the best methods
are for preparing for the verbal reasoning test.
Start practicing by taking your time, reading all kinds of high. level English texts,
making mental notes of the “suspect phrases” we covered in this chapter 3. Verbal Reasoning Test
• Continue by doing the same, this time with actual teat questions, for example the ones
in this book (for the sake of practicing, you may wish to underline or outline these con
cepts and also write down in your own words why a certain answer option is wrong)
—
100 QUESTIONS ANSWERS follow questions
• Once you have established the necessary routine in identifying the key phrases and
—
concepts, you can start timing yourself start by simply measuring how much time it
takes for you to answer one test question
• Check how much time you will have at the exam, and how many questions you wifi In each question below, which state actively the political discussions.
need to answer ment is true or can be best derived from lPresidency Conctuions, Brussels
European Council, 2003)
• Start decreasing the amount of time you let yourself use for answering one question the question text?
ideally, by the time of the exam, you should be able to answer more questions in
the Please note that each question should A. The lntergcverrrnente!
given tb-ne than required in the exam (this is necessary because you cannot re-create CcuIcremice ui,
be considered inde-petide-ntly and no launched in Rome
‘
the stress of the exam, which can decrease performance, not to mention to slower
pace furlher information or knowledge should
when reading texts on a computer screen for the pre-selection exams) be considered when answering. 6. lbs Thessaleniki European Council is doe to
fullw the lntergavernmentnl Confemece
-
• Try to re-create as much of the atmosphere and inFrasucture of the exam as
you can
— C iikstemsx
do not interrupt the test, go to a quiet place, use an alarm clock, and so on The European Council consists at
Member States
—
11 you havr scco,,s to such a scivue practice tests online the hl<O exam
will also be
computer-based, and it is a good idea to get used to the “interface” before going to
the The European Council welcomed the P. The timetable put forwsrd by the Presidency is
exam fact that, following the opening ses supperied by the Intergovernmentu:
• T’ tn read as much as possible on screen and measure the time it takes to read texts sion of the Intergovernmental Conference
of comparable length (e.g. one page copied into Word) so you can measure Conference in Rome, work in the
and i* Conference was now underway. It
improve your performance.
recalled ita support for the approach 2. Bruges can scent a dream-like vision of
In the following chapter you will find 100 verbal reasoning questions and timetable pot forward by the
that you can use the Middle Ages, with its houses of
to start practicing straight away. Presidency in line with the conclu mellow time-worn brick, its majestic
sions of the European Council meeting public buildings and its canals where
in Theasaltmiki. The European
swans glide gracefully over the dark
Council invited nsiiiisters to continue
oh
dl)
waters. The medieval illusion is com
plete when melodious chimes ring out
from the belfries of the city’s ancient
churches. In summer and even during
out-of-season weekends a rnetamor
phoala takea place, when visitors fill
the streets and squares and the whole
town buzzes with activity.
(Michelin Guide)
A. Bruges is in the Flemish speaking ares of
Belgium
B. Bruges had been built in the middle ages but
was destroyed in the following centuries
C. The churches in l3ruges were built several hun
dred years ago end some of them still have
managed to preserve their belfry
D. Bruges has an excellent atmosphere that attrerts
a large number of tourists all year
3. The foreign occupation of Lebanon
began in 1976, when Syria’s dictator,
Hafez Assad, sent his army to inter
vene in Lebanon’s brutal three-cor
nered civil war between Maronite
Christians, Muslims and Palestinians.
The mass protests that forced
Lebanon’s pro-Syrian government to
resign this week would probably not
have happened but for a powerful
shock: last month’s murder of Rafik
Hariri, the country’a former prime min
ister and most popular politician. This
was the catalyst for a chain reaction.
(The Economist, 3 March 2005)
A. Lebanon’s government had always been
against supporting Syria
B. Lebanon had suffered a civil war irs which Syria
intervened
C. Rsfi.k Hariri was Lebanon’s president in 1976
but he was overthrown by Maronite Christians
C. Lebanon has had widespread relations with
Arab nations in the Middle East
VERBAL REASONING TEST
4. Belgian chocolates and pralines
(chocolate with creamy or nutty fill
ings) need no introduction, but
Brussels and Liege waffles are appreci
ated just as much. The country’S bale-
cries offer a great variety of different
kinds of bread and a number of
regional specialities. They include
couque (sugary, spicy bread from
Brussels and hard spiced bread with
honey from Dinant), craquelin (sugar
filled brioche), noeud (butter biscuit
with brown sugar), cramique (milk
bread with raisins), pistolet (small
round loaf), and xnastel (russk bread
with aniseed).
fMichelin Guide)
A. Liege is mostly famous for its waffles, whereas
Brussels is more known for chocolate and pra
lines
B. Cnsquelin and ptstolet axe both Belgian special
ittes that are like a small cake or loaf
C. The nosud is mainly sold in the Liege area and
occasiotisily in other regions as well
0. Craquelin is a rusk bread with aniseed and
sugar topping
5. Iraqis now have their first democrati
cally elected government in 50 years —
appointed, as it happens, on Saddam
Hussein’s 68th birthday. Even so, five
cabinet jobs, including that of defence
minister, are still being disputed, and
will be filled temporarily until final
agreement is reached, One of the inairt
hold-ups had been the demands by the
Shia-led party of lyad Allawi, the out
going, interim prime minister, for a
large share of the cabinet seats. Mr
Allawl and his allies will not now take
part in the government, and are likely
to form the main opposition block in
the Parliament,
(The Economist, 29 April 2005)
A. lyad Allawi is an extrovert person who waa pm-
siding the Shia-led party
VERBAL REASONING TEST
13. Until recently, Iraq’s prime minister had been
Jyad Allawi
C. The interim, democratically elected lrsqi gov
ernment was appointed on the same day when
Saddens Hxssin took power
C. lyad AIlsevi’s allies will take part to he govern
ment only at a later stage and until then they
will form the main opposition block
6. Teaching hospitals are an important
component of the health care system.
They are the vital sites of education
and research and bring to bear consid
erable and varied expertise to clinical
care. However, it has not been clear to
everyone that they do in fact deliver
care of higher quality than that deliv
ered by non-teaching hospitals. This
applies not only for the care of the
more complex and sophisticated ill
nesses, where better quality may be
expected, but also for the care of more
“routine” conditions,
A, Teaching hospitals only provide higher levels of
health care for everyday conditions
B. Teaching hospitals, compared to non-teaching
ones, provide higher level of health care in all
sorts of illnesses
C. Teaching hospItals have too many students,
which restricts the provision of eflicient health
care
C. There should be more teeching hospitals in
order to have a higher level of health care
7. In 1986 the Community received fresh
impetus from the third round of
enlargement to include Spain and
Portugal and later the conclusion of
the Single Act, a Community Treaty
setting new targets for the enlarged
Community (single market, economic
and social cohesion etc.> with the
result that a radical reform of the
Community’s financial system on
sound policy footing was envisaged. In
February 1987, the reform was pre
sented by the Commission as an over
all proposal its the “Delor package”.
(ScadPlus)
A. The Single European Act was initiated by
Portugal and aimed at setting new targets fcc
the Community
B. Jacques Dlocs served two terms as the preal.
dent of the European Commission
C. The Delor package, aiming at higher spending
on regional policy, was fostered by the acces
sion of Spain and Portssgal to the Comnanurrity
0. There had been two enlargements before the
accession of Spain and Portugal t the
European Community
8. Developing the competitiveness of the
European economy in line with the
Lisbon agenda requires a renewed
commitment of the public and private
sectors to the objective of investing 3%
of GDP in research, with a particular
emphasis on technological innovation
including environmental technology,
ore developing human capital through
higher investment in education and
research, along the lines recommended
by the Council on 22 September 2003.
(Presidency Conclusions, Brussels
European Council, 2003)
A. The current level of investment in research sod
technological tnnovatton is currently less than
three percent of GDP
B. The Council of Ministers with the portfolio of
environmental issues held a meeting on 22
September 2003
C. Development of human capital means a greater
investment into financial markets and the eda
cation Industry
C. The Lisbon agenda was aiming at boosting the
European economy in order to make it the meet
competitive market in the world
9. According to projections by the Uniled
Nations, on present trends the median
age of Americans, now 35, will rise by
62
only five years by 2050, and the popu
lation will grow by over 40%. Japan’s
median age, on the other hand, will
rise by 12 years to 53, and its popula
tion will fall by 14%. Germany’s is due
to drop by 4% and Italy’s by 22%.
Falling and ageing populations will
make it harder to boost demand. As
people age and their children grow up,
they tend to save more and spend less.
though usually after retirement a pro
longed period of dissaving sets in.
(Tire Economist, 18 September 2003)
A. The current median age in Japan is higher than
that of the USA
13. c;mnya population is expected to fall by
22%, whereas Italy’s is likely to fal) by 14%
C, According to itt,, Iloited Nations, the median
age of Americans is expected to rise by more
than 40’il by 21)53
3.
l’unnd tend to spent more that, before once
their children have grown up
10. The first independent Slovene state
dates back much furtheri when the
Romans had been driven out by
Mongolian Avars, who had in turn been
driven out by Slays, it was in AD 623
that king Samo established a kingdom
(bibs! confederation) stretching from
1.ske Bslaton (now in Hungary) to the
Mediterranean, which had its centre in
the present Czech Republic. The terri
tory fell under the Frankish Empire late
in the 8th century and in the 10th cclx
tury it became the independent duchy
of Carantania under Holy Roman
Emperor Otto I. From this period
onwards, until 1414, a special ceremony
of the enthronement of princes, con
ducted in Slovene, took place.
(‘DC Enlargermint,l
A. Qtt ruled it the 15th cenrury as th Emperor
of Rome
13. King Simo’s country lretched to areas that
today belong to Hungary and the Czech
Republic
VERBAL REASOKTh’G TEST
C The Mongolian Avsrs destroyed the Frankish
Empire late in the 8th century
P. The special ceremony conducted for phnces let
the Slovene langusge first took place in 1414
H. The protection of Intellectual property
is, of course, governed by many intema
tional conventions. The World
Intellectual Property Oçganisation
(WIPO) .uul, more recently, the World
Trade Organisatinn WTOl are responsi
ble for implementing numerous inter
national conventions and treaties, The
first convention, the Paris Convention
for the Protection of Industrial Property,
dates back to 1883, and since then sev
eral conventions and treaties have been
signed which cover various aspects of
the protection of intellectual propert
such as the protection of literary and
artistic works (llerne Convention) and
tie protection of performers, producers
of phonograms arid broadcasting organ
isations (the Rome Convention).
(ScadPitts)
A. Attisric works and broadcasting organtaatiors
are protected by the Bern,, Convention
II. ‘l’he first convention to protect industrial prop.
etly was signed in Paris
C. The World Intellectual Property Orgarsisetion
arid the World ‘trade Crganlsalion have their
headquarters in Paris aaid Root,,
0. Performers are generally protected by the Parts
Convendon and in some special cases, the
Rome Convention
12. Nintendo’s rsuirky game console, the
Wii, will go on sale jar the United
Stales on Nov. 19 for USD 250— much
less than Sony’s PlayStation 3, which
launches iust two days earlier with
USD 500 and USD 600 models. In an
unusual move for the launch of a
Japanese product, the Wii (pronounced
“wee”) will go on sale in Japan two
weeks after the U.S. launch. “The
release date is clearly a stab at Sony,”
VLR1I.4L REASO?\’ING TEST
said Ricardo Ton-es, editor at
GameSpot.corn. The Wii, which is
about the size of a large paperback
book, is the successor to Nintendo’s
GameCube, the third-best selling con
sole of its generation after the
PlaySlation 2 and Microsoft Corp.’s
Xbox. Ninteardot Co.’s Game Buy and
DS are dominant in the ntarket for
portable game machines, but the com
pany hasn’t been a market leader in
consoles since the early 1990s. The
company had promised to launch the
Wii sometime its the last quarter of this
year. By bringing it out on time, it’s
avoiding Sony Corp.’s embarrassing
Playhtation 3 delays. CBS
A. Sony I’tayitation 3 launches with USU 310 sod
USD 600 models on Nov. 27
B. Nintendo’s Wii is the third best selling console
of its generation
C. The Nintendo Co. company hz been a market
teu,ier in pnrtahi gsme machines since the
early l990s
0. The WE, as a usual move for the launch of moat
(epicene products, w:ll go on sole in Japan two
weeks otter the US. launch
13. The anaaual allocation to Rumania
under ISPA is between FUll. 208-27(1
millton for the period 2000-2006. The
sectors benefiting from ISPA are trans
port and the environment, with both
sectors receiving around half of the
annual allocation. The ISPA pro
granrine is designed principally to sup
port municipalities in the held of the
environment and the central authori
ties in the field of transport. In order
to bring Roinania up to EU standards,
ISPA will concentrate on the “heavy
investment” directives (mainly drink
ing water, treatment of wastewater,
solid-waste management and air pollu
lion).
(DC Eat Jar’’ement)
in The ISPA progosoinee mainly’ concerns the
transport and energy vector for the pend 2111-
21206
B. Rumania is due ti become s member of he
Europein Unaon in 201
C. Rcmaraia receives around 134-135 million cocos
for the penod 200h2006 from ISPA to itnpro’.’e
its environment sector
U. Woetewatar treatmeni is not ini’Iu,ted the so—
called “cleary inve5000r,t” iea.rs tackint 1 a
EISA crogramirts
‘14. In the past decade, the effects budget
for a typical blockbuster has ballooned
from $5 million to $50 million. As digi
tal effects (DFX) have become more
complex and accessible, the barriers
between fanciful computer-animated
films and ostensibly realistic ones
have crumbled. DFX crow allow film
makers to not oniy manipulate realht)l
taut to build it from scratch.
tPopaeiar Science)
A. Digital affects have become mace complex but
fewer flliaunakrrn can afford thetr application
B. ‘Flare La a limit to the extent digital effects can
change “reality” in a movie
C. Movie effects have seen a tenfold inrcesa in
terms of their budget over the let ten years
U. ‘there as still a huge difference beta’. sen corn
putec’scdusswd movies arid reai oneS
15. Both tnam and machine are approaching
the future at an ever-accelerating clip.
Al.muat every year, our vehicles break
speed records. This past fall, the X-43A
scramjet-powered aircraft reached a
speed of nearly Mach 10, beating a
record of Mach 6.8 set only six anontha
before. Today’s fastest supercomputeal
iBM’s Blue Gene, Is about 450,000 times
as speedy as the ruling machine of 30
years ago and twice as fleet as the
fastest machine of just one year ago. We
build passenger trains that travel 267

miles an hour and rocket cars that break
the speed of sound.
(Society of Broadcast Engineers)
A. The fastest atrcraft reached a speed more than
thr hmcs higher than six months before
If. ,
1
Tod the fastest computer is manufactured by
IBM and it has doubled in speed in just one year
C. Aircraftx, computers end trainS have undergone
an incredible development that ix snort coming
to an end
D Posseriger trains have managed to break the
speed of sound
15. Madonna wilt not be Sent into apace,
despite a lawmaker’s proposal to book
a seat for the pop star on a Russian
flight to the international apace sta
lion, news agencies reported
Wednesday. State Duma member
Alexei Mitrofanov, referring to
Madonna’s reported expression of
desire to become a “space tourist,” pro
posed that the lower houae of parlia
ment send a formal inquiry to the
Russian space agency about organizing
a apace trip for her in 2008. “Because of
the television possibtitties, It would be
a pretty serious event in the year of
elections in the United States and
Russia,” he was quoted as saying by
the RIA-Novosti news agency. ‘the
Duma turned down the proposal,
agencies reported without specifying
the vote tally. Later, space agency
spokesman lgor Panarin was quoted
by RIA-Novosti as saying no seats on
the Soyuz spacecraft would be avail
able until 2009. CBS
A. PJA-Novosti is the agency which organism the
“apace trip”
B. Igor Panarin ar’.nounced that all teats should be
oooked until 2009 as no seats would be avail
able on the Soyuz spacecraft afterwards
C. Madonna will rtot be sent into space on a
kusstar flight to the international space station
becatise of a lawmaker’s proposal
VERBAL RE4SOMNG TEST
U. Alexel Mutrofanov is the State ttwna member
who proposed that a formal inquiry should he
sent to the Russian space agency about the
organization of a space i0
p fir Madonna
17.
Qori Kalis, a glacier that lies at above
18,000 feet in the Peruvian Andes, is
melting at a rate of nearly 700 feet a
ye at. In 2002, OhIo State University
paleoclionatologi.tt Lonnie Thompsun
discovered a perfectly preserved
Distichia muacoides, a mass-type plant
that carbon dating measured as 5,200
years old, on the Qari Kalis. “The find
was remarkable,” he says. “This tells
us the glacier hasn’t been this small
or more than 5,000 years.”
(Impact Lab)
A. Qori Veils is a paleo-dinsaiologist at Ohio State
University who made a discovery about a moss-
type plant
13. Carbon dating is generally used to determine
the size of glaciers
C Half of the Peruvian Andes is covered by snow
all year long
0. Concerning the size of the glacier, the Ohio
State University professor based his conclusion
on a moss-type plant d,
18. Freedom of movement for persons was
not brought about only in the context of
the European Communities, In 1985,
Germany, France and the Benelux coun
tries signed the Schengen Agreement on
an intergovernmental basis. That
Agreement, wisich was supplemented
by an implementing convention in 1990,
was to introduce genuine freedom of
movement for all citizens of the
European Communities within the
Schengen area and to deal with visa,
iinniigration and asylum issues.
(Commission)
A. The village of Schenge.n, where the Agreement
was signed in 1985, it on the Luxernboucgish
German border
VERBAL REASONING TEST
B. The Schengen Agreement aimed to introdstce
freedom of movement for all citizens of the
N European Communities
C. In 1990, the Schengen Agreement was replaced
by a sn-cslied implemetttLng convention
C-. Tr,e Scher.gen Agreement was originally signed
by five iniuntnea
;jf
19. The tratisport industry occupies an
important position in the Community,
accounting for 7% of its GN1 7% of its
total employment, 40% of Member
States’ investment and 30% of
Community energy consumption.
/3) Demand, particularly in intra
Ni Community traffic, has grown more or
less constantly for the last 20 years. by
2.3% a year for goods and 3.1% for pas
sengers.
(DG Transport)
The transport isdustry accountn for a higher
percentage of the Community’s GNP than it
does of the Community’s total ernployntent
B. The macsport industry accounts I or one-third of
the Coinsrnunstty’s energy consumption and
more that-, half ttf Member States’ iotvestntertt
C. Demaotd for transport services has grown more
dynamically for passengers than goods in the
last tsverttyyeats
o Each Member Slate sperists abost 7% of its gross
national product on transport services
20. In 2002, English track star Paula Radcliffe
won the Chicago Maratixon with a world
recoed-breaking time of two hours, 17
‘-c’ minutes and 18 seconds. Then, less than a
year later, she ran the 2003 Flora London
Marathon and finished in 2:15:25 beat —
ing her own record by nearly i-wa min
utes and slicing an unprecedented three
minutes off her closest competitor. In a
sport where speed improvements are
fit:
marked in seconds, not minutes,
ci
Radcliffe redefines the rate of human
performance gains. Prior to her record-
smashing run, it had taken 16 years for
65
wooxen to knock a minute and 20 sec
onds off the world record.
(Popular Science)
A. Paula Radcliffe had managed to keep hr
for 15 years
B. i’auIa Radclttte moms ttie London Marathon. In
2002 and 20)3 as well
C. The Chicago Marathon was bald after the
London Marathon
0. Pauta Radcliffe broke tise world record twice
21. Over the next few months two reports
on Kasovo are due to be presented to
the UN Security Council. If they paint
a generally positive picture, Kofi
A.nnan, the UN secretary-general, will
appoint a “status envoy” to shuttle
between Belgrade and Priatina, talking
over what is now being dubbed
Kesovo’s “future”, not its “final
status”. The envoy will probably he s
former politician well acquainted with
the Balkans. One possibility is
Giulfano Amato, a former Italian
prime minister who chaired an inter
national commission on the Balkans
that released its report this week. Tlse
report advocates Kosovo’s independ
ence, to be achieved in four stages.
(The Economist, 24 April 2005)
A. Kesovo’s indeper.dertce is one of the prirjpa)
issues in the United Nations Security Coinci:
amtd oct Kti Annan’s agenda
B. Once Kosovo’s final statue has been resolved,
taLks wifi turn toils “future”
C. The former Italian prime minister nay become
a spedal representative consmtssiomted by tim
United Nations
0. There have been severe tenstons between
Kt,sovo and Pnstina in recent years
22. Germany is no longer a safe bet for
more European integration. Politicians
and the media seem surprised at how
much sovereignty has shifted to

Brussels. Few had noticed that
Germany’s Basic Law now includes a
clause allowing nationals to he extra
dited to other EU countries. Such dis
coveries increase Euroscepticisni.
(Tire Economist, 1.1 April 2005)
A. ills so longer obsious that Germany and its cit
irene will support iruropean integration with
our any reservation
It. Ganstanys constitution aliens for foreign
nationals to he extradited to other European
Union Member Slates
C. Em-oscetstirtem term used for the less asp
portsve attitude towards European ustegration
and the European Union as such
U. Germans generally support the tdea that a large
part of their sovereignly has been transferred to
the European Unlnn
23. For 50 years, America and the nations
of Western Europe have been lumped
together as rich countries, sharing the
sante basic demographic features:
stable populations, low and declining
fertilily, increasing numbers of old
people. For much of that period, this
was true. But in the 1980s, the two
sides began to diverge. The effect was
muted at first, because demographic
change is slow. But it is also remorse
less, and is now beginning to show up.
(The Economist, 22 August 2002)
A. Derrrographrc changes are relatively easy to
prrd:ct
B. Declining fertilhy in Western Europe was due
to tie ecoiroirric well-being of the aoneli’
C. Fcc hint s century, America and Western
Europe had similar popultuons
C. Daclinisg fertibty and increasing numbers oi
old people have led to demographic changes
that are more and more apparent
24. Doc OcR, the tentacled villain at the
heart of the movie Spider-Man 2,
nearly succeeded where thousands of
VERBAL REASQ3JIMG TEST
scientists and 50 years ot work have so
far failed: in building a nuclear fusion
reactor. But non-villainous scientists
may be about to save their reputation.
This year a multinational team is
scheduled to begin constructing ITER,
the International Thermonuclear
Experimental Reactor, a prcjecx
designed to demonstrate that fusion
can generate almost limitless amounts
of electricity without the risks and
long-lived radioactive voaste linked
with nuclear fission reactors.
(Popular Science)
A. Dec Cr1 is the intel scientist leading liar pcsjecl
on the International Tharinoouclsar Expcri.mertt
al Reactor
B. Scientists were inspired by the moste Spider
Man 2 to create a new alternative energy source
C. Researchers may succeed in achieving what the
scientist in Spider Man 2 was about to rceair: a
loGan ceacior
B. the ITER prnect may be very beneficial flit gen
erating electricity but it also leaves radioactive
waste behind
25. One vital exercise of preventive “soft
power” over the past decade has been
the spending of more than $7 billion
by the United States to secure nuclear
and other weapons materials and
know-how in the countries of the
former Soviet Union. Although the
problem is on their doorstep, the
Europeans collectively have mustered
less than $1 billion. America has com
mitted itself to another $10 billion over
the next decade; Europeans, alongside
the rest of the 68, including Canada
anti Japan, have promised to find a
matching amount, but the pledges do
not yet add up.
(The Eronontisl; 22 Nusernber 2002)
A. Europeans have gIven or pledged less their 1511
of whst the LtSA has spent on securing rustclear
weaprunss
B.
Canada and Japan do not take pitt in the tim
VERBAL REASONING TEST
called Ci but they wEts to participata in the pre
ventiorn efforts
C. Anserrrr plans to sccttd luther I billion dcl-
less on the nun-proliferation of nuclear
weapons
U Alir.cst all cour,ihes of nra former Soviet Briton
have trougtil nsiuleac and other weapons, let
alone the know-how
26. To the avertge EU insider the big con
cerns at the moment are as follows: ref
erendurns on the European
constitution, the success oc failure c,f
the new European Commission and
the future of EU budget negotiations.
Back icr Britain, lwwevei it seemed
that everyone from taxi-drivsrs to
middle-class housewives had only one
thought about Brussels. And this is
that the whale place is a massive sink
hole of corruption, a funnel into which
British taxpayers’ money is poured, to
be sprayed liberally about by corrupt
bureaucrats on a variety of undeserv
ing causes. In Brussels, the reaction to
all this is often to dismiss it as typical
British Euroscepticism, stoked up by
its malign American-owned press. But
the image of the Eoropeass Union as
corrupt is not confined to Britain, as
any Danish, Dutch or German pout -
1 function well art 4 hours or even less. A
clan will know. So is it true?
(The Economist, 7 April 2005)
A. Only tIre Brirust, think the European Unions iv
badly affected by corruption
Ii. Experts dealing with European issues tend to
have a ditferertt view ens what is an iriaportant
flair,: fran the “laymen”
C. Brussels based officials tend to sttribute British
Esrroscepticisrn to the fart that television chan
nels errs owned by Americans
All Eirrnpeui taxpayers are concerned
by ttr
negotiations on the European Unions’s budget
27. In the dimly lit cyber-cafi at Sciences
Po, hot-house of the French elite, ni
Cauloise smoke fills the aii no dog-
eared copies of Sartre lie on the tables,
French students are doing what all stu
dents do: surfing the web via Google.
Now President Jacques Chirac wants
to stop this American cultural invasion
by setting up a rival French search-
engine. The idea was prompted by
Google’s plan, to put online millittirs ci
texts from Acnerican and British uni
versity libraries.
(‘l’ite Economist, 31 Macnit 2005,1
A. French stsdetsts are doirrg the same thing as
flosS other students ins the won’t i.e surfing thin
uiternet
B.
Mr. Chicar would like tr put online texts ii
Fronted the same way as Google
C. Sartre used tii b the roost popular Fronsnh
philosopher srnonsg students hut very few reed
hts works now
B. Anwric,nt and British unrvvrssiy itleit,
strongly opposing Google’s piarr to pun tier
texts art the web
28. Most people require about 8 hours
sleep a night, but some lucky oddballs
new study in fruit flies provides evi
dence that genetics plays a strong role ins
determining who can get by with littie
rest. A single mutation in a gene that’s
also found lix people can reduce the
insects’ sleep needs by about two-thirds.
Although eeseaxchers have been study-
tog sleep for decades, they’ve made
little progress in teasing out the genetic
components that control this pheoonse
non. A sleeping fly simply site motion
less, usually foe many hours a day.
(Science News)
A.
Everybody needs at least four hutstrti’ elsep esery
diy
B. A sleeping fly, ass recent study has found, does
not move for 510cc thact S hours
C. Those who require tour hcucs’ sleep a night are

likely to have a mutehon sit Site sense gene that
reduces sleep needs ci insects as well
0. Scientists have made little progress in discover.
tug the genetic components of insects’ sleep
needs
29. Although vitamin pills can provide
much or all of the U.S. recommended
daily intalce (ROll of vitamin 0 for
—
children anLf adults 200 to 600
International Unit (IU), depending on
—
age bone and mineral researchers
have lately been recommending that
people get much, much more. In fact,
some scientists have advised the fed
eral government to boost the vitamin
0 RDI up to at least 1,000 1U and to
bump up the certified-safe limit
beyond the current 2,000 It).
A.
The maximum certified vttarniast) intake is cut
racily 600 international units
B. Scietstists have proposed to increase the recom
mended level of vitamin 0 intake per day to at
least thousand international units
C. According to mineral researchers only sun can
provide sufficient levels of vitamin 0
0, Children usuaLly get less vitamin 0 than adults
because of unhealthy nutnitition
30. Unprecedented advances in the life sci
ences and the potential for the misuse
of the scientific enterprise for bioterror
jam or biu-warfare have created a press
ing need for an international consensus
ott the steps that must be taken to
reduce this grave threat to humanity.
Counter-bioterrorism measures must
include providing ethical guidance —
especially for scientists, physicians, sci
entific institutions, and others engaged
In research and development in the life
sciences throughout the world.
(Science Magazine)
A. An ethical guidance is likely to ssop scienSits
Irons getting involved in bio-warfare issues
VERBAL REASONING TEST
13. There is an international consensus that ho
warfare is linked to terrerisist
C. ‘l’he latest progress in life sciences has festered
the need for measures against the misuse of the
achievements
0. Scientists and physicians are more likely fri be
involved in biotnrrorisni than th,sse not dealing
with life sciences
31. Migration is well established aS 55 nseclss’
nism by which animals cope with sea
sonal variations in food supply. It is has
also been suggested as a possible way of
reducing the burden of parasitism in a
range of hosts, either by weeding out
infected individuals or by allowing them
to escape from environmenta in which
parasites have accumulated. Evidence
has been provided that one of the more
—
spectacular examples of migration that
of the monarch butterfly In North
—
America may have evolved at least in
part as such a mnechanisni. (Science
Magazine)
A. Parsattism may only be reduced by weeding
out infected hosts
The monarch butterfly migrates every winter to
North America
C. Evidence lisa shown that the teal reason why
the monarch butterfly migrates is to cope wttlt
seasonsi vartattous in the food supply
0. Animals migrate in order to overcome difficul
ties caused by changing seasons
32. in the first 61) years of the 20th centssrh
commercial whaling wiped out 97 percent
of the Southern Hemisphere’s blue
whales, notes Rodriga Hucke-Gaste of the
Southern University of Chile in Valdivia
and his survey team. As of 2000, the
International Whaling Commission (IWC> :
estimated that 700 to 1,400 blue whales
remain in the Southern Hemisphere.
(Science News) i?
2 benzene, than is indicated by standard
VERBAL REASONiNG TEST
A. The International Whaling Commission was
crested to preserve and protect whales
g University of Minnesota in
Mr. Hucke-Geste and iris survey team work at
the Southern University f Chile
C. Commercial whaling started in the first half ci
the 200 century
0. Commercial whahtrg has destroyed 97th of blue
whales in the Pacific Ocean
33. After a period of uncertaintyi some
positive signs are emerging in Europe.
An improvement its the international
economic environment, low levels of
inflation, stabilised oil prices and
better conditions in the financial mar
kets are key factors behind a pick-up
in economic activity, which is expected
to strengthen in the course of 2004.
Since the situation remains fragile, a
message of confidence in the European
Union’s economic potential is needed.
Maintaining sound macroeconomic
policies, accelerating structural
reforma and prumotirsg investment in
,.
infrastructure and human capital are
key policies.
(Presidency Conclusione, Brussels
European Council, 2003)
.
A. Reinforcing measures are iseeded to he takers tn
order to atabilise the positive tendencies
B.
Ott prices have been severely fluctuating in the
recent years
C. The uriceetsissly that has been going on for sev
eral years still does not seem lobe coming to art
end
0. The most unpot’taiit goals are to improve the
finsncial markets, the free flow of capital nd
keep a low level of inflation
‘
34.
A new study suggests that most people
inhale substantially more organic con
taminants, including cancer-causing
environmental riak assessments based
on outdoor measurements. “Ambient
measurements at central sites aren’t
list..
good predictors of [persnnsl] expo
sure,” says John Adgate of use
Minneapolis. “Actual exposures are
higher.” To monitor urban air quality,
environmentaL agencies typically
measure pollutant concentrations in
samples collected at centralized out
door locations and extrapolate individ
uals’ average exposures from those
measurements. Thaf;s a reasonable
approach for studying ozone and other
pollutants that form out-of-doors or
that come almost exclusively from
identifiable industrial sources.
(Science News)
A. The extrapolation method of assessment is only
reliable in the case of ozone
B. Urban air quality is usually measured at out
door locations and corctuaiomss are not as reli
able as it had been presumed before
C, A recent study has shcwn that people inhale a
lot more benzene than test ymca ago
0. Environmental agencies isaac the exclusive
righl to measure pollutant concnstcattcna in
centralized areas
35. As SANCO Commissioner Markos
Kyprianou underlined at the launch of
the EU Platform, “Today’s ovez-wetglst
teenagers are tomorrow’s middle aged
heart attack victims”. Tackling this
serious public health issue will also
have an impact on the EU’s economy
and health care services. Obesity, poor
ntitrition and lack of exercise and asso
ciated health problems such as cardio
vascular disease, type 2 diabetes,
respiratory problems and an increased
risk of cancer are already linked to 2-
So/,,
of EU health care costa.
(Commission en Direct, no, 358, p. 4)
A. Obesity and malnutrition not only cause serious
tiesith risks bitt also increased spending on
helth care
B. The Coosnsissionec for Health and Consumer
protectiosi ts of Greek nationality
 -

--e
VERBAL REASONING TEST d, VERBAL REASONING TEST

C Overweight seeravccs uunliy suffer I ocr dual use export control regime
cacctio-vacctlsr Itseuses which entail higher 39 The declinc of newspapers prrdates
issues celsmit to the Agenda 20(l) sod
(Presidency Conclusions, Lisbon European the internet. But the second broad- enlarge-
cik of cancer Council, 2000) nreni
band — generation of the internet is nut
D. The IsV tpends 2-thc or its budget on hessih core k- only accelerating it hut is also chang 3. The discussion,,bot ‘,t,e Cirespean budget per
Cos A, The European Council expressed it wish to spective at
ing the business in a way that the pre was launched the Edirib,,rgh
have legislation passed on several issues Summit
—
vEins rivals to newspapers radio and
smong other things, distsrice selling of financial
—
CV
TV never did. Older people, whom
sm-vices Mr Murdoch calls “digital immi
EU leaden have had disagreements uiis tmaticial
36. Irs the context of integrating migration issues since the
. .
sm-y beginning oi then cooler
,
issues in our Unions relations with B. E-nsoney la a concept used for electronic corn- grants”, may not have noticed, but
aIim
third countries, the Eurqpean Council merLe arid on-line banking issues young ,, digital natives increasingly
C. VV)’ from
get their news fnn web portals such It/itsin has been getting a ret
reaffirms that the EU dialogue and C. The European Council voiced its concern over tls
actions with third countries in the as Yahoot or Google, and from newer Eursuseanbudget sInce
the lack of legislation in areas like international web media such as blogs, Short for
field of migration should be part of an cooperation in crhssinsl matters
overall integrated, comprehensive and “web logs”, these are online journal
V
.
-
balanced approach, which should be D. The Council must always consml the lrurooear, entries of thoughts and web
links that 41.
-
V V -
‘
Beethoven first joined I’rince Lictinw
dstferrntiated taking account of the 1 Ctliii0Ct W Sen passirg
-: legis also, Oii
up’,’
anybody can post. k’shereas 56, of
sky’s household and studied under
existing situation irs the different right nd re.aie rigits Ainencans haven t heard of blogs and
I-haydn, Albrechtsberger, and possibly
undy 3% read them daily, among
regions and in each individual partner ttse Salien, His music is usually divided into
country. in this respect, the European young they are standard tare, with 4-i’D
three periods. in the first (1792—1802),
Council recognises the importance of of online Americans aged 18-29 read-
38. As inhabitants of rugged shores, mus- ing them often, according to a poll by
which includes the first two eyci-uphniiie
s,
developing an evaluation mechanism sels have an amazing capacity to stick to the first six quartets, arid th ‘PaiLhfcique’
to monitor relations with third coon- CNN/USA Today/Gallup.
rocks, despite the constant pounding of sq and ‘iS,VIonnlight sonatas, his style gradu
tries which do not cooperate with the (Eiie Economist, 21 April 2005)
waves. These organisms are also riotori ally develops its own individuality. His
EU in combating illegal immigration. ous for sticldng to ships, glass, and,
(l’residency Conclusions, Tiessaloniki ir A. Newspapers startad to decline when the listen
second period (1803—12) begin,s with the
—
net
well, just about anything even Teflon. ‘/
‘Eroica’ symphony (1803), and includes
more
European Council, 2003) became more and widespread his next five symphonies, the difficsill
Researchers at Purdue University in D . -
,1V
B The usternet chanrss wa
V
West Lafayette say they have uncovered - oueo,slis,ri tue same ‘Kreutzer’ Sonata (1803), the Violin
A. Migration issues hive beaus ,,
Vt Sc ra an V
art of the tiC’s the secret to what makes mussel glue iii once us
Concerto, the ‘Archduke’ trio (1811), and
policy towards third countries the ‘Razunsovsky’ quartets. His third
CV
strong. It’s iron. Once they understand
. V V
More than half of Americons have never heard
V4
It. The EU has extensive relations with a number the glue’s cheosistayi researchers might great period begins in 1813, and includes
V
, V -
of web logs, or “bEg,”
V V
••-
or third count-net in various continents develop more effective antitotthng the Mass, the ‘Choral’ symphony liszt),
V
V
IVVVi V
paints to prevent mussels, barnacles, C. Older people uncceassngiy tend to vet their news and the last five quartets.
C. 1 Vise EU affirms its intention to reconsider rels- b
,on, ise pcrta 5 (Biography,c inn>
VVj
and other hangers—on front sticking to
lions with third countries
that do not show ships. Another payoff could be stronger -ii’f
efforts against illegal immigration A. Beethoven was born in 1770
biomaterials, particularly sutures and -t49
VVV
V V V

Li. Ihe European Council considers it necessary us other wound-closing products 40 B. Erie second period of
VV5 rnus,r
V V V V - V
Money is so often at the root of family Beethoven’s been’,
V V
combat iilegal wunugraiion arid establish a corn- (Science Nate’s) wIth the lsreutzr sonata
VI
squabbles. ‘Ihe Europeaas Union is no
- V
Vt
‘ -
-
dc
pee 1rmstve appr a se-1 i ri is lo iC‘i’ exception. Ever since
AV VIVOflOn Margaret C. SaIler-i had moSt
is the only material a mussel is unable to
Thatcher wielded her handbag in the probably disc herure
was
stick itself to Beethoven boo,
Vf,
1980s to demand her money hack, the
V V
V
V 11,( C.
The are
37, European
in
ii. larnacles posuin a rasl dsnser to the sa,ety
budget has caused friction. The then Beettsoven composed the Mocailight sonata in
V
Council calls partacu- V V
V
.11
V V -
-
of 1.
Mrs ‘Ihatcher won a rebate fur Britain the early period of hue life
-
lar on the Council, along with the msril,me shiposn’0
Vt;
at the Fontainebleau summit in 1984.
European Parliament where approp
ri- CV VVli
The fact that scientists l,ave managed to roved I But summits at Edinburgh in 1992 and
ate, to adopt as rapidly as possible
the chemiscry of mussels’ glue may help in z/, Berlin in 1999 sasv more budget rows,
during 2000 pending legislation on the developing special paints to prevent them from 42. Certain cells lining tine lungs and otlser
legal framework for electronic cons- Now it may happen again, as EU lead-
sticking to ships membrane-covered areas make and
VVV
mm-ce, on copyright and related rights, era wrestle with the “financial perspec
l
store mucus. These cells, called goblet
C tive for 2007-13”.
ugu
on a money on the distance selling of Mus els ran glue tfamselve to anythi ills
,
cells, routinely release small amounta
financial services, on jurisdiction and special kind of iron web (1 he Econcu;naot 3 Meuueh 200z)
the eniorrement of judgments, and the -‘I ot the slippery substance. But the cells
also secrete bursts of mucus in
The l9’l’i Berlin summit dealt with hudgeiaiy
;i5• response to trrltatts-.’he mechanism
behind the switch from healthy burst
Vf

to aberrant secretion, as seen in peopie
with asthma, remains unknown.
(Science Nest’s)
A. All cells in the lungs store mucus
It. Aberrant secretion of mucus has been recently
discovered by scientIsts
C Goblet cells are he only ores diet d cml release
any slippery substance
U. me cause and niachanism of asthma is not ye’(
Known
43. The removal of technical barriers to
trade is a precondition for the comple
tion of the internal market. Since the
adoption of the new approach to tech
nical harrnonisation and standardisa
lion in 1985, the harmonisation of
European industrial standards in the
Sixteen areas covered by European
technical legislation has become an
essential instrument for the achieve
ment of this objective. This approach
was subsequently complemented by a
coherent policy on certification and
tests, setting out clear, consistent and
transparent principles which apply to
the product certification procedures to
be used at Community level.
(Sea dPlus)
‘s. There are more than twenty areas where techni
cal legislation has to be implemented in order to
remove technical barriers to ttade
It. l’he completion of the internal market entails
the harrnonis.ntaon of sndustnsl standards arid a
policy rio certification and tests
C. Precinct cert,tication procedures require the
adcptnon ot a new approach to taduilcal Iinr-
monusationi
U. Tne completion of the intemal market was
achieved in 1985 when technical standards
were harmocusd
i14. Early in the history of the planet, when
only single-celled life forms such as
bacteria were around, there was little
VERBAL REASONING TEST
oxygen in the air. About halfway
through Earth’s 4.6 billion years, oxygen
began to rapidly accunsulate isa the
atmosphere. The first eukaryotes with
several different types of cells emerged
at the same time.
lSciz,zce News)
A. In the very beginning of Earth’s history, little
else but bacteria ware present
13. The sge at the E.irlh a 4.6 million years
C’ Oxygen started to accumulate “only” a billion
years ago
U. Eukarynies, like bacteria, have only one call
45. The EU has from the outset taken a
pro-active role in the negotiations and
unreservedly supported the implemen
tation of the Doha Declaration. The
recently adopted reform of the CAP
and proposals for reform in other 5cc-
toes are the best proof that for the EU
the path towards less trsde-distorting
support need nnt be an external con-
straint, but a desired policy orienta
tion. lnternally, the path chosen meets
the domestic challenges of promoting
competitiveness for EU agriculture
while at the same time meeting the
highest environmental, quality and
animal welfare standards that our cid
zens expect. iT’
—
(‘Reviving tIteDDA Negotiations the Eli 1i
Perspective, 2003)
A. According to the Doha Declaration, EU ,ngcicul
tuiz is not competitive enough
B. The Common Agrimultorul Poilcy (CAP) had
undergone several reforms in the past
C. Regarding agriculture, the EU dtd not have any
substantial objection to the implementation st
the Dolts Declaration
U. The EU considers that less trade-distorting sup-
pert is indeed nothing else but an external con,
straint
VERBAL REASONING TEST
46. The European Commission is working
with Member Stales to ensure that the
European Union achieves its goals for
reduction in carbon emissions agreed
at the Kyoto environmental confer
ence. Climate change is one of the
principal themes of use European
Union’s Sixth Environmental Actiun
Programme, to be completed by 2012,
alongside protecting nature and blodi
versith contributing to the quality of
life and social well-being for citizens,
better resource efficiency and resource
arid Waste management.
(DG Environntent
A The Smxth Envtro:uce,itoi Action Programme
was launched in 2itQ2, for a term-year period
it ‘l’he Kyoto conference dealt with reduction of
carbon emissions and climate change
C. Resource and waste management is one of the
main priorities at tie Sixth Environmental
Action Programme
U. The European Commission imposes very strict
environooteemtsi standards on EU Member States
47. The European Ombudsman was estab
lished by the Maastricht ‘Treaty to deal
with complaints about maladministra
tion by the institutions and bodies of
the European Community. The first
ombudrnan was elected in 1995 and
has since then dealt with over 12,000
grievances from citizens, companies,
organisalions and public authorities.
A complaint must be made within two
years of the date when the facts on
which the complaint is based became
known and the institution or body con
cerned had already been contacted.
(Comtrnjssjoyt)
Tine Maastricht Treaty created time European
Onnbuif smart wino entered into office when the
Treaty entered into force
B. A complaint can be made directly to the
Oir,budsman without any briber conditions to
C. Only EU citizens and public aathorities inc’,
seel, legal assistance from the Orutmadirnan
U. The 0-,budamarm or.y daa.s with issues that are
related to malrrdiointstrabort by the Corn
5
titutiofls and bodies
inunity in
411. In 1965, the Uooge Committee Report,
drawyt up in preparation for the
Intergovernmental Conference which
was to lead to the Single European Ac!
(SEA), contained a number of proposals
concerning foreign policy. The provi
sions introduced by the SEA satabliahed
an institutional basis for the European
Political Cooperation, the group of
European correspondents and a secre
tariat working under the direct author
ily of the Council presidency.
(ScadPlus)
A. The Single European Art was signed in
and entered into force in 19S7
B. The Dooge Committee proposed to phce the
European Political Cooperation’s secretariat
under the Council presidency
C. The lnmlergoverflflrecmtal CCmnuJacem.e call Eu’
creation of the Dooge Cc’munittes 10 give pro
posals for the reform of foreign policy
B It was the Single European Act that actuav cre
ated a specialised group of European annie
spottdents irs the field at foreign policy
49. Picasso studied at Barcelona and
Madrid, and in 1901 Set up a studio in
Montmartre, Pads. His ‘blue period’
(1902-4), a series of striking studies of
the poor in haunting attitudes of
despair and gloom, gave way to the
gay, life-affirming ‘pink period’ (1903.-
6), full of harlequinS, acrobats, and the
incidents of circus life. He then turned
to brown, sand began to work in sculp
ture. His break with tradition came
with ‘Lee Demoiselles d’Avignon’
(1906-7, New york), the first exemplar
of analytical Cubism, a movement

which he developed with llraque
(1909-141.
(BiographE.corn)
A. Picasso p.drued ‘Las Denroiselies d’Avigrion’ in
1904 in Paris
B. Pirasso had a blue, pink and brown period of
painting
C. Cubism was a brand new aisle uf painting and
am’ h,recture l’isasao had inverred
0 Picasso had lived in Paris helms pursuir.g his
studies in Spatn
50. Many of the European l.nion’s most
ardent supporters still see the EU as a
crucial bulwark against the return of
war to Europe. In pressing the case fur
monetary union, Mr Kohl argued that
adopting the euro was ultimately a
question of war and peace in Europe.
When efforts to write a European con
stitution looked like stalling, Elmar
Brok, a prominent German member of
the EU’s constitutional convention
(and confidant of Mr Kohl), gave
warning that if Europe failed to agree
on a constitution, it risked sliding hack
into the kind of national rivalries that
had led to the. outbreak of the first
world war.
(The Economist, 23 September 2004)
A. Mr. Kohl was the federal chancellor of Germany
for several years
B. tiuropeatt po)itirians many bows see the
European Union as a tool against the return of
war to the rontinent
C. ‘the constitutional convention was co-chaired
by isti. Elmar Brok
U. The euro was the first tangible sign of the
European monetary union
51. Director David Cronenbeng once told
me that back in the eighties, when he
was trying to make isis version of “The
—
Fly” the one where Jeff Golclblum
—
turns into a gooey monster a studio
VERBAL REASONING TEST
head said it wouldn’t work; Ise said Iso
didn’t think audiences could deal with a
hero who is also the villain, Scary, hith?
There goes “Dr Jekyll and Mr. hyde.”
There go the most fascinating characters
in literature. Television, where fathers
were supposed to know best, was even
less friendly to moral ambiguity —
which is why “The Sopranos” was a
landmark. When we first met James
Gandolfini’s Tony Soprano in 1999, he
seemed to be evolving. He was seeing a
psychiatrist; he was coming to temss
with his life. lie was a gang boss, sure,
but he had a crazy narcissistic mom, he
cared about his kids, he wasn’t a
sociopath, hike his nephew Christopher.
And then came the episode where he
took his daughter Meadow to Maine to
see a college and spied a rat, an ex-gang- C
alec relocated by the witness protection
program. Tony saw tInt man had a wife
—
and kids and hesitated and we knew
he wouldn’t kill him. Only he did, No
matter how much we enspathizetl with
and lived vicariously through these
characters, creator David Chase made
—
sure to slap us awake to remind us
they were terrible people. Tony ordered
the murder of the one entirely syrnpa
thetic character, Ores di Matteo’s
Adriana. Last season, Joseph
Garcuascoli’s Vito was discovered to be
.
gay, taboo in Mafia culture, and he fled
—
to New Hampshire how could we not
be toothed by the sad seek’s plight?
Only then, he shot a man whose car he
hit while driving drunk. (COil
A David Cronherg’a version of “The Fly” was
finally made because the studio head acid that if
ans’oite can play a hero who is also the villain,
then it’s Jeff Goldblum.
B Although Torty’s character seemed at first I,,, be
evolving, he shot a family man without variEs
tOn.
‘B
C Whatever studio heads think or have thought in
the past, the most fascinating characters ifl ham
attire have been those who wet e heroes and vim ‘0
laths at the same time.
0 Last season, Tony also knl)ed Joseph 9
b’EIfBAL REASONING TEST
C;aminascuo’s Vito, svh irund out about lout
being gay, taboo in Malls culture.
52. At fitat glance, Kentiands, Md. looks
like a snapshot of an old-fashioned
city or small town neighborhood: a
mix of houses, schools, shops and
cafes, all within an easy stroll, Just like
the old days, some of those neighbors
even reside above the store. But this
town is not an old established area.
Twenty years ago, none of it was here.
Kentlands is a town built front scratch,
according to town architect Mike
Watkins. “The main street’s the heart
tO tIme community. It’s where neighbors
hang out,” iso told. “Kentiands is 352
acres, 2200 residential units, about a
third multi-family, a third townhouses
and a third singles itt rough numbers,”
There are rental apartments, too, and
lots of shared green space. The govern
ing principal is simple, “Many of us
preler walking to driving, so it was
deliberately designed as a place as a
—
counterpoint to that to offer an alter.
native to driving absolutely every
where,” Watkins said. In fact,
Kentlands is just one example of a
tnovemnent that’s been dubbed “new
urbaisism.” “Well, essentially the sub
urbs have crashed,” said Andres
Duany, who with his wife, Elizabeth
Plater-Zybeck, is leading the new
urban movement, “The peon-rise of
suburban living was not fulfilled, You
don’t get nature, you get a little lawn,
You don’t get the freedom to drive
everywhere, you get traffic conges
tion.” (CBS)
A. The creation oh Kentiands two decades ago
started a movemer,t that’s bean dabbed the
“new urttantsm”.
Since everything in Ker,tlsnds is in strolling dis
tance, it is pnsa:bie to omive anywhere in ttte
OWO svlthout getting caught’ up in trattic rio
gestior.
C.
Kenflands is ems old’ett,iblislcd city, which has
been succasafully preserved, deapite the cre
ation of new suburbs,
0. The suburbs have proved a failure, as tins
prornisea nature and the tre,,dort-. to Orlve any-
where, promises which they have tailed ma
hIfil.
53. Sitssce the first one was built 60 years
ago, Ferrari baa defined Italian style,
reports CBS News correspondent Alien
Pizzey. Ferraris have also been called
the ultimate status symbol, a rich man’s
toy, an answer to a mid-life crisis, a
—
proof of more money than brains aimS
the finest cam in the world. Dependintg
on whether one is speaking Out of etrv
diadain or admiratjoti, a Ferrari is all of
those and more, according to product
development manager Masshno
Furnarola, “You don’t have actually an’s
need to buy a Ferrari,” Fumarola says.
“It’s not a product that brings you fronts
A to B. You can do it nsore efficiently
with any other car. It’s much more
—
about a sell’-realizat-ion a dream. And
like all dreams, a Ferrari takes a while
to come true, The assembly line pro
duces a mere 27 cars a day—a little us em
five thousand a year. Every one is
unique with the exception of ttte
engine. They are handcrafted under
hospital-like hygienic conditions, hot
no matter how rich you are, there are no
optional extras available. “If a customer
is looking fur more horsepower, we
always say no,” Fumarula says. “Apart
from that, we can really match any kind
of expectation from our customers,”
One of those expectations is color, From
Formula One racecars to sleek street
models, Ferrari is a synonym for red.
But in fact there are three shades 0 f
“Ferrari Red”: the brilliant racing tine, a
slightly less bright more common to
street models, and a deeper hue for the
luxury end of the spectrum. lint you
can order almost any color imaginable.
One customer wanted a paint job to
—
match his wife’s eyes obviously a man
who knew how to have an expensive
76
toy and a peaceful life. (CBS)
A. Fetrarts have been reLad nearly everything
the ultimate status symbol, a rich man’s toy. an
answer to a mid-lift crisis and a proof of more
—
money than brains except the finest cars in the
world,
B. No matter who, or how nch the customer is, the
engine always stays the same in ll Ferrari cars.
C. A custOm psi
oh mac done on one of the cars,
so that it t,ouid match the eyes of Mr
Fus,arola’a wite.
U. Ferrari, being a synonym for red, is the only
colour that these cars are available in, thougts in
almost any shade imaginable.
54. A full-size granite Mercedes-Benz is
the pride of a New York cemetery. It’s
one of the more eccentric tombstones
that try to tell people more than just
name, date of birth and date of death.
We long ago forgot about John
Matthews, the soda fountain king, but
we can be reminded of him in Green
Wood cemetery in Brooklyn, N.Y., by
staring for all eternity at his achieve
ments in the carbonated drink world
carved in marble. But Green-Wood
didn’t get to be a national historic
landmark because of this Sort of thing.
Rather, it’s because of the who’s who
of famous people buried here. Among
them is the tomb of amateur
Egyptologist Albert Pamons. “We start
off with the Old Testament on the far
left there, l’,’Ioaes and his mother and
—
then Christian imagery here you see
the lamb which is symbol of the inno
cence of a child, and then you see the
Egyptian god responsible I or safe
guarding tomba and mausoleums,”
said Green-Wood historian Jeffrey
Richinan as he showed off Parsons’
very own Sphinx tombstone. Ricbnran
say’s the cemetery reflects what was
going on in the world at the time, in
fact cemeteries are like a social history
of the United States. Dutch
Gravestones from the 18th century
were plain and severe, which indicate
VLRBAI ASOMG TEST
the harshness of life in colonial
America, “This is about a hostile
—
nature, this is about death constantly
stalking the person, the living,”
Richrnan said. (CBSi
A. What actually got Green-Wood to nefional his
tone landmark status, is the freshly added full-
size grsnhte Mercedes-Benz.
B. Arrording to a Green-Wood historian, cemeter
ies provide asocial history of the United States.
C. Richman says that all the graves in the cemetery
reflect the hostility of nature, and are about
death constantly stalking people.
D. The pride of Green-Wood cemetery is a lamb
stone that tells the person’s name, date of birth
and date ci death and nottrmg more,
53. The iPhone doesn’t go on sale unbi
Friday evening but, thanks to Apple’s
full-court press advertising and media
campaign, some people are already
standing in line to get one. Ed Ilaig, per
sonal technology columnist for USA
Today, has fried one, and offered his
thoughts on its pros and cons, Basically,
— says Baig, it’s very good, but not perfect.
Its hype though, he told co-anchor
Hannah Storm, is “remarkable. I’ve
been covering tech for more years than I
can remember, and this product has had
such a mania and attraction that I’ve ji
never seen it with any other product.”
Storm wondered if the iPhone make
other products obsolete. “I don’t know
about that,” Baig replied. “If you have a
Blackberry or a Trio, don’t throw them
away just yet, but it’s pretty cool.”
— —
Apple says the iPhone which coin
bines the functions of a cell phone, ifod
media player and Web-surfing device—
will be easier to use than other sn-mart
phones because of its unique touch-
screen display and intuitive software
that allows for easy access to voice mail
messages, the Internet, and video and
music libraries. But skeptics question
whether even the most innovative prod-
uct cams live up to the iPhone’s lofty
expectations. AT&T is its exclusive car-
hERBAL REASONiNG TEST
ncr, and Baig calls the network AT&T is
using for the iPhorme tire device’s
“biggest drawback.” The ifisone is on
AT&T’s Edge data network, and Baig
says Edge is slow conspared to other
“third generation” or “3G” networks.
(CBS)
A. Until Friday. the iPhone will not he tried by
anyone, so even Ed Baig osn only lake gueaaea.
B. hal -unaehed on a dtsatvarstage too, which is ‘C,
regai’dlr.g the speed of the iPhomse’s current data
network.
C. Later on, a unique touch-screen display will
also be added,
C, The il’lione was designed to be perlect in all
cispects.
5b. Bruce Willis became one of film’s moSt
ironic action heroes when he played
New York cop John McClane in 1988’a
“Die Hard,” Now, 12 years after the
third installment of the series, he is
back in “i.ive Free or Die Hard,” trying
to foil a high-tech plot to shut down
tire entire United States. It’s no sur
prise that the franchise keeps going,
the “Die Hard” movies have made
more than USD1 billion. But Willis
said his motivation was the script and
the story. “it continued to change,” he
said. “It certainly had to be brought
into the 21st century, the whole con
cept of the film. And it has to compete,
you know? There’s so many films out
tisere that have to compete with TV
now. I mean, ‘24’ is a great action TV
series on all the time. That does great
big stunts, great big crazy things all
the time.” Willis, 52, made his film
debut opposite Kim Basinger in “Blind
Date.” Now he is one of Hollywood’s
most sought after actors. And despite
‘ his age, he says he was still able to do
many of the stunts the movie required.
—
“It’s hard getting up just as easy to
jump out of the car, jump off things.
It’s the getting up part,” he said.
Perhaps Willis is just as famous for his
family as he is fur the movies he has
made. He is divorced from actress
Demi Moore with whom he haa three
daughters. Moore, 45, is now married
to 29-year-old actor Ashton Kutcher
and Willis spends a good deal of ttmne
with the couple. (CBS)
A, Bruce Willis considered making “Live Free or
Die Hard”, but realised that the Stuills the
movie required were tar Leo ditmicuit tar hutu
B. Willis argued that many fiimna Out there have as
compete with TV, and that ‘Dsi Hard” is deft
n1tey no exception.
C, Even though Wilis was not imrrpresaed by the
script and story, bringing the whole concept of
the film into the 21st century piqued hi
5 inter
est.
C. Dumi Mcare h.rs been crass with lru:e ever
since their divorer.
5?. Fireworks and the Fourth of July go
hand and hand, but the Consumer
Product Safely Commission estimates
there were 9,200 emergency cursor-
treated injuries associated with all fire
—
works last year 6,400
fireworks-related injuries occurred
between June 16 and july 16, 2006,
alone. The CPSC found that three
times as many males were injured as
females and between 2001) and 2006, an
average of seven people died a year
because of accidents with fireworks.
Almost 113 of those deaths involved
professional fireworks the consumers
had obtained illegally. “Tlsey’re often
—
referred to as fireworks tnsiy, they’re
explosives,” said Julie Vallese of the
CPSC. Vallese demonstrated how ille
gal fireworks or fireworks intended
for professional use can cause severe
injuries. Demonstration No. 1: M1000
illegal firework in a watermelon. The
watertnelun was completely blown up.
“We do see amputations of fingers and
even limbs,” Vallese said. “There are
eye injuries and permanent scarring.
So the devastation and the injuries
really are permanent to consumers.”

Demonstration No 2: Mannequin and
professional fireworks The mannequin
was positioned leaning slightly for
vard, as if to light the ficework, which
then exploded in itt face.
“l’zofessional-grade fireworks have
very long fuses but they burn very
quickly,” Vallese said. “Oftentimes,
consumers just don’t have the kind of
time they need to get away with a pro
fessional-grade fir ework.” (CBS)
A. According to Julie Vallese of the CPSC profes
sionel standard fireworks pose no danger, only
true explosives.
B. Demonstration No. 2 was to show that even
professional-rated fireworks are only danger
ous if they explode in one’s face.
C. In a period of only one month in 2006, there
were more than six thousand fireworks-related
injuries.
0. The problem is that prafessional-grsde fire
works are being sold legally to the public.
58. On a anission to fight AIDS and
malaria, first lady Laura Bush is on her
third trip to Africa. 1-Icr trip includes
visits to Senegal, Mozambique,
Zambia and Mali. The first lady spoke
from Maputo, Mozambique on
Wednesday. Bush expressed her excite
ment over a new grant set forth by the
president as part of his malaria initia
tive, which targets the most affected
countries in Africa. The USD2 million
grant was given to an inner-religious
group made of Catholic priests, imams
and ministers who represent 10 differ
ent religious groups. These religious
representatives met in Mozambique to
go into i-oral communities to teach
people how to use insecticide treated
nets and show othec ways to help erad
icate malaria within their villages. The
initiative should reach almost 2 mil
lion people. As part of her visit to
Maputo, Mrs. Bush also vistled a pedi
atric hospital that holds a program for
mothers and children infected with
AIDS. Slse was very encouraged by the
VERBAL REASOLTI?JC TEST
progress of use program called I osstave
Tea. Positive Tea is a support group,
which helps mothers overcome the
stigma associated with the disease. in
addition to her work with AIDS and
malaria, Mrs. Bush also hopes to raise
awareness about women’s issues in
Africa. She had lunch with several
African and American women leaders
in Mozambique, including members
of the Peace Corps. They discussed
how important education is for
women. “If girls and women are edo
cated, they arc much less likely to get
I-MV,” Mrs. Bush said. “They are much
more likely to know how to protect
themselves. They have a diance to con-
tribute to their society.” (CBS)
A. Positive Tea is a possible vaccine to cure AIDS
and malaria.
B. On Wednesday,! aura Bush managed to speak
with the first lady of Mozxtnbique
C. Laura Bush has been to Africa twice before.
D Getting African worrier, leaders to understand
how important education is fur women was
Mrs. Bush’s primary objective.
59. The psychology of global markets has
shifted hugely over receitt days as it
becomes clear that Europe, Australasia
and parts of Asia are sliding into reces
sion. The US dollar has launched its l
best rally in half a decade, reflecting a
recognition that half the world is in 5f
even worse slsape than the US. In fact, :
America as the only 07 country to eke
out modest growth this summer. ‘[he
—
US dollar index currencies watched
—
closely by traders smashed through
resaatance yesterday fri the biggest one
day move since the long dollar slide
began seven years ago. “This was
highly significant Perceptions have
changed,” said Ian Start.nard, currency
strategist at BNI’ Paribas. Commodities l
tumbled as hedge fursda and financial
investors struggled to untangle them-
selves from crowded positions on the flj
futures markets. Breast crude fell USDJi9
VERJJcIL REASONING TEST
4 to under USD 134 a barrel, down
convene Parliament or form a
govern
over 2Opc since peaking in early July.
ment was only to be made by consen
The Baltic Dry Index has now fallen
every day for over three weeks, drop
sus 0 the governing and opposition
ping 3Opc on fears that ship demand is
parties. (The New York Motes)
fizzling out. (7’t,e Telegraph) The article mirntionta the jiilIawing flicts
rec’.trdirig lie rtarren: sirsQlsj,t in Zintfrritr-c,
EXCEPT:
A. Atrter:ca is lOis only country in whirls modest
growth was observed.
A. Currency the question which the parties cant
B Due to the (sar of contracting dns,and fr ship agree spun is use to divide 1. execrauxe autlir,
ping the ft cx. Dry index has dropped steadily tty
for over thra weeks.
B. Decisions regarding the convening of
the
C. All of Asia and Austreda are siding Into
races Parliament or the fc,rming ui a gove.-arn’rrr
are
supposed to be made in unison by It:5 gorier:,
tog and the opposition parties.
0. The US dollar hides dropped the most yester
day since the long dollar slide began seven C. Officials leer that with the expected arres:s
the
years ago. Parliament might not be capable of voting
in
important inaiters.
IX On Monday the legislature ripened in I-larare,
60. In a sign that President Robert
Mugabe cit Zimbabwe may be f’ing
to consolidate his control of
Parliament, police officers arrested two 61. As America climbs Out 0 one of its
opposition lawmakers Monday as the
worst recessions In decades, we must
legislature opened in the capital,
keep in mind that long-term economic
Harsre. Opposition officials said they
growth requires an abondant, afford
teared more arrests could follow on
able supply of electricity. By 2030, elec
Monday, the day members of
tricity demand in the U.S. is expected to
Parliament were to be sworn in. For
grow by 20’!, from its current level,
the first time since the country’s inde
according to the U.S. Energy
pendence from minority white rule in
Administration. To meet our needs we
1980, the opposition in March won a
have several options. To be sure, the 13.5
majority in Parliament over Mr.
needs to enabrace all forms of renew
Mugabe’s ruling party, ZANU-l’F. But
its edge is narrow, wills 110 seats to able and sustainable energy technolo
gies whenever possible. But tlse simple,
ZAN1J-PF’s 99, arid it depends on the
unavoidable truth is that all renewable
support of 10 meanbers from an oppo
sition splinter group that has been energy sources produce only a small
percentage of our total electricity
squabbling with the main wing of the
opposition. The governing party and output. Wind and solar combined, for
example, account for less than 6Vo of the
the opposition have been engaged for
current total U.S. electricity supply. If is
weeks in power-sharing talks that are
now deadlocked os’er how to divide doubtful that they can be scaled up to a
degree that would make a significant
executive authority between Mr.
impact on rising electricity demand over
Mugabe and the maid opposition
the short or intermediate term. (Wall
leadeal Morgan Tsvangirai. Mr.
Street Journal)
Tsvangirai fared better than Mr.
Mugabe in the last ccedible election, in
Wlsich of the foliowing statements is correct?
March, then boycotted tlse June runoff.
Under an agreement that formed the A. Wlule U.S. electricity demand is espectod to
basis of negotiations, any decision to grow by 20% by 21133, renewable electricitvp:c
 VERBAL REASONING TESy
Tl mjpFJ3AL REiIS OWING TEST
ducOon is only expected to expand
by 6% by 63.
that owe. Small businesses are especially
vital to qs.
1 procure a meal. During the spring
job growth. Establishments with
fewer A. Many of Melville’, voyages
If wind and solar electricity production breeding season (in October), they live too, place Ociwexe
in the than 20 employees account for 25
per- the age of If arid 2.5.
U.S. remains at its curt ens level, it is expect in large communities called colonies.
ed to cent of all jobs, but these same-size
d
account for leSs than 5% of total U.S. eleccri Once on land, Adélies build nests and 8. Between 1841 and 1644,
city companies generated 40 percent of
the Melville visited
output in 2030. job growth irs the last economic expa line them with small stones. Male Lien pool, tee Macqueues laiuem
ds, l’aiui arid
Adélie penguins help their mates rear I lenwam.m.
C II is quite likely that renewable electricity sims, front 2003 to 2007. Businesses n
pro not be shedding lobs as aggressiv may the young and, without close inspection, C.
duction will be able to keep up with the expert ely the two sexes are nearly indistinguish Melville heed aløne SOC a itiurthc,
as.rig carol
stOn of demand. they were earlier this year, but they as
still li bmls.
aren’t hiring. Unless they start doin able. They take turns sitting on a pair of
0. To meet the electricity needs of the U.S. g so eggs to keep them warm and safe from 0. Melville spent tie entire time
in 2030, soon, consumers won’t have the
where- ore Tohttr lie
renewable energy technoloD the only predators. Vounoenguins begin to prison.
option. withal to keep spending, and the
earn
omy could slip back into recession swim on their os-’ its about nine weeks.
, It is (National Geographic)
conceivable that businesses will
resume
hiring soon. Employment growth
Mater Which of the following statements is INCORRECI?
62. There is water on the Moon, scien ically lags a pickup in gross dom
estic 66. The European Commission is to
tists lose the
stated unequivocally on Friday. The product. Blot firms typically incre
ase A. AdSlies may travel as fee as 160 kilometre,
for active support of the computer
chip-
confirmation of scientists’ suspicion production by first increasing work
ers’ food. maker Advanced Micra Devices
s is hours and adding temporary ltelp. (A,MDj
welcome news to explorers who migh in its legal defence of a £1.06 billio
t Neither has happened so fan work B. October is spcmr.gitme oem the Antarctic n
set up home on the lunar surface and
to ing fine imposed on the chipmaker Intel
.
hours remain stuck at a record tow C,
scientists who hope that the wate
s in of 33 Male and female AdEli penguins help
each An official at AMD today conf
irmed
hours a week, and the number of
the form of ice accumulated over bil tern other in protecting their two eggs. that, as part of a legal settlemen
t with
pnracy jobs is still in decline. (New
lions of years, holds a record of the
solar York 0.
intel announced yesterday, it will
with
system’s history. The satellite, know Titites) Addlie penguins routinely hunt in wafers
as draw its status as an interested
n as mien as 173 metre, party in
LCROSS, crashed into a crater near the court appeal. The Commiss
the Which of tise following statements ion
Moon’s south pole a month ago. The is correct? investigation that led tu the impo
sition
9,000-kilornetres-per-hour impact carved A. Businesaes are layiisg off mote people of the fine on Intel was prom
pted by a
out a hole 21) to3O meters wide and than they
were curlier this year. complaint from AMD. AMD was
also
kicked ‘op at least 90 litres of water, 65. Herman Melville was born Aug.
The B. Employment growth usuelly 1,1819, identified as the principal com
petitor
LCROSS mission, intended to look
for precedes tint in New York City, into a family that
had affected by what the Cootmission
expansion of the economy after a recessi
watetl was made up of two pieces —
on. declined in the world, In 1837 he described in May as intel’s “serious
and
empty rocket stage to slam into the an
floor C. Record low’ working hours and shipped to l.iverpool as a cabin boy. sustained violation” of EU antitrust
of Cabeus, a crater 96 ldlomees wide the small Upon returning to the U.S. he taught rules. Under its settlement with
number of temporary lobs indicat Intel,
and 3 kilomets-es deep, and a smal e thai bsmst school and then sailed for the South
l neases will start hiring soon. AMD agreed to “drop all pend
ing liti
spacecraft to measure what was kick Seas in 1841 on the whaler Acushnet
ed 0, Although businesses with more . gallon” against Intel and to “withdra
w
up. (New York limes) than 211 After art 18-month voyage he deserted all of its regulatory complaints worl
d
employees provide 75% of all (ribs, their
contri the ship in the Marqitesas Islands and wide” in exchange for a series of conc
es
bution to job growth was only 60%
V,’htch of the following statements is conect
? between with a companion lived for a ntonth sions from Intel. These include
a
21j03 and 2007
A. Scientists now suspect that there might be water
among the natives, who were cannibals
. promise oct hotels part to pay
AMD
He escaped aboard an Australian trader, $‘l.25bn (€0.S4bn) in damages and
on tite moon. to
leaving it at Papeete, Tahiti. where he abide by a set of business practices
B. .
When the LCROSS mission hit the south
pole of
was imprisoned teitiporarily. tie work
ed (European Voice)
the moon, the impact carved a crater
96 kilotrie 64. Adélie penguins live on the A.ntar as a field labourer and then shipped to
ties wide and 3 kilomeires deep ctic Honolulu, Hawaii, where in 1843 Which of Ihe following statements
on the loner continent and on many small, surro
und he is INCORRECT?
surface. enlisted as a seaman on the U.S. Navy
ing coastal islands. They feed on tiny A. In addition to the €11.81 billion, Intel will
C. aquatic creatures, such as shrim frigate United States. After his dis also
The LCROSS mission confirms that there
is at p-like charge in 1844 he began to create novels have to adktere itt certain bualness
rules in time
krill, but also eat fish and squi
least 90 lttres of water on the Moon. d. They Dot of his experiences and to take part future, as part of its deal with AMD.
have been known to dive as deep
0. The water on the Moon has acceun 175 in the literary life of Boston and New 8.
ulated over meters in search of such quar
ry though
ARID will withdraw its staIns as
an tnteresoed
bmll
n
0 st of years fri a liquid form. York City. tHfstory Channel) party in the appeal as part of the
they usually hunt in far shall
ower deal it made
waters less than half that dept Adélie with Intel.
h. s Which of the following stateirmenla is correct
may travel 300 kilonietrea roun
d-trip to ? C. If Intel was to win its appeal against
the tine
imposed by the European Commission as a
con-
 52
VERBAL REASONING TEST VERBAl. f?E.’ISO.b’ir’JG TEST

sequence of Intel’s legal settlement with AldO,

68. Tundra are among Earth’s coldest, powerful Catholic King Louis XIV
Intel would save €220 million. of Whtc±t if ‘,:te lc,llosstrte stetmeot,
harshest biontes. Tundra ecosystems are France in coalition with Protestant Is c,’ctscC
treeless regions found ri the Arctic and and
The European Cc’rnniissic’n is about to lose its Catholic powers in Europe. Many A. Dorm
5 tile three-and.a.had yeilr
legal defence of it fine imposed on the chip on the tops of mountains, where the cli I’rotestants heralded him as a champ colossI to
ion Mozart visited Zdrich last
mOser In In. mate is cold and windy and rainfall is befot
0 h,-ed.n c
of their faith. Largely doe to
that repute- home.
scant, Tundra lands are snow-covered Eon, William was able lo take
for much of the year, until summer the B. Mezart svas viotmest
British crowns where nsany were by J,ihcrtn Cl.:.aps,
brings a burst of wildflowers. Mountsin of a revival of Catholicism
fearful twtce.
under James.
67. The lats1 round of international talks
goats, sheep, mannots, and birds live in William’s victoty over James Ii at
the C. Mozart was tint sh,,svii as a child
mountain, or alpine, tundra and feed en Battle of the Boyne in 1.690 is comme peon a’ in
on climate change broke up to1av (6 nt- If to linperisi Court in 1763,
the low-lying plants snd i.nsects. Hardy orated by the Otange Lnstit”tion
November). Little progress was tiade on flora like cushion plants survive on in 0. Mizart’s thmes’-aiid’e-tsatf.yea-
defining emission-reduction targets for Northern Ireland to this a i).
concert tour
these mountain plains by growing in (Wikipe dial included I stops. ar,d they visited
rich countries or on agreeing finance for 7 liecitlioris
rock depressions where it is wanner
developing countries, the UN said at the
and they are sheltered front the wind. Which of Itte lullowmg statements is
end of five days of talks in Barcelona. correct?
l’he talks wore the last formal round of
The Arctic tundra, whore the average
A. 71, The wind-whipped tip of
temperature is -12 18-6 degrees Celsius, William UI dsieattci his wiles
father iii the South
negotiations before a climate conference Battle of the Boyne. America, Patagonia occupies
supports a variety of animal species, a pristine,
in Copenhagen next month at which the 6
0
0
,0-squa7 re’kilo
3 metre expanse of
including Arctic foxes, polar bears, gray it. Wilitam Ill fought sverai wars agains
UN hopes a pact to succeed the Kyoto wolves, caribou, snow geese and snuck t Louis southern Argentina and Chile,
Never
XIV as part of a Protestant coaliti
Protocol will be agreed. “Without these
oxen. The summer growing season is on. precisely defined, the dry, desola
te
two pieces of the puzzle in place, we C. (sires U was fearful ni a Catholic
region extends from the Rio
Colara
just 50 to 60 days, when the sun shines revival in
will not have a deal in Copenhagen,”
24 hours a day. (Nutional Geographic) England south to the tip of the continent. do
From
said Yvo do Boor, executive secretary of the dramatic peaks of the Andes
and
the United Nations Framework F. Proteetrnt viewed Willi,ttn III as
Which of the following ststenmenls is ctn’mecll their liens the grinding ice fields of Glacie
rs
Convention on Climate Change. The pthn tttttil he mOde a coal itior, with
Catltolt National Park to the arid steppe
s of
European Commission’s chief negotia A. Rainfall its abundant its Tundra ecosystems. powers agtinst Louis XIV. the east, Patagonja is South
Americas
tor, Actor Range Metzger, added that frontier—harsh, unspoiled, raw.
B. Tundra landa are stn’ssmvvme, t - around
developing countries needed to do more Portuguese explorer Ferdinand
da.”. ‘

to curb the growth of their emissions, 70, Eturing Mozart’s format Magellan was the first European
to
U.
ive years, his
Referring to a pledge by Indonesia to lstourtau’ mis as a,. . . ‘ i’,. x’s’ family made several European discover the region when he arrived
fl’si&..-,,’l’ •‘‘...,:j.’’,
jour
cut emissions growth by 26% and up to it,. neys in which he and Nanne 1520. Subsequent explorers called in
the
40% with outside help, Runge Metager, rl wets area’s Tehuelche Indian inhabi
0. ,er ‘ t’’tI’c tants
slaown as child prodigies. 1hese
1 ‘Sc :‘.Z t I... it began
—
said “we need to see more of that”.
..
Patagones, from which the
t. .,,t C,, I, — ‘ . . ..Isil’f. ii.
with an exhibition in 1762 at
the region’s
(European Voice> ‘ name evolved. Today, Patago
of the Prince-elector Maximilian court nia is a
sparsely populated area rich
Bavaria in Munich, then in the III of
same in natural
Which. of the followIng statements is correct? year at the Imperial Court in Vienna resources and wildlife, including
herons, condors, purnas, tortois
A. A deal On Copenhagen hinges on defining emis and Prague. A long concert tour
span es, and
guanacos. Sheep herding, oil,
sion-reduction numbers for developed coun ning three and a half yeacs follow
ed, mining,
69. William III of England (1650—171)21 asas agriculture, and tourismn make
tries and agreeing on finance jar developing taking the family to the courts
of up
the Prince of Orange, Stadtholder of the I’atagonia’s economy. (National
countries. Munich, Mannhejm, Paris, Londo
n,
main provinces of the Dutch Republic, .,
The Hague, again to Paris, and Geographic>
B. The Commission’s chief negotiator said that and King of England, Scotland, and back
home via Zurich, Donaueschin
Indonesia’s pledge ci ctttting emiestons growth ireland. Born a member of ti-ic House of U gen, Which of th
5 fullc,wtng statements a correct
and Munich. During this trip ?
by 26% (or up to 40% with ouleide help) is not Orange-Nassau, William 111 won the met a great number of musici Mozart A.
ambitious enough. ans and Fc,dmer.d MagelI,in was th, ftrst
person e,’,tr 0
-
English, Scottish and Irish crowns fob acquainted himself with the works
of icy his eyes ott ivisit we
lowing the Glorioue Revolution, in know today as
C. No progress was msde itt Barcelona, which was other composers. A particularly
impor l’atsgonia,
which his uncle and father-iit-lams tant influence was Johann
the last lorrual round ci negotiations before the
James II, was deposed. In England. Christian 13. Patagorsia today to heavily populated due to
Copenitagen Climate Confererce. its
Bach, whom Mozart visited in
Scotland and Ireland, William ruled fleortehing mineng, sgricstirsire
in 1764 and 4765. The family London
again ama] tcicrocii
D. Indonesia would be able to double ita emission- jointly with his wile, Mary 11, until tier went to Vienna in late 1767 mnduslmis.
reduction pledge with Itutside ltelp. death in 1604. A Protestant, William pafl.’’ and
remained there until December
1768, C. One ol the tistitral resources found
ticipated in several wets against the (Wikipedia) ii Patetgnnio
is oil,
104.

I

U. Rio Coic,rado s in the heart ci dc l’atxgonia
regicn.
72. ‘lIre ecosystems surrounding us are the
lifeblood of the planet, providing us
with everything from the water we
drink to the food we eat and the fibre
we use for clothing, paper or lumber.
Historically, agricultural production was
stepped up by increasing land use and
employing the best technologies avail
able. Densely populated parts of the
world, such as in China, India, Egypt
and some regions of Europe, reached
the limits of arabIc land expansion
many years ago. Intensification of pro
duction has therefore become a key
strategy —
obtaining more from the
same amount of land. Until recently,
food output kept up with global popu
lation growth: in 1997 agriculture pro
vided (on average> 24 % more food per
person than in 1961, despite the popula
tion growing by 89 %. (European Group
on Ethics in Science rend New
Technologies to the European
Commission)
‘.‘Ouch of ttre fotlowing statements is correct?
A. Agricultural production increased by only 24%
between 1961 and i997, while population grew
by 89%.
B. Cloba( population almost doubled between
1961 and 1997.
C. In China, increasing land use is still the beet
option to: boosting produrtiirn.
0. In the past, agricultural production was
increased solely by expanding land use.
73. The Empire State Building is a 102-story
landmark Art Deco skyscraper irs New
York City at the intersection of Fifth
Avenue and West 34th Street.
Construction on the building started on
March 17, 1930. The project involved
3,400 workers, mostly immigrants from
Europe, along with hundreds of
4
VLR I RE ISOYIYG TEST
Mohawk iron workers many from the
Kahnawake reserve near Montreal.
According to official accounts, five
workers died during the construction.
Governor Smith’s grandchildren cut the
ribbon on May 1, 1931. The constructio
was part of an intense competition in
New ‘fork for the title of “world’s tallest
building”. ‘Iwo other projects fighting
für the title, 40 Wall Street and the
Chrysler Building, were still under con- -
struction when.wurk began on the
Empire State Building. Each held the
title for less than a year as the Empire
State Building surpassed them upon its
-
completion, just 410 days after construc
tion commenced. The building was offi
daily opened when United States
President Herbert Hoover turned on the
building’s lights with the push of a
button from Washington, D.C.
(Wikipedia>
Which of the following statements is corrait?
A. The Chrysler HuRting was finished wore titan
year earlier than the Empire State Building.
B. The 3,100 workers took only shout four days at
average to finish, one story.
C. 40 Wail Street was finished before roriclructio
began on the Empire Slate Building.
10. All 3,400 workers were from Europe.
74. The proposed new European laws
under the controversial Alternative
‘ to those of most Earth observation satel
Investment Fund Managers directive
have been widely criticised for being
unworkable and hugely damaging to
the hedge fund and private equity
—
industry 80% of which is based in t,
UK. Although Sweden gave some cot
cessions in the three most controversit
—
areas leverage, depositories and lini
—
on marketing funds it shocked hedg
funds yesterday when it added boos
caps previously aimed at banks and
applied them at the last n’°”e to th
hedge fund directive. The at
pay are taken from the capital reqel
STRB.-IL REASONING TEST
ment limits proposals for the banking
(The Daily Telegraph)
sector and include deferring as much as
60% of aonual pay for up to three years.
Which of th following statements is correct?
Insiders of the process say political
pressure from the French, and increas A.
Hanspeter Tinter, the Swiss dais nrotectiofl
ing Opposition to bonus payouts gener Cain canner does not Want to h 0
ally, meant that Britain was alone Street View from Switzerland.
among member states in toying to stop
B. Gocgje’s Street ‘‘tim service was are,j; hencef
the late inclusions. (The Daily Telegraph)
,n Cerlna,ry Llritsic. Japan. and etsewt.ere.
ir’thjr ci th fotiorcurg smL-n,,m is correct? C. Switzerland’, pnvaCv watchdog demands tIre: all
,r peo?ie and rats be removed from the rrags
A ceo E.’ropearr directi’,e aims at decreasing
the annual pay of fledge fund directors by 60%. 10. Coogie has undertaken to declare raw v,ee..
to
advance which Cities t writ platograpt’
The UK and France were the sniy Nlember States
that opposed the new memufas aimed at hinting
the annual pay tar hedge hard direct,,rs.
Sweden could not be persuaded to be flexible in
7. ESA is looking for ideas to use the
the roost controversial ideas.
international Space Station as a plat
0. Hedge fund directors may have to wait up to form to conduct research into global cli
3
years to receive a large portion of their annual mate change. The International Space
pay, Station (ISS) is a manned orbital plat
fonn with a permanent crew of six, its
assembly will be completed next year,
providing a multipurpose research facil
Switzerland’s privacy watchdog is
ity in low orbit until 2015 and possibly
beyond. Europe’s scientific community
preparing to battle Google over its
is already using the ISS in a multitude
Street View service, which shows
panoramic street-level pictures of 100
of areas such as life and microgravily
Sciences, and now Earth science and cli
cities globally, with people, cars and
mate change initiatives are to be consid
businesses clearly visible in many
ered too. Instruments can be attached
shots. According to ‘lhe Daily Mail the
Outside the Station, especially on
Swiss data protection commissione
Hanspeter Tinier, has demanded that Europe’s Columbus laboratory, as well
Google ensures all faces and car plates as positioned inside to view through
windows. The orbit inclination of 51.6°
are blurred to protect people’s privacy,
and that enclosed areas such as wailed and altitude of 350-460 km are different
gardens end private roads are removed
from the images. Fle also wants the lites, offering other ground patterns
California firm to declare at least one
over an area that covers about 95% of
Earth’s population. (European Space
week in advance which Swiss towns
and cities it plans to send its teams to, Agency)
so residents are informed before they
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
are unwittingly photographed and
their
pictures posted online. The service has A. The ISS is not at the moment used for climars
also proved controversial in Britain, change research,
Germany, Japan and elsewhere for
tt. lire ISS’s position in orbit allows lr,r tire olrser
sllowifl individuals to be identified
vation of 9.9% of the Earth’s surface.
without their knowledge or consent.
C. The ISO is not Set rornpieied.

U. Erie hi iii, :,boratorcnc, on ti,s ?Sll is erencely
stidble for outside expercmants.
77. The ecctnomv of lice EU has returned to
growth after five consecutive quarters of
contraction, according to preliminary
figures published today by Eurostat, the
European Commission’s statistical
office. Eurostat estimated that the ElI’s
gross domestic product (GUi’) grew by
0.2% in the third quarter of 2009 com
pared to the previous quarter. In the
eurozone, growth was 0.4%. Germany,
the EU’s largest national economy, was
among the best performers, with growth
of 0.7% compared to the previous quar
teL France, however, disappointed soon
omists by recording growth of only
0.3%, identical to the amount of growth
it achieved in quarter two. Experts had
predicted results of 0.5-0.6%. The high
est percentage growth was achieved by
Austria and Portugal, whose economies
both grew by 0.9% of GUE The
economies of Estonia, Greece, Spain,
Cyprus, Hungary, Rumania and the UK
all contracted in the third quarter. The
largest contraction recorded was in
Estonia, whose economy shrank by 2.8%
compared to the previous three-month
period. (European Voice)
‘Al .E ii a io’owin4 st,, teinents is correct?
AV Germany’s growth in the third quarter of 20(19
was lice greatest in the EU.
13. The economy of the EU shrank continuously for
OVOr 5 year.
C Francs’s CUP figure disappointed economists,
because it grew less than in the second quarter 01
2009.
U. Tics eurozons psslorrned wone their hi
0 EU as
a whole
78,
A traditional laacdline telephone
system, also known as “plain old tele
phone service” (POTS), commonly
VFRII,U RE lSOh’IAG
handles both signalling and audio
information on the same twisted pair
of insulated wicest the telephone lose.
Although originally destgned foc voice
communication, the system ha been
adapted for data communicaticitt such
as Telex, Fax and Internet conttnun.ira
tion. ‘The stgnalting equipment con
Sists of a bell, beeper, light or other
device to alert the user to incoming
calls, and number buttons or a rotary
to entet a telephone nu.mbr for
outgoing calls. A twisted pair line is
preferred as it is more effective at
rejecting electromag cetic interference
(EMIl and crosstalk than an untwisted
pair. The telephone consists of an
alerting device, u ually a ringer, that
remains connected to the phone line
whenever the phone is “nrc hook”, and
other components which are connected
when the phone is “off hook”. These
include a transmitter (microphone), a
receiver (speaker) and other circuits for
dialling, filtering, and amplification.
(Wikipediit)
is
Which ot the following statementS (c)rns’t?
A.
The ttnrwtsted pair wits ts better at n
tog electromagnets. tnterterence
B.
Signalling and audio ucIonnatton travel sena-
ratety m traditional telephone tyatems
C. the transmitter awl the receiver
phone are always connected to tI
DV Certain ompone la 0? the lelephorce
nected when it is on hook”.
79.
Every day, Glen McNeil spends six or
seven hours buzzing about the attests “
of London on his motorbike with a
map clipped to the handlebars
McNeil, 28, is engaged tn the years-
long memory training required to earn
his green badge end become a licensed ,hc
london taxi driver. If McNeill fulfils
his dream, hia brain may be the bigger
for it, at least in one part. The
hip
pocampua, a seahttrse-shaj ed structure 2
rEsj t,’7RJ3AL REASONING VIVESi
‘5
that is pert of the brain’s ltmbic statement,
which the govemmetit teens
system, is critical to many functions of
must demonstrate to be correct. The
cnexnory and learning, including pro Opposition does not have to propose
V
cessing spatial relationships in the anything, but must demonstrate that
environment. An 1010 atudy published
to 2000 by scientists at University
the case statement is not correct, the
Speaker decides al tIre end of the
College, London, showed that in round, based on the arguments made
London taxi drivers the rear portion of in the round, whether the Governn,ettt
the hippocanapcts was enlarged coot- has proved its case or whether the
pared with those of control subjects,
Opposition has disproved it. The leant
confounding the long-held notion that which met its burden more conuitte
the adult human brs,in cannot grow. ‘iogly wins. (Atiaec-icatt Pa rliarteenlary
But the honua in brain tissue may not
Debate .kssoci,ttivtt)
have come free of charge. On average,
the front portion of the ttippocampue Which of the foilowcng otsietnents is cortert?
was smaller than normal in the taxi
A lice speaker cteb,1e at it,, arid ct tiC
drivers, suggesting that the effort to
whether the Governmetct or the Uppoaition has
build an increasingly detailed mental
V
ptoved its prpaset case
map of the city had recsVuited neigh
bouring regions to the cause. (National
B. The person who speaks at any given time
Geogritpltie) doritig a porlianceritery debate hactucs fire
times during one rcjsi,
Which of the following statett’ent, cc cot tact?
C. It can be inferred froin tire text that the
V,V
A. The adult human bracri canrVcit grow Opposition team starts the dahta toond
Vfl
Ic
It brain’s cml’s. anthem is cirdy responsible for U.
There are altogether four people invulved in a
proceasttcg apatial telationsirips in the environ
pecliancentary debate round.
ment
VV$
Lb tend C. MNeiI dreams shout making i’is brain biggecV
81. The enormous
D. The growth ot one pact of this brain may come ‘thirty Meter Telescope,
Vt
with a primary mirror the size of a
at the price of a decreaga icc the size of oilier
V; paris 01 it. blue whale, is part of a new generation
cit the ide-
of super powerful ground-based tele
VVVV
phene line scopes. Scheduled for completion in
2018, it will have nine times the col
etc. con
lecting power of the Keck telescopes
80. Accorditig to the rules of parliamen and 12 times the resolution of the
taO’ debate, a debate round has two Hubble Space Telescope. Front its
teams with two debaters each and a recently selected location atop the vol
Speaker. The Speaker serves as both
canic dome of Mauna Kea in Hawaii,
V
the judge and arbiter of the rules the pioneering telescope will provide
during the round, One team represents
an extremely detailed look at the uni
the Government, while the other repre verse. Once finished, the new tele
Vi’
sents the Opposition. The Government
scope will allow astronomers to see
Vt
team is composed of a Prime Minister, faint objects clearer than ever before, it
who speaks twice, and a Member of will be able to focus on and indenttfy
Government, who speaks once. The extremely distaot structures that cur
Opposition team is composed of a rently appear as blurry smudges in lice
i Leader of the Opposition, who speaks
Flubble Telescope. An adaptive optics
‘
twice, and a Member of the system will aid lbs telescope’s ability
Opposition, who speaks once. The
to see into deep space. Atmosphacic
Government proposes a specific case turbulence usually distorts light
88 l1nh iF RinISO\f?’G lf ST
coming from distant stars. Without AtlanticPvfortthly)
adaptive optics, ground-based astron
cony couldn’t compete with space- Which of the Following statements is correct?
based projects such as Hobble. (Wired
A. I’’ •‘- ..“
&iagazine) , =
. . •_ ,,,
...
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT? B. Lees a lie: t s. x..htur A
bred bs Er’ ...g
A. The Thirty Meter Tetescope’s success depends
on its adaptive optics. C Nature ,
they sre’expose:’’i .1’’,.
B. Distant objects con appear as blurry srnudges in
the Hobble Telescope becaurse it does not have 0. TailstalLio whea’ . n.
adaptive optics.
Space-based telescopes do not require adaptive
C.
optics because of a lack of atmospheric turbu
lence in space. 83. The giant panda is the rarest mamL er .15
the bear famils and a’nr,n ‘ Icr asoclil’s
C. Hobble’s resolutioo is less than 10% of that
most threatened antcnale. itt, ty,
expected of the Thirty Meter Telescope.
giant panda’s future cetneins uncertain.
As China’s economy continues rapidl
developing, this bamboo—eating
member of the bear family faces a
82. Norman Borlaug was a plant breeder number of threata. Its forest habitat, in
who for most of the past five decades the mountainous areas of southwest
lived in developing nations, teaching China, is increasingly fragmented by
the techniques of high-yield agriculture. roads and railroads. Habitat loss contin_,
He received the Nobel in 1970, prima ues to occur outside of protected areas, ‘ ,,
rily for his work in reversing the food while poaching remains an ever-present
shortages that haunted India and threat. Great strides have been made in . 116,
Pakistan in the 1960s. The form of agri recent years to conserve the giant
culture that Borlaug preached may have pandas. By 2005, the chinese govern’
prevented a billion deaths. Ilorlaug’s ment had established over 50 panda
leading research achievement was to reserves, protecting more than 2.5 inil- - .
hasten the perfection of dwarf spring -
lion acres over 45 percent of remaining
wheat. Though it is conventionally giant panda habitat protecting none
assumed that farmers want a tall, than 60 percent of th population.
impressive-looking harvest, shrinking (World Wildlife Fund)
wheat and other crops has often proved
beneficial. Bred for short stalks, plants Which of the following statements ts c,.,
expend less energy on growing inedible
A. The gia l’l’t.... :1
column sections and more on growing
, i,1
valuable grain. Stout, short-stailced . research on biotechnology and its appli-
wheat also neatly supports its kernels, B. 1.’ 211’ ‘, IF re.’,,,, ‘..
whereas tall-stalked wheat may bend more 11.,,’. ‘n .lI,,,t
over at maturity, complicating reaping.
icr,
‘,
C rtI.u,
Nature has favoured genes for tall
is , cc.,
stalks, because in nature plants must . Technology. This mandate is renewed
compete for access to sunlight. In high- C. M., it,. ., it. a’” . of
yield agriculture equally short-stalked litton is shi.,.. ..., mc.
plants will receive equal sunlight. (The
84. The No, 2 killer in Africa by parasite,
:C
1
Io\
.‘:
alt,’, nalaria, is an o’ .‘tism rifle,. Government science and technology
I nIx rhiena hitoiy’ ira ii ‘C a” fur administrators who meet annually to
sl ort. It n’,,v ii cos ace in 1573, the enhance communication across the
.
‘ea tt ti,,tk the i’e ti r.isslonanj- Atlantic, and to encourage collaborative
.
evplucc. 0 reid Lie ic’g.tucce. I know research. Over the years, by keeping a
.
-. ths because, u nan I returned home focus on the ture of science, the Task
-a ‘ trout repocti:’g in the sib-Sahara, the Force has played a key role in establish-
‘,.OIW ,at,,ll(’n teas
d :-tI’cng through fog a diverse range of emerging scien
tl a ills t I it ,, I It as ould colonize titic tields rndudang bioinforrnabcs
there tnr morths, uni ‘kircwnst to me, neuroinformattcs or nanubiotechnology
a.’ or’ib cn nub ec ‘a and spewing - a new term coined by the Taslc Force in
a:. ap. its toxins, ,is I ress as e.tk and emaci- 997, (EC—lJ5 ‘Task Force on
• ated. -\ skiltul intruda, Lb can pro- Biotechnology Research)
duce a pi pulat’on exploLon in a very
short time. I tricks hom,,n defenre Which ol the toilowing statements is INCORRECT?
n’ a, h,in’so’s into tNt thing all isavel
A. The mandate of ttse task force was first renewed
in the ,iorneIan by ktling - hi 3995.
immune cells, then tiding the eat-
Rev- archers from Europe and the 110, make up
denre by eating the calls’ urpses. 8.
Lntuitenately, the note vtruisrit the the Task Force
5T5t0, the more the parasite zieks
C. The European Commission delegates members
killing the hlLt- sunteti,nes be invad- in the Task Force.
-
F the ‘rain I ant Enmpanv
10
Magarinel 0. ecttves ot tire Task Force is to
1
One if the ob
encourage European and US researchers to
,‘,.i,t - - ,‘i “mg a . e.. ... n. ur. t? work together.
it. is ta R,.a 2 loller .r .‘.t .i’C” ate ri,
- a’ :r re Ce..., i’ l or”. ace
-
Below its icy crust Jupiter’s moon
a’ t. t I a road. I
Europa is believed to host a global
- -, .
‘ lh - I t , .e brie,, ocean up to 160 kilometres deep, with
‘ce
boo ,.,.x.’i,,’,’ .te’’ iso land to speak of at the surface. And
. -. . . . the extraterrestrial ocean is currently
,L ,. ‘ it 05.1”,. I.
j being fed more than a hundred times
,,Cl a ti put.. ‘.tC
— more oxygen than previous models had
suggested, according to provocative new
research. That amount of oxygen would
‘ be enough to support more than just
:‘ -C. Since 1990, the EC-US ‘l’ask Force on microscopic life-fonns: At least three
Biotechnology Research has been coor- million tons of fishlike creatures could
- world’s .‘:ci.tml,,’,tan-.
dinating transatlantic efforts tri promote theoretically live and breathe on
Europa, said study author Richard
.1 1 ‘:inda haiti., two-. Greenberg of the University of Arizona
cations for the benefit of society. The
,.eres Task Force was established in June 1990 in Tucson. “There’s nothing saying there
by the European Commission and the is life there now,” said Greenberg, who
, .
0, .,,.. ..,
“ I
Wixite House Office of Science and presented his work last month at a
meeting of the American Astronomical
r., ,.r I :“.tc pop every five years. The Task Force has Society’s Division for Planetary
acted as an effective forum for discus’ Sciences, “But we do know there are the
sion, for coordination and for develop- physical conditions to support it.” In
ing new ideas. Task Force members are fact, based on what we know about the
European Commission and US Jovian moon, parts of Europa’s seafloor
 VERBAL REASQ.\ING TLSy VLr11141 &°A$O\’1A Ttvl’

should greatly resemble the environ ‘3. Thc last ttme Phon Pnh
mania around Earth’s deep-ocean rrtnent was tn .6 8.
hydrothermal vents, said deep-sea
C Oudong today ‘
. s the seat at gov
‘4 9, As an English name, laigail fir ‘t Visser’s observation, in her new book.
hi, ame common after the Prote tent
“The Gift of Thauk,” that the word

molecular ecologist Timothy Shank. till if as at of sovemniert tr llt’fomtation, nd it was popular

-
“host” is related through Indo-Luropea
Cambodia among tint Puritans some time after n
(National Geographic) roots to the words “hostile” and
the release o the play ‘The Scorni I
D. ‘
Phoom Pivitit is sot.th of the it, at was th, “hostage.” Dinner parties are compli
Lacy (IbIs) svhich featured a cisarac
Which at the Glowing statementS is correct?
-,
captt I of C,itnhodt, at moo, thin 201 xc cated things, wlsere obligation and grat
C ter txamed Abigail, the name became a
—--
soar 8 itude collide and overlap and
A. Europa supports at (east three mOtion tons of slang term for a servant, and ii grew
sometimes crash and burn. Ma, Viaser
ftshhke creatures in its global ocean. less cotitmon. It was rtrahed in the writes with as much scholarly wit shoot
F. Microsa:opd ifs lrmv have Watt 20th century. Jane, the itedieval
ktttm vito exist dimmer and dinner parties —
what we
on Estcopa. Th rich cult” d’ versity of New Enlish urns of Jehanne, became the put’in ear mouths, and why and with
“, most common feminitte form of John
Mexico has crudad a culinary melting whotn -—

C. tftss)
There is so enhance tilts rxOts
moon Europa.
U. iupiter has several moons.
87. Bustling modern-day Phnous Perth irs
Cambodia is a city rich with the lega
cies of kings and conquerors, both for
eign and Khmer. Legend has it that
Phnom Penh was founded when a
woman called Penh discovered five
images of Buddha inside a log washed
up on the bank of the Mekong River.
in 1373, Wat l’hnom was bi.tilt to house
them. The town that grew around it
became known as l’lsnnm Penh. With
phnom in Khmer meaning hill, the
name literally means Hill of Penh.
Oudong, 40 kiomelres north, usurped
Phnom Perih as the capital between
1618 and the niid-l9th century, but it
was Phnom Penis that was the seat of
government when the French arrived
in 1863. Their influence is obvious in
many of the grand colonial buildings
that clot the city, especially in the
French Quarter around the Old
Market. Colonial rule brought stbi)
ity. During this prosperous time, in
1802, King Norodom constructed the
stunning Wat Preah Keo (Silver
Pagoda), paved with 5,000 blocks of
silver. (Travel Channel)
Which of Fe tollowiog statements te correct?
A A women called Psnh found a log near the
Mekong Paver with images of Buddha rarved
into it.
Ott Jultiters p0t. Finding something to eat is easy,
but choosing front all of tint options , Fansous bearers include the
may take awhile. There are a variety of
ethnic restaurants in Aihuqucaque, tf’
and for every one of these, titers are at
least three restaurants offering New
‘i
Mexican cuisine. lo the Old Town, ‘c
offering the finest New Mexico beef,
wild game and poultry, the Iligh Noon F ,
Restaurant and Saloon serves gourmet
meals in a casual atmosphere. No trip
to this area of town would ‘be complete .i
without a stop at one of the restaurants
on the plaza. Casa de 1 iesta Mexican
e
Grill offers fine New Mexican dining
with a full view of the plaLa. Old .1. ,
Town a bars and pubs reflect the quiet jli
atmosphere of this historical district ‘j 1
and rowdier nightille needs to be
sought in another part of town. l’ltavel I l
I Iill
Which of the following statements is Ortet.t
A. Martydtfferent csttsas€’s has’ trsxed to
Macto
B. New Ni ‘xko’s vultnarv psttellv is
to a o-lied n attiC pot
C, 1W lItgh Noon Re t,tt,tartt oh loon often
gestrme food ettd vtsitt)tS cart (so pu’, excttittg
games
U. Albuqaerque does not have bustlttsg ttlhht life.
as any writer alive. (lime .‘Ceso
mu the 17th century, surpasaing Joan. ?adrk Titnea Fools Review)
uncrowned Englssh queen Lady Jane Whirls of the totiowusg statements i, .:vtrre,ti’
Grey (136-i5S4), who ruled for only 9
, days, the Bratash novelist Jane Austen A. Dinner parttes are always a bttrdn for bttlh the
‘ 77’7), who wrote Sense and host and the guests
Sensibtitty’ and ‘Pride and Prejudice’, B. Laurie Cuhvtn observes tts.,t site warts “am:’ vs
and the Brmtt h prirnatulogi t Jane
related to the words hos:tie’ and “hostagr”,
Goodall (1934-). This was also the
name of the central character in C. Laurie Colwi,t iskens dinner vart .r:virotiato, so
Chatlotte Bronte’a novel ‘Jane Lyre’ revenge.
(1847). (llehirtd the ?sa’;te)
U. Ada’srser p,stty cast he ,a,ned iv 9
barrio’, the
food.
WIt Is of Os foilswtng stat tic ,ls INCORIIEGT’
Tht. ns ‘Abtgati’ became less fteqtaent after tt
a ,_cat.,c a 0
c0 tert for a servant 91. Mention global health, and everybody
13 Although Lade Jane Grey was ranted, d.c thinks of HlV nialaria, and a host of
was queen of langlanu for only 9 days other infectious diseases ranspant in
developtng countries. But a group of
C Until the 17th rentstry Joan was the tnost popu
ar tuntni,se verstort or the tndie ttrstnaine John
research institutes says it’s time that
chronic, non-infectious diseases that
4 1) Both a ltttialt author an ft protxgotttst of a afflict people in poor countries get a
novel were called Jane moors prominent place en the global
New lit scientific agemida—and yesterday they
‘t9t
announced three new priorities for
f,od cooked their own research. The targets are
hypertension, tobacco etse, and the
“ 90. “It ts a fact of Life flu’ Pa ople give
crude stoves polluting indoor air in
dinner pathes, and wlson they invite developing countries. For hyperten
you, you have to turn around and invite sion, effective nd inexpensive drugs
l/ . them hack,” Laurie Culwin wrote in her
exist but they reach few people in low-
bite-ai.ze masterpiece, “Home Cooking,”
, and middle-income countries, so
published in 1968. “Often they retaliate research will need to focus on new
by inviting you again, and you must ways to deliver them, says Alliance
,t’ then extend another invitation, Back
[Jt chair Abdallah Daar, a public health
,; and forth you go, like Ping-Pong balls,
and what you end up with is called
expert at the University of’’loronlu in
Canada. The problem of open fires and
social life.” Colwin wasn’t complaining, prinmitive stoves for cooking—which
exactly. She liked dinner parties. But WHO estimates cause 1.5 million
“,( .‘, she would also have liked Margaret deaths annually—requires more engi

tittering studies to conic up with clean,
cheap alternatives. Research on how to
curtail tobacco use is often highly
country-specific: What works in the
United States for instance, may not
work in India, where many smoke
bidi, hand-rolled, high-nicotine ciga
rettes that are unregulated. (Science)
Winch of the fdlowng statements s correct?
A. Tubac:o use, hypertension end other chronic
diseases kill ,sote people titan i-iiV, malaria and
other inlect:cus diseases,
Cheap and successful medication for hyperten
sion already exists, but more efficient ways
need to be found to get them to the people who
need it,
C. According to the WHO, 1.5 million people die
in first each year, caused by primitive stoves.
U. Methods used in the United Strict fri curtail
wftticcu use wO not work in Lithe.
Quieetiens 12-101 ire aim attossice,t isnn qf’eerhial
re000’ttng ?seslint. tr’lterefor eaclt answer option,
a choice ttttetf;e niche of “correct”, “incorrect” or
“rurtrist tell”
92. Less than 2 years ago, ‘Princeton agricul
ture expert Tim Searchinger published a
paper in Science that sought to quantify
how growing biofuels on cropland in
the United States could lead to defor
estation abroad. He estimated in some
cases that indirect emissions could lead
to a doubling of emissions associated
with corn ethanol. Previously,
researchers thought using the fuel could
cut emissions by 30% since it would
replace gasoline. Rarely do scientists
have as immediate an impact on govern
ment policy. Since Searchinger’s paper
was published, the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, spurred by Congress,
has been mulling whether to take so
called indirect land use into account
when calculating the carbon footprint of
VERBAl. REASONING TEST
biofuels for new regulations it is craft
ing, expected by December, Critics say
Searchinger’s calculations were faulty
trod that uncertainties made it impossi
ble to gauge their effects. Right now,
indirect land use related to biofuels isn’t
included in proposed climate change
legislation in the U.S. Senate, as well as
proposed agreements that will be on the
table in Copenhagen. In a recent policy
piece published in Srierirr, Searchinger
and colleagues ivrote thai such a policy
“erroneously treats all bioenetgy as
carbon neutral,” calling it a major
“accoumling error.” (Science)
Indicate for ,irh of the toll swin
5 statement., whether
it iv correct incorrect or cannot tell
A, The Environmental Protection Agency is corisid
ering raking into account indirect land use when .io
calculating the carbon foot print of biofuels,
9. All bioenergv is carbon neutral.
C. Some believe that it is unpoasibi to determine
the carbon footprint sit indirect land use.
U. Growing biofuels in the United States cmil,t
cause the dearth’ of forests in tither countries.
0. Searchinger would probably waril indicsct land
use to be included in the proposed climate
‘
change bill discussed in the U.S. Senste.
F. Searrltinger’s paper had no impact on govem
ment policy.
93. The European Commission should
begin assessing Albania’s application r:.
for membership in the European Union,
the Unions foreign ministers derided
yesterday. The referral is a political sign LIt
of willingness on the part of the EU’s
member states. Albania will, howevemi
fare an uphill struggle to meet the EU’S
demanding criteria for membership
and, in the best-case scenario for
Albania, accession remains several ycais
away. The country’s prospects are cue
rently being hampered by a polttacal ii
stalemate in the wake of an election in
June, won narrowly by the governing
Democrats led by Sahi Berisha, a donu- :i:i
VERBAL REASONING TEST
I 1981, less than 3,000 tons of perch were
nant figure of post-coenretunist Albatsia.
Since the election, the Socialist opposi
tion has boycotted parliament. In its
progress report on the country pub
lished in Octobet; the Commission said
that this had delayed important reforms,
The judicial system, together with per
vasive corruption and organised crime,
are a special concern. (Eut’o peon Vbice
li-dare for eon. of tInt tt:hloss’urg siatemenie set.ether
it is correct, itnorrect Or cannot tell:
Ahasia’s ci’.ar,ces f El,; acc,ssion were greatly
A
improved b
5 the outcome ci the last election.
It. Sell Ifesislit’s party has been in government
t5 before,
C. The EU’s foreign ministers accepted Albania’s
application tor membership in tint Union.
U. The e:,sst recent election its .°,ibaois was a very
close Ore.
It. The Conitnissior. believes that tire Socialist
opposition deliberately deisys important
reforms
F The European Comirtissiort i,at
begun macwing
Albania’s appl:csuon fur membership in the EU.
‘IL
94. ‘lbs history of all this begins in about
1960, when the Nile perch (which, in the
way of these things, isn’t actually a
perch) was mt’rodoced into Lake
Victoria, a lake the size of Ireland with a
teeming and complicated ecosystem.
The perch population didn’t explode
until the late 1970s. ‘lbs lake had sup
plied a wide variety of fish through the
efforts of small-scale fisherman: about
12,1100 canoes and 50,000 fislserrnen from
the three countritrs that border the lake
Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania. The pro
cessing and trading of the fish was also
handled by small-scale operators, most
of them women. The lake was the main
source of animal protein for the locals;
what wasn’t consumed fresh was
smoked or sun-dried and sold inland.
‘The Nile perch is a predator. It wiped
out at least half the other species In the
lake and etecirnated most of the rest In
caught; by 1986, it was over 150,000 tons,
and in 1993 it was 363,000 Ions, it now
constitutes 80 percent of the biomass of
the lake. In the initial phase, ecological
concerns aside, the increase in catch was
a great economic boon to the local fish
ing industry, The tipping point can’, in
the 1980s, when global capital ituck its
oar in. (Source: Judy iVeek)
Ir,dicaie for cell’, of the tclioreir.g statrtperis w i’,etl,.t’
liii correct, incorrect or cannot cii:
A. In 1986, mote than Sd limes as ninth perch was
caught in Laka Viciorta than in 19th.
13. The Nile perch did rot orrginally live its Lake
Victoria.
C. before the Nile perch was introduced into Lake
Victoria, the local tithing industry bait been
dominated by women.
U fir the 1980s, global capital entied it. lake
\‘ictoria tithing industry, wisid, greatly
improved ttrs taudard of living of local fisher
men.
‘the Nile pemets is the itrein source of animal pro
ten for the locals.
F. The Nile perch e.its equate pistils.
95. “Houston, Tranquillity Base hess, lire
Eagle has landed.” With thote eight
words, astronaut Nell Artmstrong let the
world know that Apollo ii had landed
safely on the moon, beginning
humankind’s first exploration of
another world. ‘l’he landing certainly
kept the mission operations crew in sus
pense as Armstrong manoeuvred
- around the boulders on the northeast
flank of West Crater, finally settling
down almost a kilometre to the west
with only tens of seconds of fuel
remaining. The Lunar Reconnaissance
Orbiter Camera (LROC) team earlier
released two pictures of the Apollo 11
landing lte, each taken under different
lighting conditions and at lower resolu
tion than this image. This is LROC’s
first picture of Apollo 11 after the
 it
E1dLJJi U\1\CTLST) ElibAL JCEASONIAGTLPT

orbitci etroppid s-ito its nO km mopping was on the cards Rosit-tri supplies new i opened to be ro Ihi) d ubl thai
orbit At tins oltitude very small details across Ukraine provide I u.aope with a Bi I of 11 ,bts c i)e eniher 2
n’ TranqutlIit- Base can be ths erried figure By the tOne the in ictor is b tiP ‘s
tifth of its gas and earner this wee in alto >
Dratted h, Jan Madisot and loG
The foot-pads of the Lunar Module are anxious EU agreed with Russia an early based on Virginia s De larafion
i Pt
clearly discernible. Components of the warning’ mechanism to shield Europe Rights, the first 10 amendments
Early Apollo Science Experiments Fliaste or each c-f tm foLon—ii steaeit,o-nett gave
from potential energy supply reductiora ‘:5 correCt Boo
the United States citizens their well-
Package (BASh I’) are eosily seen as nit i)rninnt A
or the event of further cuts (Lurcyeait known rights Uuistory.com)
well Bos ide s from Yicat Crser lying Voice) rt less Bk s I IFFR wI C corn
on the surface to the east stand out, and B i C I
I
,‘
ti-ic many small ci -i ers that cover the I r is
I ,e s 15 i Ii 1r I U cc ri ci t
it is s-is-ret, inccrmct Cr carrot tA
in000 lie visible to the soutlu ast it is Cli 1 ii) I.e pilileCt
corr ci it cor c I or nno tell iris Oil ,
(NASA) mcliv boo geld at lithe tat (Ic tnt tfl slOW B mien
r 125 Lii of in Ui-i ii S es
A The danger at aiictltei gas crisis has bratty bco lies-
ii. -.
Itimo 1 Ii h
0 fohosi Im
S
5 taLriel 5 1 it r a em B T p a asa t r iT c L ii 0 cmiii e 1 00 ii
i lou or 1 i i B C C
it is curs-.
t mit rrec or c on it tell B. int t
b
o-atum
50 of Lou opo 5 5 005 101011 III S oil bmn tsp score Uork : Cii h Pe it’ 0410 B mc °cl
isun a
In is arrive ii noah LiLt smuts- i t Lis
o the is-si niss ii lsi Liii I p Fast on reattOti ti-il proohi 100 Is-1CS is riclt —
hsirrana cIt the SLittCLC 01 another wood. C- ‘t outs imosttunki I, the too tsr
e p S Cl ci ‘Os I tot t I cc i U it
u-now Cii tic
S tint tern
Ukmiiri Unit ten ainiencturcents.
No Arm troth as a lb to op ri--i 01 lii LU ontubut a i lbs proj t lbs cii
the surface Ct be moon. D. il p r ip i i r C be r rat nOr
2012 is tIre a at time that Rossis writ
lIly 0 I ii ii I
C Ap Ito t had ml I is- Sec ii is of fee leui
Ukraine tin missed 1155 tmsmusit Ices
F PIER shored ptodiiie both LI a tedersi gcveroo act rt’t uetofis ri i-ks
1110cC en-ergot than is
when it tOnally landed ott the muon. -
B. Russia agreed not to impose tines on Ukraine if j 1CC 1 to Its oparsti it B New u as as a te tin stat itt rat I ti
fl I he picture do riL t n the arc to is the eec .1 it uleS liii e mill I It 1) 1 ii
one released I Bert by LIAIC or the Apollo 1 F. t
5 tre estet yes I it Euiopc-tn Ui cii partirm By ii lyti i i I
‘ hUt S cell Juicy s-—i
lending site peted in the talks held in Yalta 98 On this da plets-t the revc U
3 In 1789 hiss Jersey ritmfied lilly process tI a
B The previous iichires iii the Apollo 11 landing the Bill of Rights, becoming the
first
with the Deelareoc ot Jtiaeperriierce
site a r 1 B m y I I DL n-oct m tglealei altitude state to do so. New Jersey’s action was
a
first step toward makaetg the first
I t fooid or IL Ltmn it Mo tub c in eas It be 97. The European Union (IoU) is backing ii)
iu’oendrnents to the Cot atitutson
seen in lie i tore lear med in tIme rticle away hunt a 2018 start date foci PER a law 9t Like 11 e vast fo ests cit It
and completing the ccc ilutiona ‘.oits it h
multi billior euro fu son reactor under reforms begun by the Declaration
conbnuall suca carbon dioisde f urn
construction an the south of Fiance of the atmosphere and release oxygen the
Independence ‘1 hi. nh Federalist cut
ITER is a massive experitnent to prove yl( planets oceans serve as vit il carbon
96. An agreement easing the tenus under the viability of nuclear fusion as a
ics of the U.S. Constitution were afraid
sinks. Last year the oceans absorbed
which Russia supplies gas to Ukraine, that a too-strong federal government as
power source. When completed, super- Prt much as 23 billion tons of carbon,
reached on 19 November between would become just another sort of the or
cond ucting magnets will squeeze a i monarchical ze about one-fourth of all man-made
Rst.sian Prime Minister Vladtmir Putin plasma of heavy hydrogen Isotopes 0
mse from which they
—
carbon emissions that yea ‘A-ltlsout
and his Ukraine colleague Tubs had recentiy been freed I hey believed the
—
cleutenurn aol tritium to tempera i that the Constitution give too mu h action of the oceans the C02 we emit
lymoshenLko ai pears to alleviate fears
of another gas crisis this wseiter The
tunes in excess of 150 million C The ‘I power to the fedet-il government by into the atmosphere would have flame
resulting fusion ieaetinn should pro outhintng its rights lau4 failing to delin btoeled the planet by now Scientist’,
1 ussi-in prone minister said Russia hal dune ten tunis liii. power consumed in t estimated ti-tat tr’ere are currently loU
a1.edi riot to impose femaes on Ukraine if
eate the rights of the individuals living
the process of crelttng the plasma The billion Ions of arbor front mat-i mode
it failoot 10 use the volume’, of gas it h-id undei it Bcfnre the Mossachusetts rati
EU is by far the largest arti ipant tn sosiieis currently sequestered In the
agin d Lii H ddecl that Russion pa’. tying convention would accept
the
the project I w 11 pay roughly of 0 Can so much that it all that gss
met-its to Ukraine for gas trtnsit would Consttt-ittaon then which they finally
the eonstrmi taon costs of ii [P while were to be released back into the atmnos
ci e till us Liii) in tine with earlier d d it I ebruary l’8s Lie documents
—
the other participants China lndia Feder-ilist supporteis had to promise phene it would raise carbon concenli-s
agmeetnents His words seem itlcely to Japan kussii South Korea and the I to tion levels to 460 parts per naullinn
relieve the Luropean Union which hai, cmeate a luLl of Rights to be
United States —
ma ill each provide amended to higher than wits many scmeil’ists
ansi usl mtinitored the talks in Yalta tire Constitution immediately upon
rougl-mly I I I he c osIi, were or gmnafly the believe is the tipper sate limit V
southei-n Ukraine for Indications of creation of a new goverruisent tinder 1 last
budgeted at around *5 billion tUS$74 i
the we show is that the ocean sink ms enor
whcthcr a new end ot sear gas conihet document This helped to assuage the
billion) when the agreement to build Anti leclenahists ems-errs .s promise moos says Poe Sct,jitlst truornious
et-idangering supplies to EU consumers 1111k was signed in 2006, but they are :p’ i
the newly elected Congress drafted but ned limitless Carbon emissions
the fuina foiI fuels have skyrocketed to
96 VERBAL REASONING lE16B4LfFASO1l”ck ILSI

recent yeam. A new study by the
University of East Angus and the
British Antarctic Survey estimated that
emissions have jumped 29% since 2000.
A Nature study found that over the
sante period, the proportion of fossil-
fuel emissions absorbed by th oceans
has fallen by as much as 10% 1 lime)
Indrrete for esch of the following statements whether
it is correct, i nrrect, or cinnot tell:
A Hurrrairitv emitted close to lb Infirm: tons of
carbon lest yew.
B Without oceans trd forests, the Eerth’s atmos
phere would be reech hotter right now,
C. Since 2000, the ocean can only absorb 10% of all
man-made carbon emissions.
D. Oceans abeorb more rarbon-dioxid than all
forests cml the Earth combined.
0. A carbon concentration of 160 parts per mml)isn
in the atmosphere was pros’ed to be more thair
the upper safe limit.
composite index since then has far out-
paced the 57°/u rise in the Standard &
,,“
Poor’s 500-stock index and the 49%
increase in the Dow Jones industr a) VERBAL REASONING
average. The reason that tech storks
didn’t drop as sharply as finaricials or
industrials when the broader market
ANSWERS
cratered supposedly is because bust
nesses were expected to continue tO
spend on technology products to 5tivf.\ei]cD Qsestia,, Na A B ,1 C
improve efficiency even s they ala h - ‘
their workforcee and cut’other costs
during the recession. But with tech :.°-
stocks having come so far, and confi- :“
decree about a sustained rally aeverl.ng,
1
some mutual fund manager, have
begun to trim their tech holdings to
move more aggressively into other see-
toes they think may have ntore leverage Vet
to the economic recovery. (Business
Week)
0
Indicate for a, h of the fol owing Statem Stts whether n
it is correct. ir.correc°, or cannot tell

F. Recently, the oceans seem to be chic to absorb A. Businewee were expe cd t tc nsa bog in
improved ecnuere.y enema dorm
5 a recession
less and less carbon.
.
B. The NASD’\Q aries ham roera more since
stock market read cd Its trw pont than orne
other rnd cs . Vt
100. While there arc still reasons to be wary
of how far equity prices have come C. Some people ate confident that the c ir rat
since March, those who are certain the 510 6 mark tbcarm will Continue
rally can be sustained are trying to posi
tion titeir portfolios for the biggest pos B. A’l mutual hand teenagers began to increase the j
sible gains in the months ahead, and share of tlseic teChnology isiVestine, to
‘,
that may mean shifting away from tech E. ‘1 cboology stock., wtll Conirnu to frye a the
nology stocks. Technology has been the economy recovers
most-loved sector since the stock market
hit its low in March, evidenced by the F Equity prices have risen significantly sires
fact that the 67.4% gain in the Nasdaq hthrch.

t
‘I
E
2
E
V l
.

0
34.
35. x
 4. Succeeding in Numeric
al Reasoning Tests

Introduction

It is often said that il-c ditc

the actual ansi ‘er ‘o tha
h tv in taking numen
si i casino: tesi l’O
qut
obseivation is correc. inas ’s on uut doing it within the lout ed tine not I
ntc,cL as these tests do not ava lal ls
coiat’c’rs but xther t ia abib r quo complex mat
t to’ h ‘r .at ci
• i’ n i Ito “ ‘levaut 0 ‘wuie ‘g flu qii “itivn;’or’i
COitaiLt ideoti / the ‘fit on 111101
1 ii Li, I,
,
tract ti’ answer ,)‘rirni fit’ I IC ‘0 ‘1’ 1
N— INCtIR’t Cr • do uer Ciii’ or seeaw cowls shortc ts that wzli allow us to or
Ci CANNO I TLi I -
I ‘e ‘it the r’ i
• -ieterrnine the Iced
of ICCuni joi, I!’,
p rqietroJ to select the cc rcc atol
• put, e iii L,, and
k toot ital c ‘t hi twos
In ordci- to ho pi ep ,red
‘
for the ahoy e, there ale cert
tests that we must he awa ain asp ts of nun tel
re of ii i 5 reasonjn
First of all, the “a’t i-n-l
Ove reaLty” o a numeric
we are uwd to in eve’vd al reasoning test i ctI,
ay lils —relevant data is urent from what
rather hidden imong oth riot proiided
in a ciear tom
er pieces of inform hon
th t it bm
i to lwavs iden
tify i-hat we m y call “not-c” Ow
si-u’ getting bogged towwe will need to work with from the mntorm first t’is:e
n n-i wondering why oth ahon provided a,id
ecccmdly, such te t hav er d is noght also be
e
skills that nay u-i fact com a surprising tendency to roach baca to bas present.
e naturally to a secondary ic mat
during a er acadeirnc tage school otuderit nut are hen at’ol
-
culus (see foi instsncr ww and at the workplace 1’ i e seritial to refr oItc,i ls
h Also, n-any candid .tes
w calculus org or www,s
usrn th.—
esh on” basui cal-
om and other sit
s).
on mathematics and tl diead the numerical reas
ey have always considered oning test simply because it is Lii ed
we must realize here this disc ipli ne their weakness
rather ba ic additio
is that the “mathematical”
aspect of numerical What
-
n, subtraction, multiplica
will always be sufficient tion, division, fraction reasoning tests is
to per form the necessary calculation s and per centages
number of cases eve s, As
n such calculation
i” answer is rath s are unnecessary and we will see, in a larpe
er based on art intuitive arrivm g at the correct
‘:i figures that is in fact righ insight or the realization
of a relationship betw
It i also useful to not
t in front of our eyes we —
just need to learn to een
“‘‘ tOrfli “flunnoric I rea,,,, e her e that , just like in the case see it
‘un g” tray he used to designate
of ‘.crbal rea ‘onint
ii e broot ,
han oh q of number \‘aO”Us test t)
lics id ‘
s, calculations and data to the
, such as
Computation tests we
basic tests that measure
able to osake basic mental the speed at wind- the
test ti ci is
and division (e g “how calculations such as addition, subtraction, inu
u-.uch is 45 19+52 38?”) l’i tLation
i Ill
 SUCCEEDING IN N1IMEPJCAL RIASOblN(, TESS 51,ICCFI’.DING 13’, NUMLRftAI RE tSUhTl3’,’G I’ESTS
100

be made . ‘ . 1here are certm clOulat.ons that are aiuays faster to perform in your bead
Estimation tests are s:milar to compotatlon tests in that the calcaletions t
and lb
5 Ouerreliance on a calculator may make the teat-taker less intuitive end might pre
are very similar, bu the numbeis with which one has to work are greater
5 ability to perform the actu l calculation hut
point o the ic t is not the ciididate’ vent them from realizing whether certain calculations are really required to answer
the calculation the question
the speed and ac uracy at w ‘,ich they can approximate the sesult of
he if the
and select an answer opuo that will he close to what the result wouk strongly advised to first practice as if no calculators were provided and
., It is therefore
actual calculation was perfot med (a g “approximately how much is l224ll?”).
‘ ‘,tart to use such device oniy later when you have learned all necessary calculus patterns.
not on the
Numerical reasoning tests represent a higher level where the ho us is
actual ability to make calculations but ratner t ,e insight required to find out whinji
Fractlorls
calculations are requ’red to be performed in o d to arrive at the answer, or in other ,
.

words aoobed reasonin’ i tested. These tests are usually text based in which a car- as mentioned above, ccrt in types of calculations can quite simply be performed more
‘ ,,
,,
, - .
—
.
lair scenario irivnemg numbers is described it is this situation that the test-taker is t assistance One such exampu is the handling of free
efh sooth is’ tI .oi ‘t any technica
,
expec sd to inctpo.’t in mathematical terms (e.g. Based on the ta1e s ftgores, now ‘n tions (as in the niustration bolow).
:xinv more So,’,nish sneaking people immigrated to Spain in 1990 than in 2000?”). Consider the following sceriano. Ae are looking tot the pro-
- pit non ot households with broadband access among all house
Data interpretation tests cc siriular to the above but inste’sd of u i ig a xt, a “sce-
“
,,
holds in Estonia. Based on the data provided, you will realize
oario” or tory a tt’u input, the b is of the cxc ci a is a data set presented in th form ‘ Nu,rwrstr II at approximatel) three in five households in Estonia have an
of a table, a chart, or any combination of these (e.g. “Ba ed on uiforrnahon shove, what errer connection ar,d among those, four in six have broad
5 ompany?”). ‘‘
is the heat approach to solve the cash-flow problems or tht tisod access One way of approaching this calculation would be
‘‘, 4
—
EPSO’s numera a) reasoning tests are most closely modeled on the lser tuo test h’pes. 3 to use duo calculator to do the following:
‘
Yet rt is easy to see how each subsequent test te in this “hierarchy” builds on skill’ and ( —

‘
0.6 (proportion of households with internet access)
S + 5
outine that is measured in a lower I vel test type Quick estimations can only be in de
if we can make quick calculations as well. When you are faced with t xt-ha ed iii men 4 ÷ 6 0.666 (proportion of internet-connected households
‘ -—

CS) reasoning tests and you need to find a way to arrive at

the answer, once you have with broadband access, rounded to three decimal points)
dune that, you must actually perform the required calculations or estimations to end up 3 j’ocflominar I 3.6 0.666 = 0.3906 (proportion of households with broad
with the Correct figure. When it comes to data interpretation based on tables and charts,
band access among all households)
th t’n k is ye y similar to those in a text-based numerical r asoning te t, with the added
twist of h.ving the data presented in a tabular or graphical format. If we also have the totS) number of households, say 2,000,000, we then perform one
Based on he requited skills and the aspects introduced shove, we ill pro’, lila ,,n abiltional calculation.
overvi iv of the following.
0.3996 2,000,000 = 799200
• Mental calculi
Let’s see !ov tin cicnlaici woriidgo cithoot the use of a ca1citlafos by using fracliooa:
.
* Order of magnitude
3/5 4/6 i2 / 30 (fract’,ons are multiplied by multiplying the first numerator by the
“,‘,,
• Percentages and percentage points secunit numerator and the first denominator by Le second denoriunatur)
‘ ‘
, _‘,i ‘
• Estimation .. =
12 / 30 4 1 10 (we can then simplify the fraction by finding a number that both the
, ‘‘, numerator and the denoi tin br can he divided by)
• Eq aetions
‘ it i easy to see that the above two calculations can he performed very quickly hymen
• Tables i ud I arts , —

t tal arithmetic. Also, the final figure we arrive at is extremely convenient now we know
After rio’ ewing these various methods and aspects, we will discuss how ti approach 4, that tour in ten households have broadband internet access, .
‘
the
numencal reasoning tests, what to focus on br each exercise and how to praCtice tor If we consider that the”e are a,000, 000 households, the remaining calculatlon ivOl also
exam be very simplu
2,000,000 / 10 — 200,0 0 (by removing one decimal, we will get the number equal to
Mental Calculus one in ten households)
C,,,
,
if somebody reads through the iribommation made av ulable to candidates before the 00,0U0 x 4 — SOlj,000 (by multiplying that by 4, we get four-tend-s of all houSeholds)
exam, ,t w:li be, based o’u recent data, stated that an on-screen nile .iatoi niay be used
is i There are two observations to make here:
during the numne uc I reasoning test. In light of this, ou might be hesitant a to why ft
o important to be Me to p rform quick mental caleulatior s. There are several impor” We arrived at the required figure by making extremely simple calculations with easy,
tent reasons for this. round numbers
• An on-screen calculator may be quite slow to use and its layout may be unfanuiliar
to candidates, win-h might make its use counter-productive

.:: I’
202 SUCCEEDfG IN NuArL:NICAL RASONING TESTS SLICCELI)L”cG lb ,\tLWSl?ICAL FIEASO3JING TES f5

5
Cain fractions is ,ctoafly more accurate thah the “calculator”, because during the 375,000,uOO (4:1/100) = 150,000,000 (we convert “400o”
le 40/100 and mui:irJy the COP
first method, we “truncated’ one of the figures given its decimals by that amount)
oil revenues,
Since we are looking for per-ceolta we need to djv:dr :iat bev t:gucc 1’,’ tie
C00102i005 with Frsctions ulation: Pop
Multiplication: Division: Addition and subttaction: 150,000, 300 ÷ 27,601 S’l34.58
is
Answer C, then, tin: correct answer Let us, however, take socCer
)ek a: rue luatturclcip
op
among the answer dons, copied below for convenience:
a) 543,500 USC V

b) 54,350. USC V

c) 5,435 USC
5 630 7 14 21 212!
d) 544 USC

at
We will discuss the cc,nciusicns drawn by looking the anss’,’ar options tn the teat secttun.
Let us also consider a real test example. Order of Magnitude

If,,,,, ,‘‘‘4.” ,b,’ efr ,,‘,J,, (idf (•= .,

An order of magnitude iS a scale of amounts where each amoun
t is it: a fixed ralio to the amount
retio is
preceding it. The roost common
ins
2:10, which moans that the next amount scsle can be
i’oI.’.)O (‘• I M 01W (i elan 1511,
C’ •‘n
calculated by multiplytnc the precious figure by 20.
:et
For example:
-,
CI ,
5,.,.)) Sr.).). in 4.)
1 10 100 1000 10000 and so on... V

‘d Srb En..’ I.n l4 V ‘V )

is
If we look at tile above answer options, we will realize
that that exactly the Situation,
we have here: the only difference is that the smalle
0...n iDSi V
4) st number is rounded and the order
is reverse:

Innn). Ztt)S t’) II

543,500 54,350 5,435 V V
543.5 (rounded to 544) arid so on...
are
When we faced with a set of numbers like the ones above, it will
give us an important htnt
“Raard o’ tIc abe:’e is Sic, how nich are the oil revenues per mpita ri Saud: Arabia?” —
that Ste actual calculatior, of the figure is not really necesa
order of magnitude of the correct answer. ary all we need to figure out is the
a) 543,500 USC
he
Let us consider seam above question from the perspective
h) 54,350 USC tage of this observation. of whether v.a can talceadvin

c 5,435 USC We pick up front the point where we converted tlse

CUP figure io thuussnds:
d) 544USD 375,000,000
quesuonV
next
ci us again consider the cnlculator-based approach to this II or ter to caine- :1 ‘l2i SOng we did usa to calculate the value of the oil revenu
late the per-capita oil revenue th Saudi Arabia, we need t coneidet e:
375,1100,000 0.4 = 150,1100, 000
• the population
We ran,
however, reiclice that tile result of the above cslculaiiori
• the CUP amount of digits (namely 9). Since the answer option yields a nutitber with the saute
s only differ in the numbe
r of digits, we can
• cind the proportion of oil revenues in GDP
then conclude that we do not need to perform this
cslctdstion,
We niost also realize that the uhit of measurement ot V
the CDI and iho aupola1iOi do not Keep in mind that by continuing without performing the
ilv arris’e at an incorrect result, yet lids will not above calculation, we will necws.lr
match. The population is given in thousands while S e CDP is vc n in bIlious tie need to catase any problettis since we are only interested
correct this first: in the :itVnober of digits to the result.
lhc next step would i’s to calculate the
, Iler-capits fgutre:
375’ 1,003,000 = 375,000,000 (Since 1 billion I thousand mtllio
We cat: now calculate the value of o:i revenu a within the t’DL 375,000000 ÷ 27501
104 SUCh FD1NG INNLIMERICAL REASONiNG TESTS ICCEFDINC IN NLZMLRIOAL REASONING TESTS
51 105

Again, he e i a tni ,vu obserration the exact c lculation is compi tely unnecessary, bice we , 1 Is, whe a 52% capacity utilisation decreases by 90%, our natural
In th above exam
5
are simply looking for the numb r of digits in th final number, What w c n do then is count in , in in t would be to perfor th following calculation:
-
number of digits in 375,000,000 ( ) nd in 27601 (5) We c n apply a imple ml her if w dh idea 8°’Y 0 i 72% ho efor the capacity utilisatiori in 2008 was 72%.
number with X digit by osober w thY dg , in resulting number will alway have X —N digits. ‘ ‘

ci a irprisingly, ti-os wo i c not be the correct answer. For comparison, keep in mind
X — Y = 9 — 5 = 4 (as long as X is greater than ‘i’) how we would caleul te l0% ci c -eas of a regular amount, for example 550:
We now know that’ th mr ct an w r will have 4 digits, which can only be Answei C. 550 (1 10%) = 550 90% = 550 0.9 = 495
he bove exa rip a .,hows that withal ttl intuition, it is possible to ariive at II i. orr ta war Now apply the above logic to capacity utilisation;
optioI wl’i.il perfoin-iing almost no alculation
82% * (1-10%) = 82% 90% 82% hA 738%
To summarize, two tips:
We can sdb that the correct calculation yields a significantly different resiillt from what
When the answer options only Ace in thur order of magnitodc, time ‘,hc Id not be our initial inatinct auggestoo.
wasted on calculating the a in I figures, u staad, we sI in 11 mc entia on the
number of digits only When it comes to percentage changes in values that are themselves percentages, what
many people consider a 10 per cent change (for example 82% to 72%) is in fact a 10 per
• 6
it) that
When dividing numbers with different digits and he numb r (havin X di centage point change.
‘
we divide has more digits than the number by which w dicid’ t (h ving Nd g IS),
—
the resulting numher will have X N digits Through an intuitive example, we will be able to appreciate the fundamental differ
ence between the two concepts.
Percentages and Percentage points Suppose that an imaginary central bank in the EU has an interest rate of 10%. Now let’s
take a look at possible changes In this interest rate:
The information in this section may seem trivial, yet mixing up two concepts (percentage change
and percentage point chsrigr) can prove fatal when taking a numerical reasoning teal. • If the interest rate drops by 9 percentage points, the new interest rate will he 1%
Let us consider the following example: If the interest rate drops by 9 percent, the new interest rate will be 9.1%
A l% interest rate can decrease by a maximum of I percentage point, but it can
—
decrease by as much as 100 per cent both resulting irs a 0% interest rate

Estimation
in a previous section, when calculating per-capita oil revenue in Saudi Arabia, we
applied a Sort of estimetion to get to the correct answer. In that case, the estimation took
the form of concentrating only on the number of digits in the correct answer, There sire
cases, however, where we need to be a little more precise than that.
Consider the following example:

In many numerical reasoning tests, you will be faced with data wi are calculation of the
correct answer will require working with percentages. A straightforward c e is wheie one
figure (for example the number of television sets in Italy) is an amount, and the other I ctor
(for example the proportion of high-definition capable devices) is a p”rcentage. In uch
cases, the calculatitin is nbvioua:
Number of television sets Percentage of high-definition devices
Let us, however, consider another example. There are cc a when both figure are pro
portions or percentages. What happens when the first piece ot data (the cc a ity itilisation
of SkyEurope airplanes) and the second piece of data (the ‘A hangc in ap ity ublisat on,
for example) are both percentages? “I3ased on the above table, how many passengers would SkyEurope have transported in 2007 f
ite capacity ufilisation hod been 10% worse?”
Suppose that t:he question based on the above ta1e is :
5
the fullowin
a) 2.88 million
“How much was the capacity utilisation of SkyEnrope in 2008 if its capacity utilisatiori wa
10% worse than in 2007?” b) 2.36 million

1)11
 SUI Cl 6DlG IN 5U\fEIUC IL RL ISOM\C LES is si CLEDT\( TN hCi1ERIC II RLLSO\fNC ThSTS
at
Ii:

of 3.52 mullicn -
,t)2.8S million

0; 3.Wrniiiinn ty 2.3ti militon

Again, let us consider the less innovative (and therefore more lime-consuming) way of c) 3.52 million
calculating the correct answer first, 3) 3,oi’ irulliori
._,

The data we will work with are: I

Answers C arid U can Lie i:nmeoiainy caned out because those nurnrceis are argoT
• Number of passengers in. millions the 3.2 million in the table, which is impossible when the capacity utilisaticrc decreases.
-. Answer B has a smaller number, but if we estimate 10% of 3.2 million (circa 0.3 ml
C teitS uti SImOn lion, or exactly 0.32 mtllmon; we will immediately see List Answer 13 s 2.36 million ta too
• The fact that capacity utilisation decreased by 10% as compared to the actual figure in small an amount:, which (eaves only Answer A as a feSsible option.
the I lik II c correctheas of Answer A canal nbc verified very quickly w lb mm simple subirn Oon
—
—
—
.

‘The first thing we would do is calculate the new cepecity mttilisetic’n. Ini iir,portar,t 3.2 million 0.32 million = 3.2 million (0.2 million ÷ 0.12 million) = 3 million 0.32
point to mention here is the difference bmwean percentage change and percaniage point n,iilion = 2.58 million
,
.
. ,
. .

chancu, as discussed above.
—
New capacity m.itmlisetion 82% (1 lil%) 82% 90% = 82’ii 0.9 73.8%
One mistake we could make here is equating the new number of passen ems trans
ported figure with the following’. at
3.2 million 73.8% = 3.2 million 0.738 2.3616
I-shy is the above calculation incorrect? We nn.’t realize that the number 3.2 rnihion is I
actually usl to 82 / em the total ipacity of SkvEurope ummi, it aapacitm ut lisatmim acem. r
u g to the table was 82 /
We also know the new capac t utilisation figure (73 8/) hut w must siso calculate
Total Capacit 5 X). W know the following.
>. 0b2=n2miliont82’ onotota1car’aciO is32rsml o”ps’ci- gee
n’te above calcuiation scan shows an example elbow to maxe Cuctractcons easier fr thu
-
example, we reformulated (1.32 million as 0.2 million + 0.’l2niillion so itbecame much easier
to hut snhtra 02 million from 3 2 rxulhor (leaving the round numi er of 3 nullicirm) and
then deal with the rest,
Equations
Equations might sound too mathematical, yet they are a brillianly inventive ways ui
uealarmg with pmobli ms wnere multiple cat ulations must be made Cormai tar th a
I here are 12 450 applicants car an exam Out of them 60 pass th flu st round of thaa 40
pa a the second round of uhoun the last 500 performers are earluded Eventually how ,ncmny
0 mottle get a job orlly the heal 21% o[the remaining are selected?”
1

Let’s saNe the equation for X: N 5

i 3
X = 3.2 million / 0.82 = 3.902 million j’t c) 62
We can now calculate the number of passengers transported at 73.8% capacity utllisationm: ), d) 875
-
.
7 QO 0738 °
= —. 88 million One way of apprnachi.ny th problem would be to porfurm a series ot cahcu(aiion, First,
Answer A is in fltct the correct answer we would calculate 60% of 12,450, then 40% of the resulting number, then we would sub-
- .
act 500 from that number, arid finally, we would calculate 25% of this last intermediate
.
-
.
0
. -
Wl’ule the above series of calculations were all correct, we must always he suspicious
when so many raw calculations are required to get to the correct answer. Do not forget that 51 the number of neupie who get a job (which is the answer we lire looking for)
y°’eiomi’
rumcmica’l cc norung is not a mathematical exercise an the hut place so thu n’ugf the a hint b X we can create an eqnetin which will make our lives muds eas er and the calculation
lu,t an easer solu,mon inmu exist. sagnmrtcantly laster:
. - -
,,

need to make two observations here: u 3 0.2n (where0.n equals

.m. = (l4’i 0.6 0.-i --nun Na equsm sac’s, and e. 2 coons 25.’.)
• Some’ of the data is irrelevant We cart further simpf ifv the equation:
• The “distance” among the values in the answer options allows tot estimation X (12450 0.24— 500) 0.25
Let us Isolde the first problem. As the question referred to average capacity utllisation, It Since the answer options are quite far apart, we could also rise some estimations and
e mnanmedmately tarti d to wurk with that number However no should reconsider the iotinthig up or down
meaning ui trite term. It average capacmty uttlssation decreases by 10%, 15 trims omit Itie
same as saying that SkyEurope transported 10% loss passengers? X (12000 / 4— 500) / 4 where 32450 is rounded down to 12000, 0.24 is mounded up
--‘, to 1/1, and 0.25 is converted to 1/4 as well)
‘ltiis inmnmediatrly simplifies our calculus:
X (3000 — 500) / 4 = 2500 / 4 625
-
3.2 million pastengers 10% = 3.2 million passengers 90% = 3.2 million passengers 0.9 j
s’ 625 ism ho st to mend’ C so that will he the coirect answer
No hi at
t
c oh t
0 tl c -mnswci options again
 SUCcEEDING IN MIMEPJCAL REASONING TESTS SLfCCEEDING IN NUDER I CAL REASONING TESTS
toe

Tables and Charts r:zzz

Sobor of I 0n..o.op.du
4.611,1
li,i’n.,IoE (l11l• (I’, 0d1I,n 5) •il5i00.

2o,.n,’nr or ‘°‘ C00

Tor, ÜICT on,I., of (11.110,,
I,,, iono, ‘ — (In ‘I’.)

A’ 10,1.’, ace- 5— (1 •- 72

ton I l(.,liR) (‘00 365 i37

kyC( “ .—______

R,’.n.IriiRI.) 2237 z&l st i

1% 2
Based on ow’ re,nsorranC in the sacoon or, Estiinatior,, we will also realize that the
yuiumbcr of airplanes is a suporiuous figure, as well average capaci:y utuit3atsJn:
‘ -

“llased on the above lebU, bow oilily vassengers would SkyEurope have transported in 2007
ts capucCy intsatioii bud taco 19% worse?”
-
I nrfn..
5
arnefl .5e. aeor
‘
a) 2.88 million .duy’
5
Aroret, n.
Toroov,, , No,nbnror
i(oothoE) olrp(.on
b) 2.36 ilian
c) 3.52 million

4) 3.59 million
Ti-ia above table may seem tanuluar Itus is beaiise we prevucuuslv used a t’er”’o” m this
tabln. with some rows “blacked out for demenetaung ccrtaen r. 7
ethods in other sections In
real numerical tests, howevet, thc tbl always contaira lots of supert.uous data that you
will not need for your calculations this is what I called “noise” in the introduction
When starting to solve a numerical rca oning tes ,itis always imporlant to f rsl dc,iide
on wh ch data is necessary for the calculation because the superfluou information will It we systematically exclude all superfluous data, the task will seem aignificantly less
lust confuse you and can take eluable time if you become distractod. complicated. As it turns out, in our example, the table’s only purpose is to tell us that
,ested to mentally “black out” those data from the table
I-or this reason, it is often sot 1 SkyEurope transported 3,2 million passengers in 2007. The other piece of intorrnation we
which you will not need. ‘I he first thing we will realize is that we can make no use at the will use (the 70% decrease in average capacity utilisatior’u, and therefore 10% decrease in
data about the other three airlines (Air Berlin, basyjet, and RyanAi.r) passengers transported) is suppl.ied in the question, not the table.

As mentioned above, numerical reasoning questions administered by EPSO some

times rely on charts (figures) instead of tables, Consider the following example.

Treatment of Municipal Waste in EU 27

Municipal Waste’
Laridfitted
Municipal Wasta -

Since the question refers to the number of passengers transported, we will certainly Inclnrated
not need turnover data to answer the questIon: st Municipal Waste -

OtharTreatment
‘er,
 Sit CCI I iVC, ZN Iy1FRICtL RF4O\II\G 5
JIhI TFS 1
fllC(_i UPNG IN TtIMl_isIC 111 2 1SO

lit_I r t 1)11 i ri a md inc taei i’u meitta ‘it asP prachcc\1ethods

_ookir,g at the above chart acid the cit_eshon posed on the basis c-f the chart, our 1irs
icactinn mq_ht c to idnti tho vo segments associn ed wi hn filled and I000ier ina Ci sUukLCt 01 C it ho v practice for the numerical re sonm
tied municip I ssas e and start addirg up the two ttgiuee lot each of the three years
sI own in the cit_i t
Start your practice by ident’fysng yoir weaknesss Percentabes
7 Subti ti
bstimation Equatcon’ Calculus in
‘
i\vuie this is c.eita nly a Jlid ap.i osch a simple oose’wation ca” speed tiur
6
s iD dra
rnatici 1, It oe look at 0 e ungs sepresenting the threc 3 ears in Lcstion 3 U wi l real Or e tee hate idr lied ycur weanesse ou a cirted mae ice ibe e i or
z that the scgr e associated i h land filled and mncirerated tnunsc pal v-i te are aliens ett iei by eiLC mb problems of your on or select na pract cc Ic ts ber
next to each other, and the segments representing land-filled municipal waste have these calculanuns conic into play
ommon startm
5 point (at the 12 o clock position) in the ni-is ‘ Once you have hained the necessary routine using all of these methods (and mcybe
fhis in short means that the largest amount tiF land til t
ed -t incinerated municipal further ones online) you can start practicing e i tests that are similar to t e real
w-iste v ill be represented by lb it ring in which the ns u — gments extend the farthest
exam for example the ones in this book
lix s de the o,termos inc cpresentsne the ser 199b
he ab tve example as jest ademonstion of the add hon infoitnahon that may Checa the cv ulabic I ice e the real exam 500 he 000COcr 31 L estie r be
be carried by graphical charts. Although properly labelled charts carry at least the same i answered
a-i out-I of intormation as a t-iblc ard resin -ig ott concrete amounts from a chart is car
‘‘$ art without Or x n yourself at first
but solve the same nuxtiber of test quest Otis as
tainily necessary in some cases we shot_id never foiget that graphical ch 5 ts are mc tnt to
‘f$, at the exam (usually around 20 30) Measure the averse time you teqotre
convey selatiot-iships and trends in a visual way If the questions iclated to the charft$2il
enqus c about such information (trends propo tions re 1
ative figures end so on) It -e Stsrt decreasing the alive needed to answer the e
1
uestions so it kets closer to C time
nrC suspeetin
5 Cs use o the aeual r umerical oats present iv tne chart mtkht t
ii
CblC at the exs
i ot hi nec led
Ideally bs the time ot P-c exam you should be able to nswem it ow questions ci Ce
time as ailal e thur .quiicd at the exan because sou snoUt aceont ía s ess ,,r
I-Tow to Approach Numencal Reasoning Tests tither o itside f-i tore are impossible to recreate at home
ihe that c sections demonstrated the number of factors we must consider to he able to The LPSO test ttill be a lmtnisb tod on a computes which will make it mitch mote
efticiently solve tOe problems posed in numeriesl reasunin tests Consider aspects such 1 s dtallenCnk (and stronger) to take than a paper based tCst where yot can I neble
as the requ red let el of accur-ic3 the relevance ot data o- the possib lit’ of est matson — on Le pape as d n abe q i k calculations write down equaiio’s underli ic be 1
then decide the approach to take whether to pcrfo raw calculations, apply estiniates, . concepts and so aim if you liave access to such seices, try to practice online
draw up arc equation, or simply read a relationship or a trend off a chart.
In the following chapter, you will Find 100 numerical reasoning lest questions that you
As is true in the case of verbal and abstract reasoning teats a systemstic approach will
ituse to etort practicing ri’-’lmt away
make your lcst tskin
6 experience much more efficient Below you will find a a summary
if the recommended approach
Ihe ke’, to the correct en’isvers comes at the en-I of the ques ions

1. Read the question and thc answer options first as carefuhy as possible.
2. The question will help you identify which data sets wlll be relevant arid necessary
for answering the question and know what to ignore.
3 Lookin, at the answer options will help you decide the level cii accuracy required
If, for example, the values in the answer options are very far apart, you may con)f
aider estimation
-1. Based on the question, deterriiirie the relevant information and mentally “black
4$, -

out” the unnecessary data.

5 lOving loomced at the ‘inswor options and tho lot in the t-sblc. yciu i in now make
-i final decision about whether to go for an exact
fiCire or mike an estimite x/
whether to use arm equation, and so on.
5. Make sure you exclude all unrealistic answer options (for example numbers repre-,
.
5001mg an increase wi-ien the question refers to a decrease),
Once you have perfomad your calculations, you can match the result against the:
remainunk snswer options If you estimated look for the answer option closest tO
your estimated result If the result is significantly closer to one answer option than ii
to all others you were probably on the itght track

0
 I
For advice and tips on tackling nomerical rca
sonmg questions, pieasc conolt the previous
cna pIer.
5. Numerical Reasoning Test
The answers fr the nritnencal reason inc test
follow straight alter the questions with ‘Id,
—
100 QUESTIONS onssvers follow quesf ion 100
ivilozved by dftoiied explanations for ach
ansrL’er.

Remember the advice given in the previous chapter: B €4.46 miiln

TABLE FOR QLIESTJOS,’S 1-4
1. Read the question and the answer options first as carefully as possibie. C. €2.93 inilhon
Illegal copying in Manderiu 0 60.55 million
2. The question will help you identity which data sets will be relevant and nec
essary for answering the OuCatlon and know what to ignore. Mc,tus I’uroi,asej Dwnloaie1 .kverage pert
Oegatly per item
3. Looking at the answer options will help you decide the level of accuracy a (e,ti,eate) (in CUTUS) 3. 1.Vhieh of the media hai the highest
required. If, for example, the values in the answer options are very far apart,
you may consider estimation. “I, OVC) utaoa 163 600 65 (03 15 piracy rate?
Based on the question, determine the relevant information and mentally AuSlo CDs 81) .100 101) 0151 12
4. A. vvg Videos
“black out” the unnecessary data, Comparer 126 200 99 001) 20
software B. Audio CPa
5. Having looked at the answer options and the data in the table, you can now
make a final decision about whether to go for an exact figure or make an esti C. Computer Oaf iwars
mate, whether to use an equation, and so on. What is the pirary rate (the proportion 0. Both DVD Videos and Computar Sotns’are
6. Make sure you exclude all unrealistic answer optiona (for example numbers of illegal downloads) of computer soft
representing an increaae when the question refers to a decrease). ware?
‘ii,
7. Once you have performed your calculations, you can match tie result - a 4. Supposing that the piracy rate of DVD
against the remaining answer options. If you eatimated, look for the answer videos decreased by half and the
-li 80% number of viewers remained the Sante,
option closest to your estimated result. lithe result is significantly closer to
one answer option than to all others, you were probably on the right track. C 122%
what would be the approximate
number of purchased DVDs?
2.
A. 63,200
‘2 ll(1
II, 231,000
171 2. What was the total financial loss to
vendors due to illegal copying of these C. 115,200
three media? 0. 245,000

€0.09 mIllion
114 QUESFIO’-Js — ,
\USIEIOC SI RE) 90h7\ QUESTIONS —
UAfEfCAL REASONiNG

TABLE I OR QUESTIONS 5-7 ii. What percentage of the EU-I S’s

work
TABLE FOR QUESTiONS 8-11 14. How marty hydro power
ers in the izsdustry Sector are
employed plait mere
in France? built in Europe betwtiemr 1991
and 201)1
l’anopo rtation itt the European Ut ion Emnployrnenf in the LU 2003 if an average plant can yield
500,oOO
toe”-s in a year?
EmpLay,nen( in flit A
‘tear 1.ssenger car tail train- Sitraieoport clittrrermt Srntjr5 0,5 tIre
transport (In port of O$- Ut panstngefl eeomlenu, tIara tim K)
in it lion pan— sengers (in (in trillion L.%o
Country Srrtioeo Industry Persons i,m rmneloy.
C. 8. 5
stager krir) mullet pan- passetiger-kni
nice
9 (1mm 15(913) 0. 65..1’•i ( ‘r”
EU-IS 5-;,-) 9cC
3 515(3 500 335 9115 352 020 Es 39-
1558 3 700 ((00 320 500
UK 501, 29 721
402 000
Greece H T4I3LE FOR QL[ES?1ONS 12-14
2000 3905 205 345 500 — 432000 ( 50’ii, ‘53% 3985
France 7-It. 20% 931
Euet’g’a production in the LU-25
(8
—-
TABLE FOR QUESTIONS 15-17
5. What was the share of bus transporta— Year 11(a) prarlartmoo )Oemieu,able energy pro—
don in total passenger transportation S. Assuming that those who do not work frmmnin 3500 feC)
is
in 1998? Salea of televjstom: appliaetvs
in services or industry work in agricui
(in n’ £OC)
lIm,,lro )(iomnaaa
lure in whi h country is the sham. of Fe we, and WaSte
A. 3.7% Sear CAT 1 Vo cold LCD TVs said
aricu1torai workers the hlbhcst’ 1991 1
Floor,
0 I’Vs
24 000
A. 0
Uni
d Kingdom
1996 wi 50281) 2800o ;;3:3:0l));1m:1)00;oo5)sel::lc05)l
B. Greece
C. 14.3%
C. Frence 20)11 01il 30 000
U Cannot loll
6. By what percentage did the amount of
15. How many euros Were Spent on
rail transport of passengers change
from 1995 Ic 2000? 12. What was the proportion of total plasma TVs between 2002 and 2004,
if
9. Which country has more workers in an average plasma TV costs 2,00(1
energy produced in 2001 coming
the industry sector, France or the from euros?
renewable resources?
United Kingdom?
- -
A. 13 billion
-
A.
A. l-r.itce, wills 372,00)1 more wrkoms
B. 13. 3h1):ri-,
B. UK, wslh 372,302 more woro,ecs
1,
C. 31 hii:on
C F once witls 129 011 more corkers
P. D. 23 billioni
25%
C. UK, with 128,01)0 more workers
7. What were the total CO2 emissions of
passenger cars in 2001) if the average
33, 16, I-low did the sale of televtsions
CO
2 emission rate of oars is 160 glk1n, 10. Which country is under the EU-IS
In which year was the level of primary change
energy production most different from 2003 to 2004?
and [here are I ,S passengers in one rat [ruin
‘
average in respect of both services anti
on average? industry sectors?
the average [Or the three years?
A. Decreased by 12,10)1)
A. 283 uillior, kg 1991 13 Decreased by 24,1910
A None nit Oem
B 35)1 billion kg 13. 3996 C. There
B. Fiance was no change
C 416 billion kg C. 2521 P. increased
C. Greece by 211,004
D. 503 billion kg P. Caonot eli
I) A I l)Ste of lb mis

1) f-i,-,.
 ‘ - NUMEIU CAL REASONING
QIJESTIO\S—NU6IUvJC4I RE4SO%j\G QUESTT0’25

17. What percentage of the TVs sold was B. 35,347 27. What percentage of the total popula
flat-screen (LCD or plasma) in 2002? TABLE FOR QUESTiONS 24-28 tion of all five countries live in Loun
C. liton
1
253,170 m
try E?
A. 499. C. 29,253 o’illinn frutai se{ Pvpri.flivr, GD?? lvjlsricv
B. 320, ‘c 1090 iej,abi— ,,h5ba,,t, 06
levis)
C. 52%, 3. 596,
21 What percentage of the EU-15’a per a, 30 503 5 300) 27 5.30 28
U. 38% capita GDI C? 200> is thi. per capita C. Len 13-an 0%
33 93 063 10 200 11 840 9.1
GD? in Luxembourg’ U. More 33-sr. 633%
C 943 DLI) 10 200 16 920 ‘1.9
A. 184%
0 450000 8999 23130 20
B 9
TABLE FOR QUESTIONS 18-21 C 200 000 59 000 23 060 1.9
0. 157! 28. What is the ratio between the total area
of cnuntry D and country C?
Gross Domestic Product in fhe EU in 2005 U 19’
A. 1:4
GD? per irrhabi- Chan 9
e
5 co,
n d
24. Approximately how many people in
I levI be P1’S) tu 2584 Ire 00) B. 3:1
3— countries A and 0 are unemployed if
Bgnuu 27 860 3.8 22. You made up your mind to prepare for the unemployment rate is 2% in coun C. 5.1
Lwernbourg 53 100 4.5
taking an EU knowledge teal in five try A and 4% in country 0?
weeks. You recorded the hours spent D. 3:5
Netherlands 27 570 16 on preparing each week in a table A. 215,000
(below). What was the avetage time
(in hours) you prepared per week? B. 383,000
18. What was the GD? per iuhabitant in C. 466,000
Luxembourg in 2004? ‘IABLE FOR QUESTIONS 29-33
Week 1 2, 3 4 0. 652,000
A. 42,575 Hours 14 16 20 15 25 CAR8ONM000 SOFT DRiNKS IN 1806 SOLD IN JULY
3. 47,942 2805 INA TOTAl, QUANTITY OF 18,0806

C. 50,015 A. 14 Fleecer A Ftevse, 13 Flare,,, C

25, In which country is the density of pop
D. 50,355 B, ulation the lowest? Corspeny X 50 30 8
C. 20 Ccrnpenyv 10 0 0
A. CountryA
U. 25 Company Z 4,2 20 10
19. Whit was the change in the GOP per B. Country C
inhabitant of the Netherlands from C Country U
2004 to 2005?
U. Country B
2.3. With reference to the table for ques
A. 13,214 29. ‘Which flavour sold in the largest
tion 22, supposing you spent 30% of
B. 1,045 your study time on taking EU tests, quantity arid which flavour sold in the
which week did you spend the most smallest quantity in July 2005?
C. 999 26. What is the average inflation rate in all
time with this activity?
U. 709 five countries? A. Flavour C and flavour B
A. 5th week B Flavour B and flavour C
A. 2.5%
8. 3rd week C. flavour 13 and flavour A
20. What was the GD? in Lielgium in 2005, 13. 4.1%
C. 2nd week U. Flavour A and flavour C
if the number of inhabitants was 30.5
C. 51%
million? U. 3rd and 513-week
U. 6.3%
A. 292,530 million
 (18 QUESTIONS NUMERIcAl P ‘OSONIVG
—
QIIESTIflNS N’lRfEIiJC.’IL RIOASONIOOG

30. 110w many litres of flavour 13 did

Company Y sell in July 2005? TABLE FOR QUESTIONS 34-8 difference between income and
pro
duction costs.) 39. Assuming that the trend in
the
A. 0 I’RDDDCTIOPI .4(001 TRADE D4T5 ON NO P0MB B
see.,
copter industry will not change heli
, the
(1VTRE Ic 1511(1. LID) A. income for 2037 would most
likely be
B. about
It 30,000
C. p.ppc
‘lit terg0a ri Barr Ta A.
J Geld P 30,000 EPO 22 (‘Oh,
01 ,,rerras (lOtte) copper capper silver plated
wire
B. OLD 23
Wire plated rapper’ to. 25,000
copper Zctre C. OLR 44 billion
31. cob Is
VOhat percentage of revenue is due to 0) Cannot isv
flavour A and flavour C? i’rrrtrrctrvrr (1010, 100 350 30
37. Which export product shows
0) the poor
est profit margin? (The profit
Prcdoc):on tOito
margin
500 1
is tli profit as a percentage
2 4 10 of income,)
prr is iii 6
‘3. 40.
IecOnit per ci a, 8’ 2 A. Bare copper Wire
Flow much profit is made from
the air
3 10 20
5. craft industry in 2003, if the
it, Tinned copper woe production
to. export (1065.) 10 20
costs amount to 60% of the incom
e
Canio.t wry wiLori I-, received? (Profit is the differe
P1’FE stl’.’ei pOrted copper cahie nce
between ir,colne and production
01. Gold plated copper ore costs.>
32. 34. Flow much income did Wire & Wire
‘ A. 00(310 btllttrn
if the total quantcty sold of flavour A
and flavour C increased by 20% in Ltd. generate from the export of bare ‘r
copper wire and PTFE silver plated B OUT if bOilom,
August 2005, and assuming that the 38. Which type of priotuct was sold
copper cable in November 2005? in the C. EL’R 20 billion
quantity sold of flavour B remained largest volume by Cable & Cable
Ltd.
the same, then how many litres would in November 2005? 01. T
IOL
A OUR 2,600 R 25 bOOne.
the total quantity sold of flavour B and
flavour C be? B. lOUD 26,000 A. lIars copper wire

A. 5,596 C. OUR 32,000 l’inned copper wire 41. Among the following, the greates
t
01. OUR 320,000 C, PTFE silver pIatd copper cuhI increase in income occurred for
0. Approcimatety 6.200
01. Cannot say A.
C. Cannot say Cars beween 2001 and 2002
to. f,iO,! 35, What is the ratio between the total pro’ B. buses hetween 2002 and 2003
duction of all types of wire and the C. Ammlenes between 2003 end 2004
quantity sold for export? TABLE FOR QUESTIONS 39-43 01 Helicopters between 2002 and 2003
33. if the quantity sold by Company Z of
flavour C increased by 50% and the A 3:2
INCOME PROW Ct(RTIIN IN0105I’IUAL
P010011003’S (6,
quantity sold by Company X of B 2:3 bittla,,r,, ‘us)
flavour A decreased by 10%, then what ‘‘Or 42. 1-low many industries made a
C. 43 gain of
change would occur in the total quan Predrctu 20101 2002
20°/o or more between 2002
2003 2004 2005 and 2004?
tity sold of all flavours? to. 31
‘1 i—our 52 A. 0
53 55
A, No change
tttises
B. I
33 35 32 32 32
to. ‘the total quantity would ictcreaue 36. How snatch profit was made by Wire C. 2
C.
and Wire Ltd. from PTFIo silvLr plated ‘c Trssrka 43 44 45
‘The tots! qurinlity would decrease 46 D.
copper cable and gold plated copper ‘t 3
Bttats 12
, it 15
avire in November 2005? (Profit is the 11
Airplanes 40 45 30 40 50
(8 Heltcopwn 20 00 22
 QUESTIONS - NUMERICAL REASONING QUESTIONS — NUMERICAL REASONING
120

‘: e. Which company sold its juices at the

43. Between which Years does the produc 46. Which countiy!countries hasfhsve ths Distribution of Hungary’s exports by
don of any type of industry increase or largest elderly population? lowest average price in 2004? country group, 2008,
decrease the moat in absolute terms? Q. 51-55
A, Country A Company A 2.,97
i,6
A. 2002 and 2003 B. Country D Company C
B. 2203 and ICC) C. Cuntr 0 Cnmpanv A u. C tOe tame EU-tB, 32.07
C. 2004 and 20205 3. Country D ottO Ceontry E Compatty B EL-12, 13
C Cannot say Ant,., 2.97
Anrerjca,: i.o -

0th,.,, 7.60
TABLE FOR QUESTIONS 17-50 50- If grapefnaits are the sante price as
oranges and a third of the price of
TABLE FOR QUESTIONS 44-46
peers how many million euros income
Jutcea sold in Grsp,fralts Orange Pea- did Company C have in 2004 from (January-September 2008, billion EUR)
POPULATION DATA 1002005
2004 tm, boxes) oranges?
Company A II j 20 14 (EU-IS. member ttatt,s of the EU l’e(o,e May 2,2004)
Pn’. Leo,. DmaIJ Undo, or A 45 (EU-12 the 12 r,rwesr mentIon, states 0) rho liU
I,, tsr)),, rn
5
(per 30001 18 acer (%) CornyanyS 4 37
(00) (3. Cannot tel)
,ndliane (per 100) pop.) 27 23
Company C Etan
a
0 rian Central Stattstjc3 Otficet
pap.) —
C. 105
Coontry A 42 12 00 20 19 imrconrofrommm all JOnas aol,) 2003 21)04 -D 70
Country II 22 1 5 22 15 (,,,itljon, in é)
Conoiry C 35 6 5 25 20 Company A 180 200 220 51,
I Based on the diagrams, what share did
Country 13 513 20 18 18 22 225 240 210 the European Union have of Hungary’s
Increase in Hungary’s exports
Country 0 1(30 30 28 20 20 exports in the period January-
Company C 280 225 300
,JI by country group 2008 (Q 51 55) September 2008?

Increase in (he period January — Septontber A. 20.1%

44. In which country is the fertility rate 47. How much money in million ereros did 2078 compared to the sortie period 002007 (‘In) B. 43.5%
the highest? Company B get in 2004 from pear juice ‘si
if all juices are sold at the same price? C. 575%
A. Cortrttry A EU-is 0. 77.9%
A
Ti Cnttnoy C
B. 76 Cm
C. Canno( say Amen a
C 120
0, Coant’ty S 52. Based on the diagrams, by approxi
EU 12 I mately what percentage did the value
of Hungarian exports to the European
Union increase from the period
45. Which country experiences the highest Asia January-September 2007 to the seine
population decline? 48. Which company had the highest period in 2008?
income between 2003 and 2005? ‘5
Other A. 85-a
,‘, Costr’.tty B
A. Company C B. 11%
B. Country C .}(EU-1y: member states of the EU before May 1, 21204)
8. Company A and B the name C. 14%
C. Country U JOB 12 the 1° newest me,nbc, states of the EU)
C. Company 13 0. 23°4
U. Country B
B. Compsny A •1’•
 —
QULS?IOS RUAILI CUlL 0
f
RL1SOS
, ,CU Qll SCIONs —h’LLWLRl AL RICASONING
9
53. Based on the diagrams, what percent’ B. 2520
age of the value of Hungarian exports 7. Based on the diagrams and the fact that
U, SD,
to Asia in the period January- total advertising expenses in Russia in-
September 2007 did the same figure •
U. 327
creased by 12.8°A from the first half of
for the Americas account for? 2008 to the second half, by what per
cLotage did this figure increase from Indebtedness in the Visegrad
.4 ‘0005, 201)7 to 2008? countries, 2007, Q. 59-62
El 62%
Total advertising expense in Russia A 3
Repubdcj
C 67% (billion RUB),
ri Io’alrciual.,od
L_i buSiness loan, (U
189% .3—t’u1and’”’ at GUtS
207
Foreign excl,ong,
54. Based on (he diagrams, by how much 5% a:
:)55 •.t IO,lnl)
did the value of Hungarian exports — •. ss .6-SIovakia
to -
llasrd on the diagr,uns, how much more
-i
countries here referred to as “other was spent on televnon advertising
-
than
_
countries” increase from the period 4
•
21) 5 1426
on print media advertising and radio
January-September 2007 to the same advertising together in Russia in the
period En 2008? first half of 2008 (in billon RUB)? j 53.4— Hucgary
‘004 •
-
52.4
630 million OUR IU A 19
1.23 bullion OUR 2(30-I •\.9a:;j 31.5
(Sou,rceu 1715
C, 1.47 billion OUR -- C ‘4
1). 1.92 bUlior OUR I) Y’i

The Rzxs ian adoertininç market, first

61. Based on the diagram and the fact
half of 2008 (shares in total that
the GD? of the Czech Republic
55. Based on the diagrams, how did Asia’s advertising epenses, %) 59
was
Q. 56—58 Based on the diagram, in which of the 127 billion EUR in 2007, what was
share of Hungary’s exports change four countnes is the ratio ot foreign the
amount of foreign exchange loans in
from the period January-September exchange loans to GOP the lowest? the country?
2007 to the sante period in 2008? 1733
A CeciL ‘lc thu A. 16.5 billion FUR
A. Decreased by 9% I
s a B i clued 8. 80 4 billion OUR
U. Increased by 125. 1.03 C C.
••t Siavas Ia 5,305 million EDO
C. l)ecreasd by 59% 2.29% d’.i c
: q%’
I) I lungory 0. 47,371 utillio OUR
D. Decreased by 23% 1

4..:.
815. 5214% ‘
Di 4 billoun LUll
60.
62. Based on the diagram and the tact
56. Expenses on outdoor advertising ToRn cc 521”” that
in Slovalda in 2007, how many percent the amount of foreign exchange loans
Russia increased by 13% from the Radio
first less was the amount of foreign in Poland was approximately the
same
half of 2007 to the same period in Fruit media 2 9
2008. exchange loans in Slovakia than
in as in Hungary in 2007, what was the
Based on the diagrams, by how much acorns’ 0% Hungary? relationship between th two countr
did these expenses increase in Ouctnc, adorn, o”g 17 alA ies
absolu te in terms of CD??
terms (in million RUB)? Othe, 229% A 545
A. l-lungaty’s GOP was aboul 3 times gr,oter
A. ‘2062 62”,
(Source Rug tan Asgncla..cn ii A Ice i.ziig Agt,,Ou) B. l’hsmngary’s
C. 77% COP was about twice greater

1,-S St
I’’

—
 0:.
QUESTIONS — MJJVIERIC1 1. RI .1 s( M.’,p; tJES’i ‘IONS
0 NUMERIcAL REASONiNG 125
C

C. Poland’s GDP was about twice greater Worldwide PC sales by manufuc’ture 65 Based on the diagrams, how many Average properly prices in Croatia
more PCs would HI’ have sold in the
0. Poland’s CDI’ was about 3 timea greater second quarter of 2000 (%), Q. 6-1-67 (%, 1997= 100%), Q. 68-70
second quarter of 2008 than in the
same period in 2000 if its market share
had remained unchanged?
293
31)0
A. 3.023 million Old

Mobile phone subs on ptwns in .

5.321 million 250
various countries, 2007, Q, 63 °‘
8.053 mrllion
200
, ,62/”
Lusembsurg 129 126/7’
150
iso or
325 127
Czech Republic Based on the diagrams, by what per 100 °4to/artu,
66.
centage did the number of PCs sold by
lunate Dell increase between the second quar
Worldwide PC sales by mttnutarlurer, ter of 2000 and the same period in 2008?
Canada 62 second quarter of 2008 (‘iv), Q. 64-67
A 35% nttonal average average ot caaslal properties
53
B. 135%
Bangladesh 22
h 235%
69. Based on the diagram, how many years
335%
Nun,b,r of ,nob% phone ssltscr) pl ass per 100 i,,hatitanls did ii take for the average price nt
Croatian properties to double com
Mobile phone subecrtptioes as %
pared to 2002?
of all Peddle and fixed 67. Based on the diagrams, what average
In,) Iciephone aabscrtptions
quarterly increase toole place in the total A.
number of PCs sold worldwide betwe
B. 3
en the second quarter of 21)00 and the
same period in 2008 in absolute terms? C, ‘1
63. Based on th&diagram and the fact that
the population of the Czech Republic D. The price did not double belore 2000
A. An increase by 1.26 million
was about 20 times that of Luxem
bourg in 2007, approximately what 64. Based on the diagrams, how did the An increaae by 2.52 million
proportion of the total number of combined market share of the three An increase by 3.78 million
C.
mobile phone subscriptions in the leading PC manufacturers change 70. Based on the diagram and the fact that
Czech Republic did the same figure of between the second quarter of 2000 0. An increase by 5.04 million
the average price of coastal properties
Luxembourg account for? and the same period in 2008?
in Croatia was 3000 EUR per square
metre in 2008, what size property could
A. 1/4 A. Decreased by 2.7 percentage points
68. Based on the diagram, by what per one expect to be able to buy with
B. 1/5 B. Decreased by 7.7 percentage points centage did the average price of 100,000 EUR in 2001 on the Croatian
Croatian properties increase from 2005 coast (in square metres>?
2/20 C. tncreaaed by 10.7 percentage points
to 2006?
0. 1/25 U. Increased by ‘13.3 percentage points A. 33
A. 31%
0. 47
B. 35%
C, 78
C, 57%
0. 83
I). 65%
 .5,

—
QUESTIONS NLTFIER.TC IL I’d I ‘ON[NG QUESTIONS NUMERJdAL ALA SONTNG

the same auto tot every yea I between

TABLE FOR QUSSTIONS 71-74 I low much did the world’s total proven
1990 and ‘01)3, what percentage of the
lithium reserves amount Ira t the end of ‘H-iEEE FOR QUESTIONS 79-311
GoT’ 1)1)31 Sri) ,,rl or iCr) neperolr tnre ‘11 ! CUE) GD? did aocial expenditure account
for 2006 given that the proven reserves of
of r’,rrrmis co,urtr,es in 1996?
the six countries listed together
2990 201)5 accounted fur 51.06% of the world total?
CL)’ Sw.wp.
A. 17.1% 0.22.09’,
GD)’ ier.np. 1,.! ‘I,:,,,,
Deem,,, S 95.1 25,1% 179.9 26.9% C 22.7% D. 23 7% 15 mIllion tonnes B. 8 3 millIon torines
zsz 24
1rinoe 1)07,4 201% 15694 29.2% 0.24.5% F. 33.5%. C. ‘.11.2 ,niiiicxi tore’,ru 0. 11.2 willow torTes 22’l 2 ii ias 243 043
Cerma,sy 1162.8 22 3’S 2556.5 26.7%
Ireland 45.7 149’),
11. 11.4 million lunnw F. 120 million tonrieS
16)1 16.7%
N,rtl,ertan)s 26’).) 25 61 572.3 20.2%
Nons’oy 76.)) 22 301, 2)37 2)6% TABLES FOR QUESTIONS ES-i’S
Seeru’ USCE) 77. If the amount of lithium produced in
the six countries together increases by
31,ue ;rediiclior, of tithu,rrr
1,, ravines ,.ue,,lr1,s (bunts)
the same percentage from 2008 to 2009
71. Floss’ many times greater was the as from 2007 to 2005, how many thou
absolute amount of social expenditure mime, sand torones of lithium will be produced
in France than in Denmark in 1990? in the six countries together in 21)09?
—
lS,,ev, OJl 1,,te,,,ohj,e,( Drgiin)oon ,‘n ‘7 I’m, and (mci
13. 9.9 11. 12.1
C. 5(757 C. 23.r,
106 01, 1U3 j
03, 252
710
0. H.7 F. 11.1 B. 26.4 F. 27.4 613. how many litres of wine .,sere con
c9j) it 0011
suined per capita globally in 2004
given that the world population was
72. In how many of the six countries did 75. Flow many thousand tonnes did
6.4 billion? 1,3 hectolitre = ‘100 litres)
the GD? increase by more than 200% Chile’s proven lithium reserves
between 1990 and 201)5? 242 13. 251
amount to at the end of 2006 (assum
ing that no new reserves were discov C. 260 0. 275
B. two ered in 2007 and 201)5)?
I:. 278
I”rouen lit),iun, re.serr,rs is various countries,
end
F. 261
C. three of
U. four 2005 (thousand tenures) ‘
3. 2,352 II. 2,600
F. six Aus1ra1i 2213 Brazil 910 3,023 0. 3,73)
Canoda 360 St. According to the chart, how mudi
Chile 3 1100
Chloe F-. 26,01)0 7. 29,770 more wine (in million hectolitres) was
3 100 Zimbabwe 27
73. produced globally between 2004 and
By how much did social expenditure S,,urce. US Geological Survey
increase in Germany between 1990 and 2008 than if annual production in this
2005? period had been the same as in 2003?

75. Assuming that the amount of lithium A. 18 B. 17

3. 64.1 bl))on 1)50 B. 113.5 bilIRn 1)01) produced in Zimbabwe remains con
stant at the 2008 level, in how marry C. 280 0. 1.9(9)
C. 25)6 billion 1)9)) U. 326.2 b,lbon US)) years (starting from 2008) will the 79. Flow many million hoctolitres ot wiDe 0. 34
country’s proven reserves be exhausted were produced globally between 2005
0. 364.4 HIlton USE) F. t)0b htllinn USE) (assuming that no new reserves a e and 2007 on a year))’ average?
diacoveredl?
B. 15)
74. A. 9 13. II C. 26)
Assuming that in the Netherlands, both 0. 2.5
the GOP and the absolute amount of C. 45 0. 81 0. 279 F, 291
soctal ex’pendit’ure increased linearl
y (by II. 90 F. Ill
 QUTSTIO”IS - NUFIERI CAL REASONING
326 QLIESTIONS-6TLlMERICALFl 1Q’.’!Xt, 129

TABLE FOR QUESTIONS 82-85 TABLES FOR QUESTiONS 86-89

Gold reserves ofthe world’s central banks (‘tomes,) Projected GDP growth in various countries (96, coinpezreed to the previous year)

111.2

anC 3.9 -
i United States
Germany 1.52,5 1419 141:7 2%9
09
Fiance
. Italy
China
thi S’Strerland
Switzerland i— , Other Japan Gern’aay France Spain Rssiis China
‘March1999
March 2009 GDPof various countries, 2008 (lrillion USC)

China 7,992 Japan 4,340 Germany 2,925

Russia 2,271 France 2,133 Spain 1,402
82. How did the share of Italy’s central C. Decreesed by 0.64 billion USC
bank in the world’s total gold reserves F. Decreased by 642 billion USC
.
change between March 1999 and
March 2009? F, Decreased by 64.2 billion 1450 86. By how many per cent is China’s GOP A decrease by about 49 billion USD
projected to increase between 2008 and
A dec.resse by about 78 bOson USD
A. Decreased by 7.3 percentage points
i: C. An increase by sbout 1 billion USC
II. Decreased by 3.0 percenta9e points 8-1. By how many per cent did the gold A / 9/ B
reserves of the central bank of the F Ar tncrease by ebout 16 btilron 1450
C. Decreased by 0.1 percentage points United States decrease between MarLh ‘/ C. 11.2% 0.
F. An increase by about 80 billion USD
C. Retrained unchanged 1999 and March 2009? ‘i’ ‘. 8. 27.8% F 30.4%
0. Increased by 0.8 percentage points A. 0.0006% II. 0,006%
F: Increased by 3.0 percentage points C. 0.06% 0. 0.61%
87 Wh’st expressed as a percentage of 89 Assuming that the population of
F. 61.43% r Spain’s GOP, is Russia’s GOP pro- Germany decreases by 1% between
0. 6.14%
I’. jected to be in 2011? 2008 and 2010, by low many per cent
83. How did the market value of the gold ‘,‘ is Germany’s GOP per capita projected
reserves of Switzerland’s central bank , A. o. 61,7% to decrease in this period?
85. How flI,lJiV 1UflOa ut pJl,I did the
change between March 1999 and
ss’urld’s n1r,il banks towthar sell sO .1 ‘h” C. 65 2% 1). 162.0%
March 2009 given that in this period, A. 0.9% B, 2.6%
the world price of gold increased from yearlY average betwecn March 958 9. 166.7% F. 169.4%
286 USO per ounce to 886 USD per and M .lrLh 2009 giv en Ui at the p soil C, 3.6% 1), 4.5%
ounce? (1 ounce = 31.1 grams) 345 tonnes between March 2009 and 9. 5.3% F. 7.2%
March 2009?
A. Increased by 0.58 billion USC
“ 88. What change is projected to take place in
A. 303 B, 311
B. increased by 5.81 billion 1401) : France’s GOP between 2008 sod 2010?
C. 337 0. 372
C. Increased by 56.1 billion USD
E. 384 F. 414 A A du.rease by sbout 20 billion USC

t
 QLS72ONS NUMERICAL RE4SON
—
QUEOTIONS NLLWERIcAL REASONING

‘lABELS FOR QUESTIONS 90-93

TABLE FOR QUESTIONS 94-97
12eIartd up 33)3) Total population intl populatio
tlej 49 n projections (end of year, milli
on inlo.abitants)
Ireland 28.3
tLs 2007 2020
tE200tt
131227
2041) 2060
Norway 42.1 833 Chaargr 495.1 5138 520,3 505.7
corrpared to 10.6
3 11.3
,
2007 a Cevh ROoLuIc 12%
lteir’rrrm 44.3 (percentage 10.3 00.5
pourl.s) 13.2 95
38.1 38 0
finmania 35.2 31 1
Luxitnboury 3s.3 21.6 20.8
Sweden 19.2 16 9
9.1 9.9
21.1 United Kingdom 10.5 10.9
1 3.1 60.9 65.7 72.0 76.7
Source: Eitrostst
GOP of various OECL) countries
91. What was the absolute amuont
of Lax
revenues in Ireland in 2008?
2009 Change
lhillion compared to A. 690 billion USC 13. 71 2 bil1in USC 94. What is the projected popu
ISV) 23)071%) C. 75.7biUionUSD lation of 96.
0. 78.0 billion USC Romania in 2040 expressed as If the population of the Ceerh
a per Republic was projected to decr
13. 82.4 billion USC F.
centage of its population in 2007? ease by
Iceland lo.8 85.QbillionlJSO the same percentage betw
1.2 een 2007 and
Iceland A. 78.2% Ii.
2060 as that of Poland, how
many
267.6 -3.0 88.9% Inhabitants would the Czech
Norway 92. 92.3% Republic
451.8 2.5 What change took place in the amo 0. 103.8% be projected to have in 2060?
unt
Belgium of tax revenues in Iceland from 2007
to 0. 108.3% F.
506.2 1.0 2008? 127.8% A. 3.3 million II. 5.1 million
Luxembourg 550 -0.9 C. 7,8 trillion
Mexico A. A decrease by 130% 0. 8.4 mOtOr,
1,088.0 1.3 95. Assuming that the populatio
n of 0. 9.1 million
B . A decrease by 10.9% F. 12.6 million
Sweden increases by the same
C. A decrease by 6.1% every year between 2020 and amount
2040,
which year is it projected to exce in
12. Air increase by 3.7% ed 10
90. In bow many of the six countries
nuulion for the first time?
97.
did 0. An increase by 14.4%
Approximately what proportio
n of lIre
lax revenues account for more
than one 2024 13.
population of the EIJ-27 is
third 01 the GOP in 2007? F. An increase by 17.2% 2027 projected to
live in the six countries listed,
2029 in 2020?
0. 2031
A. None 13. A. Halt
One 2933 13. Or.e quarter
F. 2036
L. ‘ir 93. C.
12. ‘II tree What were Luxembourg’s Lax reve One mu I)
nuet Thcee seventla
Ii. Four I,.
in 2007, expressed as a percentag of
e F
Five Three eighllis F. ‘litres teictl,a
Mexico’s?

A. 5.2% B 3? 5%
299% C. 49.2%
F. 69.2% Ic
37.8%
132 QUESTIONS - ARICL RE 8sONrc
’
0 pjSWERS — NUMERICAL REASONING

TAflLES FOR QUESTIONS 98 100

NUMERICAL REASONING
Avcraçe sicc of munac’tpalittes in various ELI countries, 2005

0 10000 20,000 30,000 43,000 ANSWERS

I ,., Number ci thCabvta; as
L_ J 5,967 pm murtcipulily (lop sci0e(
Eslora
199 CD3F ‘ Question No A P £ F
10,860 Area per municipality
Greece 5tr5 (kmr bottom scale) ‘ 31.
128 zJ
32.
‘at949 517 33. X
-
Porto’’l LEE ‘. ( 34407 3s. X
C

35 X
Slaver L__Lz• 9,625
4F’ 97 06. X

lii 1,870 37. X

blovckra
8017 t4 38. X
0 200 400 600 39, x
40. X
41. X
Population of various ElJcauntrir-s, 2008 (thousand inhabitants)
42. N
Esionia 1 345 Greece 11 237 La (via 2266 0 43. — — x
Poringal 10 622 Slovenia 2 022 Slovakia 5406 44, x
Source: CEIcIR Council o[Etrrapean Manicipolities and Regions 43. x
46. X —

47. N

48. X
98. What is (he area of Portugal (in thou- 100. Assuming that as a result of a territo 49. N
sand square km)? rial reform in 2010, the number of
.
50. X
municipalities decreases by half in
A. 92.1 8. 97.1 Greece, what will be the average area 51. X —

C. 03.1 D. 109.5 per municipality (in square km)? 52. X

9. ‘115.3 F. 53. — x
122.5 A. 64 B. 85
‘ a
:E 54. X
C, 128 P. 173
55. x
99. Which of the sir countries 1155 the F S
highest population density? 56. X

:. —i-H—-—— 87. X
A. Estct::a B. Greece
58. X
C. Lalvia D. Portugal
1). Slovema I. Slovaki,t E r 60.
X
 -
WOOS ALLISIrll<ICAI REASO7JING

[;=7FT 777 T
4,426 (billion km;. 1mm SlOt ;hc share of
61 bus trans The ratio f these: 5,030. / 42,500
X 000
pol
: ls 402 / 1,428 = 030 9%. 5 / 42.5 — 0.02.
The exact atue is 11.6%
62. X
63. X 6. D 12.
64. b
3
65. X
We see that tue change is 30 ::illion Ore.,
and d’ts is ‘the tern of these renev.’h(e energy
iittte tess than 10% of the 3995 figure. scs.;cas.
66.
The exact 63,000 + 30,000
X is IC / 315 0.395 “9,5%,
90,000. The ratio’, 93,000 /
.‘
692,62s which is siri’:os’, 110 90u

7, C 13. B
1 We get the result by dividing 0
ie number of kms by The average of the three years can be bett calcu
the average passenger number and multip
lying by
StIS
lated after rounding the numbers as follows,
the emission rate: 3,900 / 1.5 3,9110 (2/3)
2,600, 922 * 893) / 3 2,633 1 3 = 894,1. ‘bIte dtttere
then 26011 160 416,000 (‘billion gramst ticea
73, . Irons this average value are approxirtietefy
X W,27
and 2, respect:vely. ‘(hut tIe greatest dirfere
74, X
nne
was 27,000 (thouSand toe) in 1996
8. B
75.
X
76. X
The corresponding data 3W —90- 18 lU in the
UK, 10(1—50—23 = 17% in Cream and 100—
14, D
71. 3 74 —23
= 6% in W.snce. The highes
t proportion is in Greece.
—
78. 3
The increase lit hydro power production is 670/0
41,031) 19,000. The numbet it new tower pin’is
79, :
3 9. B 19,000 / 500=19 2=38.
811. X
The number of wOrkerS in the UK
is 29,771 018 15. A
wluch is a little teas than 3011 18
5400; the corre
sponding number in France it 24,934
The at,intsols s,ced: 3. B * 0.28, which The total of plasma ‘(‘Vs sold in 2032, 20113 and
is S little less tItan 25,1100
/ 5 5,000. So we see that 2004
—
ii 2,100 + 2,170 e 2,250 p1,000 figuies in the
itt the UK there are about
400,000 more workers in ishle
VT luSt 4’ in thousands) 6,520,000 sets. Multiplied
the industry sector. The exact value by 2,001)
fLitltii]tt We can see that the number of pirated of the di)fem
—
Items is ence is 372,000. (the cost of the set) = 13,040,000,000 roughl
y 13
Ljvjshjrt higher than [he purchased ones only
tot Audio billion,
CDs, a their pi cry rate is Lb highest 4
10. C
‘16. D
1. A 4. D
‘Ic sec that in tite industry sector
The rate is the ratio of illegal softwa ell three countries The total sales for 2003 were 3,950 + 1,950 ‘r
re to the total I are cinder the EU-IS average, but
only Greece is 2,170 =
“
Thc a ginal ra e of i legal DVD vid
number of items. 99,300 / (99,1)00 126,20
0), which is or is aboui’ 8,000 (times 1,001) tugures irs ltXXt) = 8,070,1610,
The
—
under the EU average in respec
abcut1(61,0C0,f225,)t310Q/225=4
89 / (l0ir6) 045, Its half is C 22n
The ratio of t uI the services
/9g,.9 sector. total sales in 2004 were 8,090,000, an increas
e of
44%, purchased viOcos would hen be 0 775, ,
1
givt.n 55 It 20,000.
approxusiate total of 188000 0.775
1,8110 • 775,
which is 145,7161.
.11. C
2. 13 17. A
The calculation isi5 85,0110 5. The workers in industry in tOt ElI.’)
5 total 170,960 The total flat screen ‘lb’s sold u; 2002 was
12 ‘ 100,000 + 23 0.25, which is slightly more than 3,020
99,003= 1,275,00:1 170,000 7 4 (1,800 2,1193). The total or all TVs sold in
201) Lt7Q)9so :303=4455t923 We ac t ci 42,500, Tb; n unhee of worker
s in France: 24,934 2002 is
euros. the nuntbcr or kms 3,700 32 402 8,000 3,900 / 8,000 0.49 (rounded); mulit’p
0,20, which ts slightiy less
thai; 25,000 / 5 5,000, lied
by 100 (for the percentage) = 49%.
 “,t&

,at) .ANSWERS ALIMERICAL REASOhING ANSWERS- NUMERICAL REASONING

Country C: 90 10.2 (roughly 90/10) 31. D Total profit: 26,000 cocoa

18. B
Country D: 450 8.9 (roughly 450/9)
Country 0: 200 59 (roughly 20/6)
50,100 104.5% oF the 2004 liguur Therefore 100 / It is plain horn the above that by having the bigge t As no figures are given for th price of the soft 37. B
104.5 50,100 47,942. territory and one of the lowest number of nhabttar,is, rinks, Lhe question cannot be ,unswered,
Country C has the lowest density olpcpulatlcr Bare capper ware profit per mdxc.
—
2 I = 1 euro
19. 1) 32. D profit margin 1 /2 51%
26. B Tinned copper wire profit per metre.
Lee total totals for A arid C trOut answer 26: 3 — 2 = 1 euro
The change was 2.6% of 27,970. 27A70 / 1,026,
whir:’. equals 27,261, t6rafore the ditierence is 709, Add the mIle’ ‘orates and dividebv the nuotberot O increase in Aug = 1,800 205, 360 profit ,nrin = 1/3 = 33%
countries: 1 C + Aug increase = 1,800 + 360 2,160 PIPE ‘sire profit per metre: 6 cures, jirofti m.argtn
(2.8+9.1 r4.9+2+1.9)/54.l4 Add to that the B total in July (unchanged in 6/10 = 60%
August): 2,160 ‘r 6,0110 8,160 Gold plated wire profit per metre: 10 curDs, profit
20. A margin = 10/20 80%
The lowest profit margin is therefote the one fair the
The CDI’ is calculated by multiplying: 27,860 10.5 27. D 33. A tinned copper wire.
million = 292,530 snui(in
Divide the pou%:iai, ot Country F cv the total t Just look at the tuNe. A 50% minease for Company
the ponulassons to get the percentage Country 0 F, flavour C would add 5 hundreds of litres,
21. A 1 “au can calculate in SIlls as
represents in the lou making the total of 15 hundreds. 38. D
in 597(5Th 1Cl.1C?*9+s9)5Q.937=e63’’a 1. 10% decrease in flavour A would deduct 5 hun
7 ”i84
Thatret;ois5C
2 ’,00f27,2C0=5L’t;2 Approxtrnetei5 cOts ‘at the tots. ppuhl’ious lives dreds of litres, making the tottil of 45 hundred5. The questucn refers to “Cabie & Cable Ltd.”,
country B ‘I rherefore the overall quantity sold from all whereas the table relates ts “Wire & Wire Lid”.
1845.
flavours would remain unchanged.

22. B 28, C ,1” 39. B

( 34. B
Add the hours and divide by the number of weeks, The area ratio is 45:9, which equals 5:1. In odd years the income is 20 bitliriri euros, in even
asin: (14+16÷20+15 25) /5=18 ‘7 litre copper loireincome from eaport years it is 22 billion curtis. Considering that 2837 is
8,000 2 l6,D00 euros an odd year, the irtcorne is likely to be 20 hiliton
29. D RIFE wire income from export euros.
23. A l,000 10 10,000 curtis
A+B+C=18,000 The tta1 26,000 cures.
, 40.
Lock at the table without calculating any percent As drinks sold are expressed in ODs in the chart, C
A = 5,000 s- 3,000 + 4,200 = 10,200 .
ages. 30% of whichever is the largest number will
B = 3,000 + X + 2,060 X a. 5,000 ‘ 84 35. A Considering that productiout Costs amount to 60%
be the largest.
C= 800 +
0,000 = 1,5110 . of the income, the profit is 40°/a of the income. The
10,2110 +X + 5,000 + 1,800 18,000 (‘ ‘ t :0. As we are looking for proportions, we can use the “aircraft industry” includes airplanes arid helicop
— -
X 18,000 10,201) 5,000 1,800 1,000 - figures given in OOs: ters. Therefore the total prints in 2003 is
24. C
Therefore B 5,000 + 1,000 = 6,000 Total wire produced 100 + 1511 + 30 + 20 300 (30 + 20) 0.4 = 20 billion earns (as figures are in bil
Country A population 5,300,000 Flavour A sold in the largest end flavour C in the”’ Total wire exported 80 + 90 + 10 + 20 200 lion cocos)
“
The unemployed 5,300,000 • 2% = 106,000 smallest quantity. Production : export 300 : 200 = 3 : 2
Countr’ D populatton 8,999000
The unemployed 8,999.000 4% 359,960 41. C
The total unemployed = 465,960 30. D ,:36. D
Cars increase: 2 billion Curtis
As X is ci answer No. 29. FIFE wire profit per metre: Buses increase: —3 billion cocos
25. C 7 1
S—4’6euros, Airplanes liucresse: 10 billion eurits
Expt.sried quanttty: 1,001) total profit: 6,000 euroa Helicopters increase: -2 billion euros
tO’S
Just look at the proportions. ‘“ml Gold plated wire profit per metre:
Country A: 30.5 5.3 (roughly 311/5) ::(lO.lOIOeuroa;
Country B. 93 10.2 (roughly 93/10 ltxporlcd quantity 2 00(101 tot I rolit 211000

I
 ANSWERS — NUMERICAL REASONING
‘-c,”
,U’JS6VERS -. N’UA’fERJ CAL REASONING

42. B Company 5:225 ‘r 240 220 875 46.41 (billion a;R), w,rict, means that
Company C: 28(1 ÷ 225 -e 300 805 an 58. B
-
increase by 43.46 / 4041 1 6% rook place.
Cars: gain of 3brr or 6% (3 / 52 (1.05)
Buses no can in iruorne 49. B According to the pie ci ,ar i, the expens
53. C es on reievi—
Trucks gain of 2bn or 5% (2 / 44 11.05) sion advertising equalled 126.1 • 0.5214
Boats: gain of Sbn or 25% 13 / 12 0.2% = 65.9 hi)
Compary .4 had an s, csrre ut 230 in icon e’.m,i lion RUB), while a total of’ 126,4 0.2ta9
* 126.4
Airplanes: rio gain in income ii: the period (erruary.Septerrrher 2007, tire value of
(corn selling 46 million )iuers, or 4. cuiu per lU ce 0.0522 = 126.4 (0.2196 ÷ 0.0522) = 126.4
t’tungerian exports in Asia was equal to 2.97 1.229 1) 2721 =
Helicopters: no gain in income on average (as in 203 / 45 13) / 31.4 (billion RUB) was spent on print
2.42 (billion OUR), svhile the same figure for the med,a ed’.’ec’
B had an co ri’ f 1311) rniilic,r crams tising arid radio advertising together.
,Americas equalled ItS I 1.132 1.48 (billion The differ
,
EUR). ence between the two figures ii equal
-
from selling 60 mdlii” uice at 4 are Os pm’ luke to 65.9 14,1
43. 1) on averege (as in 24 ,il 4)
The fetter figure amounts to 1103/ 2.42 = 610s of the
= 31.5 (billion ‘lUB).
former uric.
Ceniprany C had ira’ income of 22 million emrrw
The question relateS to “prod ucncrr:”, whereas the horn selling 56 mjllon ui Cs, at 3.8 euros pr.r (nice
table only mentions income. Therefore no answer on average (as in 225 / 58 8) —
59. A
cart be gras to this question. 54. B
The rrtio of borign eschai-.ga icsne to the GDP
The value of Firingaria:: rsprrrts to “other coon- in a
given country is equal to the produc
toes” was equal to 7.1,6 oil lion EL’tO t of the two
50. D / 1.192 643 percentages shown in the diagrarir (total
44. D trillion OCR in the period January-September
21107. loans/GOP foreign exchange loans,’ total loans
Therefore, air increase by 7.66 brilion EUR.6.43
‘Oou treed to hod tire proportion h t the mc me bil foreign exchange loans/GOP). One might
Far tOrts rate equals tiiC number of 11cc births per lion 111413 1.23 billion OUR took place. nolice
from oranges wpmesena to the ‘utal moceme of 22a that for each country, the length of the
bottom bar
htt
h
101)13 population, which is 3 est in country B.
i’
million autos As the price of cach pear is three represents exactly Ihis ratio, and irre obvict
ualy he
times the price ot a gr pefruit (or orange), replace ./ Czech Republic for which this length is
55. B the small
the pears’ vetoes wrtti gcapefrutts’ values when eat.
45. A adding the quanhtles otd, as in’ ‘7 + 23 + (3 8)
Csniparing the increases in the value of
74 (to gel a total of price units, rather than product 0
Hungarian
exports to the different country groups with
Country His the only country where the deaths per units). the 60. 0
help of the bar graph, it can l’e seen that it
1000 pouularion exceed the number of live births The oranges’ iocomc therefore makes up a 23 :74 ‘0 was
per 1000 populetuin. exports to Asia which increased by the greates
shrir of thi thrr a frur is total m icome, th t per Denoting Slovakia’s GOT? by si, the total
centage. This already shows rh,,t Asia’s
share in the arcrour,t if
(225 / 74) 23 appro’anately 3 2s 6a. loans in 2007 was 0.-Hex in Slovakia and
total exports of Hungary grew, and since only 6.53-1 • ix
one 1,068x in Hungary. TSus, foreign exchen
46. C at the four answers raters to en increas
e this must ge lorens
f, he the Correct one as well. amounted to 0.236 0.44sx 0.10523 him Slovalcia
51. 0 and 0.524” 1,068x = 0.5596x in Hungary; the
The percentage of those 65 years or older is almost former
figure is 1- 0.i053x / 0.5596,s = 1-0. lOSS
the satire in every country, yet the population of ,‘0.5596
,,,‘,
Looking at the pie chart, one might not_ca that the 6’ .56. 81% leas then the latter one,
country Ii is significantly higher than any other B
—
EU’s share of I lungary’s ex orts which is qual to
country’s. Therefore it is obviously country B that the combined shaie of the 01.1-15 and the EU-12 —is hi) According to the pie chart, the rrspens
bee the highest number of elderly. somewhere in the region of 3/4 —
75%, so fl.8% es on nrmtdoor 61. C
advertising equalled 126.4 (1.1 733
21.905 (billion
.
must be time cOrreOt amrswcm. Alternatively, the share / RUB) in the first halt of 2008 and 21.9115
in question can be calculated as follows. (11.39 -1 / 1.33 The ratio of foreign exchange locus to the
47. B 10. 19.385 (billion RUB) in the same period
in 2007. Thus, ClIP icr a
3207),’ (1136 i- 32 07 *7 66-v 1.68 r 2.97=4346/, irtncre given country is equel to the product
5577 —
779% trI
.1’,
ase by 21.905 btltton SUIt- 19.385 billion RUB of the rwo
percentages shown in lire diagram
Company B received 240 milLion eurus for ll jusres
= 2.520’billion RUB = 2520 million
RUB took place. (total
loans,’GDP foreign escirange loans/t
sold in 2004. Pear juice represented a propurtion Of otal loans =
foreign exchange loans/GOP). Multiplying
that, es in: this by
52. A * 57. the GOP we get the amount of foreign
18 ,‘ (lit ÷ 4 + 37) ‘u’ / nO C exchange
loans. Thus, time figure in question equals
‘240 (19 / 60) = (240 / 60) 19 = 76 nilhlion euroc 127 bil
In the period January Sepieiou r ‘0 8, the value of lion OUR • 0.503 0.13 = 8.305 biltron BUS
2, Sita.e total adverrising expens
es amounted to 126.4 = 8305
Hungermao exports to the EU was equal to 1139 bil 1.128 142.6 (billion RUOl in the second million OUR.
lion BUS (the value of export to the EU 12) 32.07, halt of 2006,
48. A billion EUR (the value of export to the 014-15) .
the total for the whole year equalle
d 126.’l + 142.6 =
/261 (billion 51111). ‘i’heretrire,
43.46 billion tOUR. ‘l’he scene figure for the previoUS % en increase by 269 / 2211 62. D
1313 *
Company A. I = 17.5% took place compared
2103 •r. 220 500 ..‘
year was (31.39 3.183) + (320’! 1042) 9e3+ to 2007.
The ratio of foreign eschange loans to mfte (1DB
in a

140
given country is equal to the product of the two
percentages shown in the diagram (total
loans/GDP foreign exchange loans/total loans =
foreign exchange losns/GDP). Multiplying this by
the CDI’ we get the amount of foreign exchange
loans. Thus, denoting Poland’s CDI’ by x and
Hungary’s by y, 0.373 0244 x 0.0910x 0534
0524 y = O. ?SIy. From this, a 0.2798y / 00910
2
3.07y, i. a. Polnd’a CDI’ (a) was about 3 times
greater than Hungary’s (y).
63. C for countries whose CDI’ mors than tripled between
The total number of mobile phone subscriptions tn
a given country is equal to the product of the
number of mobile phone subscriptions per inhabi
tant (which is 1 / 100 of the number of mobile phone
subscriptions per 100 inhabitants) and the country’s
population. Comparing Luxembourg and the
Czech Republic, it can be aeen that the first factor of
this product is almost tha same fur both countries,
which means the proportion in question is approx
imately equal to the proportion of the sscond fac
— —,
tOrs the two population figures i. e. 1/20
64. D trig for in year wt err inc pr r chad 2’ 1 25x
In the second quarter of 2000, the three leading PC
manufacturers were Compaq, Dell and HF with a
combined market share of 132% + 114% ‘a 7.5% =
32,1%; while in the second quarter of 2008, the top
three consisted uf HP, Dell and Acer, their market
shares totalling 18.9% + 16.4% + 9.9% 45.2%.
-
Thus, the figure in question increased by 45.2%
32.1% 13.1 percentage points.
65. A and 0.94x = 0.94 * 1271
II hiP’s market share had remained unchanged at
7.5%, the number of PCi it sold would have
increased from 30.33 million 0.075 to 70.64 million
‘0.075, i.e. by (70.64 million -30.33 millIon) ‘0.075
40.31 nsitlion ‘ 0.075 3.023 million.
66. C product of the CDI’ and the parcentage of the CDP
The number of PCs sold by Dell ruse from 30.33
million 0.114 3.458 million in the second quarter
ot 2000 to 70.64 nilhliun ‘ 0.164 = 11.585 million in
ANSWERS— NUMERICAL RI/A O\I/c
the second quarter of 2008 This rorrespund to an
increase by 11.585 / 3451 1 “35%
67. A greater in France than in Denmark.
The total number of PCs sold worldwids rose from
on bctween sh
1
30.33 million to 70.64 mill ‘ cod
quarter of 2000 and in seine period in 2008 ‘11 a
corresponds to an aversg qu rt l Inc a e b
(70.64 million 30 33 million) / (4 ( 008 000))
‘
‘10.31 million / 32 1 26 ru .10.
68. B this condition (160.4 a’ 3 -15.7, since 3 4.5.7 is less
Denoting the 1997 average price by x, the sam
figure was equal to 1.SSx in 2005 and 2.5x in 2006,
‘
‘l’lserefore, the average price increased by 2.5x /
1.85x -1 2.5 / 1.85- 1 35% from 2005 to 2006.
69. C Betwccn 1990 and 2005, social expenditure in
ID noting th 1997 ave age price by x, the sme
,
figure In 2002 was equal to 1 .5x Thu w’ cc Ok
2.Sir, i. e. 2 0% of Ii 1997 The diagram
shows that the year sri quest o ss 2006, which
-
means it took 2 006 2 00 4 yr rs lou the price to
double.
70. D 74.
Denoting the 1997 average price by x, the ama figure
was equal to 2.36x in 2008 and 0.94x in 2001. We also
— - an increase of 308.7 billion USE) — 20.58 billion for
know that 2.36x = 3000, thus x 3000 / 2.36 3271
1195 (EUR per square
metre). This means that in 2001, one could expect to
be able to buy a 83-square metre property with
100,000 FUR shire 100,000 / 1195 83.7.
71, C was equal to 264.1 ÷ 6 20.58 387.58 billion, wlsile
The absolute amount of social exparsditure is the
that social expenditure accounts for. Lookas g st the
1990 data, social expenditure amountsd to 251% of
the GDF in both Denmark arid France; thsrefore, ills
only the CDI’ tigisres of the Iwo countrie that need
- NUMERIIIfAO. REASONING
ANSWERS
to be compared. Since France’s CDI’ was 1,007.4 hil-
lion USE) / 95.1 billion USE) 1 007.4 / 93.1 10.6
times greater than Denmark’s in 1990, the absolute
amount of social expenditure wae aleo 10.6 times
72. A
Ifs figure increases by 200%, it is tripled (a + 2(10% =
x + (200/100) ‘x x ÷ 2x lx); thus, we nesd to look
1990 and 2005. Taking a quick lock at the data, we
csn see that Ireland is the only rulantry which satisfies
than 3 50 = 150; or more predsely, 160.4 / 45.7 = 3.51
>3).
,
73. E
Germany increased from 22.3% 011,462.8 billion USE)
(22.3 / 100) 1,462.8 billion USD 0.223 1 462.8
billion USE) 326.2 billion USD) to 26.7% oI 2,564.5
billion USE) (26.7 / 100) 2,586.5 billion USD
0.267 2,586.5 billion USD = 690.6 billion US]). This
corresponds to an increase of 690.6 billion USE) — of lithium produced in 2009 will thua equal 23 590
326.2 billion USD 364.4 billion USE).
C
‘
Between 1990 and 2005, the CDI’ of the Netherlands
increased from 264.1 billion USE) to 572.8 billion USE)
i I cacti year. 1990-2005. Similarly, social expenditure
grew from 25.6% of 264.1 billion 67.61 billion to
20,7% of 572.8 bilhon = 118,57 billion, which corre
sponds to a total increase of 118.57 —67.61 50.96 (bil
lion USE)) and an annual increase of 50.96 / 15 3.40
(billion USD). In 1996, the CDI’ of the Netherlands
.,‘
:1 the social expenditisre equalled 67.61 6 ‘ 3.40
88.01 billion. Social expenditure divided by CDI’ and
multiplied by 100 gives the percentage thai soda]
expenditure represents of CDI’, as in 88.01 / 387.58
0.227 (0.227 ‘100) % = 22.7%.
,
(tlh
75, E
Zimbabwe’s lithium swerves were 27,000 icinres at
the end of 2008. If 300 bones are mined each year,
Zimbabwe’s reserves will be exhausted in 90 years
(27000 / 300 90).
76. D
The lola] reserves of lu ,,ix countries equalled 220 +
910 + 360 + 3 000 + 1 1011 + 27 5 617 (thuusand
tonnes) at the end of 20118. ‘I’his was 51.06% of the
wurld total. One peccant of the total reserves is 5 617
/ 51.06 110 thousand lunnes, 110 100 (percent) =
11 18/0 (thousand tonnes), which is 11 tssilllun ton.nes.
77, L)
The amount of lithium produced in the si.x countries
together was equal to 6910 + 180 + 707 + 11 000 + 3
010 + 300 “22 107 (tonnss) in 2007 and 6 900 ‘a 180 +
710 + 12000 + 3500 ‘a 31)3 23590 (loonies) in 2008.
Since 23590 / 22 107 1.067, an increase by (2.067”
— —
100) % 100% 106.7% 100% 6.7% took place in
the pruduction between 2007 and 2008. The amount
lorries + 6.7% = 25 371 tonnsa 25.2 thousand
tonnes.
78. C
Looking at the table, at the end of 2008, Culls’s
proven lithium reserves amounted to3 000 thousand
tonnes. Add to this 11 000 tonnes and 12 000 Icinnes
mined in 2007 and 2008 and you get the total reserves
at the end of 1996, or 3 000 thousand lorries ÷ 23
thousand tonnes 3 023 thouaanct tonnes.
.79. B
The average annual wins produc(ion in thia period
was equal to (282 + 284 + 268) / 3 278 (million her
tohtres).

80. 1)
In 2004, the tot,r( amount ol wine consumed globally
was 239 irrillion hsclolitres, Thus, global per capita
iris, roirsurnipoun ss’as 239 million, hi ,/ 84211 million
= (ii)37hl; 3.037 hI’ 100 3.7 litres.
81, F 85.
Claba.l wine production in 2003 was 263 million her
tobwes. The dii Lerence between the actual production
in 2004-2008 period end svhat the hgure would have
br.ien had production remained 263 million hoc
tolitres each year equals (297 ÷ 282 + 284 + 268 +269)
=
—263 5 1,400— 1,315 =85.
82. I.(
The wurl,Fs gud resriruw i:alied 33 521 bOnes
(2452 ± 395 2,590 * 13-154÷ 8,139 ÷ 3469 + 3,125
33,524) ui Match 1999 and 30,146 tonnes (2,452 +
1,054 + 1,040 + 11,567 a. 8,134 a. 3,412 + 2,487 30,146)
in March 2009. Italy’s gold reserves were 2,452 tonnes
in both March 1999 and March 2009. so Italy’s share
in world’s total gold reserves in 1999 was 7,3% (2,452
/ 33,524 l00 = 7.3) end in 2009 it was 8.1% (2,452 /
30,146 *
100 = 8.1), an increase of 0.8 percanlage
points.
83. B 1.162 The 2011 GD? will he 109 9 ot the pro,ected ;.r’(
I tonne 1,01)0 kg and 1 kg = 1,000 grams, therefore
1 twine = 1,000,000 grams. 1 ounce = 31.1 grams, aol
gram is 1 / 31.1 ounces. Therefore 1 tomie =
1,0111,000 grams 1 / 31.1 = 32,154 winces. The
amount of Switzerland’s gold reserves changed torn
2,590 torinos or 83.28 million ounces (as in 2,590
32,154 83,278,860) in March 1999 to 1,054 tonnes or
33.44 million ounces (aS in 1,040 • 32,154 =33,440,160)
in March 2000. ‘the valirs of the reserves changed
from 23.82 billion USD or 23,818 million USD (as in
83.26 million ounces 286 USD per ounce) in 1999 to
29.63 billion 33511 or 29,626 million USI,) (as in 33.14
million ounces 886 USD per ounce) in 2009. This is
an increase ol 5.61 billion 11011.
—
4Ns11/CR° NtL’tIElUC’4L RL.i5O,\’INC
84. C 1.04%) Ibililon USD1. The 2011 CD? will be 104.2%
The gold r ct-i of the cc Oral bank of c U led
Slates decre,’,e by 5 tonn s (front 8139 to 81:4)
beOseer 199) ,ir-, 2109 giving a percenta3e r’ rea
of 0.06% (9 / 6119 *1,10 = 0 Oo(
C
Tire total gold re ct-yes f he wo ld11
a! barn)
dccc ased horn 3 ,524 tonne n March 1)99 (6,139
3,469 v 3,025 + 2,452 395 2,590 13,454 3,324) -‘-
to 30,14e tonnes in March 2009 (8,114 ‘t- 3,412 + 2,487
+ 2,452 + 1,O’t4 1,040 ÷ 11,567 30,146), Since
between M rch 20013 and M ‘oh 200% central bari.ka
sold a total of 345 roru’a,s, the reserves arnuuneij to
30,491 tot-roes (30,1.16 + 3-b = ‘10,491) ‘,n March 2008
‘iii a, in total an-wont ‘,io rrom tire re erves
b tween March 1999 and Man)’. 2008 rr, ,033 tomres
(33,924 -. 30,493
3, 3 ), and so the ,early averagi.
—
Icr t”s pca’d eqr’a a ,,)33 / ‘,‘1r ‘1,5 — 95,’j a/all
9 = 337 (terries)
86. F Ca’many’s 2009 proJected CDI’ will decrease by 4.991
,.a,rn2,925)100%_4,9%)=2,922795.1%=2,925*
China’s (,DI’ is projected to inst ase by 8.3% from
2(108 to 2009 Ibm, hi.. 2009 GD? will be 108.3% ,f
* will incre,iae by 1.4% ft-no, the rirolecIed 2009 figure,
tIre 2008 CD? If China’s 3008 aD? is a, tIre 2009
GDP will equal x 0183 I 100 1 Utl11r The 2030
0,01’ iv p ojectel to b 1 02% of the 2009 CD?
( ‘q),
1 08 x, so I will ecu I I 083s (130.2 / 100) 1 083s
2010 GD? and Jrua erral (1 083x 1.102) 1093%
l,083x 1.102 1 “93 1 SOIx ibis or air., China’s
2011 GD? will be 1.304 times gr alec 0 air the 2008
figure (= x) = 130.4% of the 2008 Ci.)?; so between
21308 and ‘2011, the country’s Cl.)? is projvried to
—
increase by 1304% 100% = 104%.
1’
137. £
Ru,sra’ CDt’ is preie t d to decr ass in ‘1009 by 87% r
fro,n 2,27, 1 itho’s UtsD in 21108 ,c’
0
t will LOu, equal
— —
2,271 • (100% 8.7%) 2,27i 91 3°’,, = 2271 (91 3/
*
100) = (2,’171 0/a13 (billion USD). The 2010 GDP,’
will equal 11519% of (2,271 0.913) or (2,271 ° 0.933)
104.9% = (2,271 0933)’ (104.0 / 100) —(2,271 0.913 ;f(i’
I — ,\UMTIRICAL Rf22iSONJNG
91. C
of the 2010 prolected GD? arid equal (2,271 0.913
i,049) (104.2 / 100) = 2,271 ‘0913’1.049 1.042 = Accoriling lii tire rbles ax revenue, in Ireland
2,266,4 (billion 2250). Similarly, Spain’s 2011 GD? is in
2008 aniounled to 28.3% of 2676 bIllion USO CDI’
p’5lect) to be 1,102 0.96’l’C. 197 1)109 = 1,359.6 as
2
ui 28.3% • 2r’/.6 bOSon i/aD = t
8.3 / 10022 267.s bib
)h,lhon 1250). Thus, Ilussia’s 2011 CDP will represent lion 1100 1.283 • 267.6 billion 1250 757
22,66.4/1,359.6 = 1.617 = (1.667 100) 99 = 166.7% oi USD.
Spain’s.
92. B
88. A
Tax revenues in Ireland In 21296 weie 36.09, of the
France’s GD? is projected to ,lie:rease by 2.3% to
16.8 billion 2250 GOP, i.e. (36.0 ,“ 1)0) ‘36.8 lIOn)
20)20, therefore 2.1327)100%— 2.3%(= 2,133 97.7% 16.8 = 6.115 billion 11)511. Tax revenues ass percentage
2,133 (97.7 / 100) = (2,133 ‘0.977) (billion USD). In
of CD? were -1.9 percentage points lower in 2008
21110 it will increase by 1.4%, thus (2,13.3 0.977) than
in 2007, so the 2007 percentage was 40.9%. CD? in
l.49=(2,1330.077)1101,4iir=(,1130.977)*(lOl.4
2107 was 36.13 / (101.2; 100) 1&óbillLonUSDCCP
130) = 2,133 0.971’ • 1.014 2,113.1 (billion 1./aD) Thus 21107 tax revenues were sO.9% of 16.6 billion
22isrefor, France’s CD? will change by 2,113,1—
2,133 —19.9 -20 (billion US))) between 2008 and
1151) 6.79 billioir 11013. Tax revenues in 21108 corn-
pared with 2007 were 6.05 / 6.79 100 = 89.1% (10.9%
21)10 approsirnately. less than lID37).
89. B 93. B
Accordiirg to die bar graph, Luxerr,boirrg’s tax rev
enires-lo-GDI° percenlage increased by 1.7 percent
(95.1 / 100) = (2,925 0.951) (billion 2251)). In 2010 it
,
age points to 38.3% from 2007 to 2008, so the 2007
percentage equalled 38.3’)’, —1,7% = 36.6’)), while
= 2,925 *0,991 1.lii,l 2,820.6 (billion IJSI3) if the
Mexico’s figure increased by 3.1 percentage points ti;
2008 population of Germany isa (because we are not
—
21.1%, so in 2007 ii was equal to 21.1°/a 3.l°il =
gwen the friars) ini. 21110 popuishon will hi, equal to
18.0%. ‘l’hus, Luxembourg’s percentage was roughly
‘
Y-1%X°(’lQO%-l%)=X’(99/l00)099xAs
lbs country’s GD? per Capita was (2,925 a) in 2008,
twice Mexico’s io’2007, while its CD? was about 3:20
/ of Mexico’s (looking at the 2098 figures, 1,088.0 bil
—
itwril equal 8
2
2 0.ejO.99s284
, 9.2 / sin 2010.The lion USD 20 55 billion USO = 1,1)0 bOlion 1190;
projected percentage of decrease from 2008 to 2010 is
and since the changes compared to 2007 ate negligi
2.6% because (2,849.1 / a) / (2,925 / x) = 2,649.1
/ ble in both countries, il is not irecessary to calculate
2,925=0.974 = (Q.97’l *100)0 97.4% of the former
the exact 2007 figures). Therefore Luxert’.bourg’s tax
orre,a decrease by 10091—97,4% =2.6’Y.
—
revenues in absolute tat-ins the product of the CD?
—
arid the tax revenuesto,GDla percentage acccruniied
for approximately 2 (1/20) = 1/10 of Mexico’s
90.
Thus, 10.5% must be tire correct answer since this is
F the percentage closest to 1/ill among the answers.
Dire third of CD? = 33.3%. For cacti country deduct
lire change compared to 2007 CD? figure (in
%) from
lie 213)6 (101° frgure (in ‘is) as Er. tile case of Iceland:
94. B
* 26.2% —(-4.9%)
-10.9%. Repeating this calculation
will show that only in Iretand arid Mexico are
tax rev The populabon of Rumania was 21.6 millions itt 2007,
ertr below one third of tire CD?.
end It i projected to equal 19.2 million in 2040. Tha
,.‘
latter figure accounts for 19.2 trillion 21.6 inniiro,r =
 in
-
i 4-I ANSWERS NUMERICAL REASONifq’

39,2/216=0.880=(tltei9’lOO)%=SS.l%of the 9S. A

former one. I ‘F
The bar graph contains data on the ama per niotud’ ‘

pality irs ads country, so in order to itete nine lb

total area of a country, first we need to know how
.
95. A many municipalthes tt ha Thi can be calculated by ‘I,
dividing the total pnpnlah in by the number of
Betweec 2020 and 2tabi, tie popnlaticn of Sweden is itihabitarni per munacipality, IC.622,”Ou / 34,457,, ‘

prciectad to increase scorn 9.9 million to 10.5 million, 305 mum, tpalsttes. Ti eretore the area of the coc.n Succeeding in Abstract Reasoning Tests
0.6 million, giving an annual increase of 0.6 million ‘i 6.
.‘
ix 308 mun.cipalstws 299 xquaaa km mureupali. ‘

—
/ (21540 2020) 0.6 million / 20 = 0.03 million. in
crder to exceed 10 million, the population has to
increase by at least 10 million— 9.9 million 0.1 mil
lion compared to 2020, i.e. 0.3 million / 0.03 million =
hi / 0.03 = 10/3 31/3 years. Thus, the population
will exceed 10 million in the course of the fourth year
- i.e. 2024.
96. D bar chart, Extonia and Lat.’ia can be elinunared ““
Between 2007 ad 2060, the population of Poland is
projected to change From 38.1 million to 31.1 million
= 31.1 / 38.1 0,816 (0,816 100) ii = 81.6% of the
2007 population, which means a decrease by 100% — and Slovenia, the quotient is below 100 (10 868 / 121
81.6% 18.4% will take place. If the population of the
Czech Republic decreased by this same percentage, it
would equal 10.3 million 81.6% 10.3 million (81.6
/100) = 10.3 million 0.816 8.4 million.
97. F 1,870 / 17 = 310.
911 51 o send s’ju.ire km
en first faced with an abstract reasoning test such as the one on this page, it can be a
99. 0 daunting experience. Dicpendirsg on the format of the test, we either get a text-based
question ( Which of the jollowrngftgures completes the series? ) or the teat can simp y show
Tl.e populatso i dr’nssty an be cairaloted by dividing 0
four or fix is fi
urea ann a big question mark irs place of the lait one Alternatively you
tt’e number of inhubctanta p mr.racipality by the may also hove four to xix shapes or figures, designated with letters from A to F where
area pci municipality WIse looktrg tor the ountry you are required to select the one that will, based on correct reasoning, fit well las the line
with the hi2
hest population density, relents
8 to the of Figures in the “question”.
Your eyes will scan the shapes in a haphazardfashaon. You look at the first Image, then
irnn’secliately since Fcr these two countries the t the second. You quickly glance at the “answer figures” arid get an idea. You then check
ar for
the number of inhabitants per municipality is shorter lit -
all the shapes against that idea to find out whether it works. Then you realize that the
than the one representing the a.rea per muruupalciy fig-ore you carefully selected would only fit the prospective pattern if just one figure in
As regards the reSt, you might notice that in Greece the question was a little bit different. Now it’s time to start all over again.
,
Just as in the case of verbal reasoning tests, a systematic approach cars pcodctce results
<12,800 / 128 100 arid 9,629 / 97 < 9,700 / 97— 100), much more reliably and quickly. To achieve lasting results, in this chapter we will first
while iri Portugal arid Slovalda, tins above 100 (34,487 introduce the various lest formats:
/299>29,900/299=lOOandl870 /17>1,700/17 Odd-one-out
100). Thus, Greece and Slovenia are also eltani •‘.) A typical abstract resoning question
nated, so we only need to exactly calculate th popu • Series
latiori densities of Portugal and Slovakia: the former b,’ • Grid
is
equals 34,487 / 299 115.3, while the latter equal to
,
• Visual arithmetic

lii 2020, the population of the sia countries together is

‘J. By being able to reliably and quickly iders
--
protected to equal 11.3 10.5 +38.th- 20.8 + 9.9 65.7 a IFfy which format of questions you ace facing,
156.2 (million), while the tutal population of the 100. F you cars concentrate on the various patret-na,
EU.27 wilt be 513.8 million. Thus, the proportion of relationships and so called “operations” that
the population of the EU-27 that will live in the six IF the number of municipalities decreases by half, the must be identified arid recognized to deduce
countries in 2020 is 156.2 million / 513.8 million = area per municipality will double to 2 128 square i the rule arid decide which answer figure is
156.2 / 513.8 0.304, which is approximately equal to km 256 square km. the correct one.
0.3 3/10, i.e. three tenths. These patterrsa and operations include:
C
• Rotation
• Axial reflection
ZN • li’tversion
S• ti
\—i • Translation
C F • Anglos

Quetation: • Directions
Which figure is the odd one out? • Tracsstormation
 __

SLICCEEDLVC iN ABSTRACT i.lFASON

RG TCSjs
OUCCLLDWG IN ABS ERA CT R.EASON
[NG TESTS
By eoilckly identifying the question format and
systematically looking for the shove
tennis and operations [ci 55011 test question, you There are two more observations
will be able to identify the rule that the pr
tire author invented to create the figures and quew you will realize that at least one more
worth making here If you think
about ii for a second,
the answer options and thus “generate”
anticipate the corret [store n your mind
w tho it ever looking at Ins options or rule is possible that can correctly
describe the Series.
method is highly reliable since you will not selec Th,, “Start the series with three edges (trian
juat because that particular shape seems t one of the figures as the corre ct answer 7’he first twofigureajhrm a pair. To creat
gles). Add two mere edges fir the
next figure (peritaCon,:
the best or most suitable option: you will also e the second pair, add one edge to
indi’perd_i t confirmation that is ii rule and the tq -crc on ame have jiiefirsf pair, liv rriangin itcorrieS a recta
ngle arid the pentagon becomes a
each of the two fl,gm res in
up with youisclf the third pair (= idA one edge to each hexagon. Do th aarie fir
ni/the two figures in the second pair).. and
so on,”
Question Formats lot erestinglv, this completely diffe
rent rule will siso yield the
ihe correct answer, pentagon (Answer Di as
In this section, we will overview the vario There are also situations where
us question formats you may encounte
r. rules would yield different figures as
we can come up wiih two rules
like
the correct answem What we above, curl the two
ctioflS is check the availntble answer can do in these ‘Sin
figures — if you see that only
ilgures tire among th 5 options, it refers to the one one of the “predicted”
In tust co test qus wn ri are is no the author had in mind.
rate tat of answer figures. Instead, each figur
has a letter designation (in this case scum
e
L A A Grids
to
F). and the test includes a text-based question: Abstract reasoning tests with grids
Which oCthe at ass hat rca is the odd one out are similar to
7 series, but the missing item muSt meet
In the simple example on the right, it is ) C_, N
easy ( one condition. In a simple series test, roars than
to realize that the nile producing the one you would
and only he presented with the bottom
row from the
only correct answer reads as follows:
test above, possibly complemented
‘There is or.[y one figure d:the set that does with another 4N
110± hate at lerst arts straight /“““\
1 he twist line,” row showing an analogous series
as discussed A FA
—ig
this test s in it etr rahnial ststnct wou above. In grid-type questions,
Tie onto ii out is tlwfiyurr that is not a poly
gon —
ld best produce the following i ole the figure in place h,j
l )
figure that does not contain suaig that is we wou ld inst look his the eec. of the question mark must be in
a meaningful rela L,/
hr lines. This rule would only work tionship both with its horizonta
(A F) fsgure were t in
u dec d ui the set The sixth ligure (1’) forces us only the tirt five fl l neig
above, to reph ass the tale as
other two figures in the seine row) hbours (the
as
vertical neighbours, that is, the othe well as its ,
/
r two figures
in the same column. The typical
question in such
tests reads as follows:
“Which ofthefollowingfigures com
In this type of abstract reasoidng test, the que in the example above, the first
pletes the grid?”
tion is looking for the one figure dust corre s thing that we will probably sioti
completes a series of flgcu’s. A serie ctly columns. In the first column, the ca is the rule governing tha
s /‘N, wise, ard then rotating th.is seco key to the second figure is rotating the first one 90’ clac
k
ibsit act mathematical concept which descis an
ribes /‘\ We can also quickly realize
nd figure again 90”clockwise
thus yielding ilie third figure.
a rule th t will correctly prtusct any item \ J \.i that a similar rotation rule
ordui ed set of items If we identify the in an rolunmn, but the rotation here can be applied to the seco
nd
rule we — at the first two figures, we canis 90” counter-clockwise, In the third column, by looking
Wi trot just be abie to tell wluc assume br now that the rotat
li fl nrc win be A as in the first column. ion is again 90” clockwise,
the sixth one (as in the test on the right),
hut also II This would yield ihe tigure
the ninth or the sixteenth one. on the right:
Since we are faced svi0
i a grid-type test question,
In the example here, we can obse
anoiher typical test compone it Alib rve check whether the figure
can
we must now also
o igh t is the sec.ond line of figur govern the figures in tEe rows be generated from any rule that might
polygons) that represents the serie us (the one ,vith tin .
s whose [itth member we art’ 1 lookm for we also gel Looking at the set of fig-ares
a separate Set of figures (the vertical again, we might realize that
lines in this case). This separate set the second
ogy that further clarifies the rule the test serves as an anal figtire is the horizontal reflection
of the first figure in
figures represent. In our case, we
the following rule: can discover/d erich row. What could be the
rule for the third figure?
exclude rotation — there is rio We can
tie s
way to generate the third figur quickly
ries nh a fguie with three dges (Ii un
6 ii ing the second one. e by rotat
.‘
ii a oi I bid ire ci cclx 1 le) Add two mote eigc.s for th nett Jitce
re I mEl ) A1
aui it U trio mart’ edge P c.”ag The solution is that the third
aid eon on) cubIc forte c.dge second figure. If we imagine
figure is a kind of vertical refle
ction of the
that we ‘flip” the secnnd figur
By subtracting one edge from the last (top to bottom), it will yield e vertically
the third figure in etich of the
taton, o thiit is the figure we will
figure (the hexagon), we will he left
with a pei0i: Let’s see if the above figure will three rows.
satisfy this condition as well
Answer I)
be looking for as the correct aiasw
er — ita this case,f convenoence and easy demonst
ratio . For
,,J bottom row is copied here n, the second figure from the
(on the left), above the iiguie
with as the correct answer: we came map
148 SUCCEEDING TNABSTRACTREASONING TESy
5 SUCCEEDING I’J kIISTRAU REASO’I1NG TESTS
F 149

cart now be satisfied that the answer option we “reconstructed” sati5fies the ruis lbs only thing left to figure out is how the number “0” might be designated. Since both
that govern both the columns and the rows in the teat. - “,i” and “el” were indicated by circles, we car reasonably assume that the number “0”
Grid-type test questions a.re the most complex ones, exactly because one figure mu could vory well be seprusu nted by a figure that has ro circles at all This will ytold
meet multiple conditions. This test type is not expected to appear in SF50 tests, but even p,.nswer B as the correct ansner
if it does, it will most likely be used to a rather limited extent,
patterns and Operations
Visual Arithmetic
- i’s°” that we have covered the possible question formatS, it is time to turn to 11w various
The last test type we cover in this chapter patterns and operations that you must he aware of and able to recognize in order to
is a very interesting concept. In visual quickly and efficiently talus and successfully pass abstract reasoning tests.
arithmetic exercises, the figures or shapes
in the tc.1 actually rcpresent arithmetic
operations such as addition, subtraction
00=0
or division. In the sample test on the right, =
‘ The example or the ugh shows a simpis rotaiOfl by 90” clockwise.
the actual operations (in our case, addi You can gain the nccessa”v routine in identifying rotatiorts by taung
tion arid equation) are explicitly indicated ite time to s down with a ieee of paper and a penciI draw various
for demonstration purposes, but this is di as and h n redraw thcm after rotating them various degrees in
not necessarily the case in real tests, — cuber direction, clockwi r counter clockwise.
This task (equations without numbers), Th example below show different kind of rotation. In strict geomet
when spelled out, reads that if we add up rued terms, the relationship between th above two figures is not rotation
the first two figures in each row, we will at all, yet br convenience’s sake, we will discuss it in Ibis section.
get the third figure as the result. Two
“example” or “demonstration” rows are
—
supplied in the test this is the extent of
information we receive, based on whic.h
we need to figure out the rule that gov In the two figures on the left, the stnall icons
erns the exercise. in the four pentagons around the rectangle in
First of all, we can quickly realize that the middle swap places by each icon taking
the rectangles by themselves do not carry the place originally occupied by its neighbour
any “meaning”: they serve as an anchor in a in a clockwise direction. In some sense, we
relation to which the- circular shapes can say that the icons “rotate” along an irriag
denote something. We will also notice irsary circle running through the centres of the
pentagons.
that the circular shapes cart be outside or inside th rectangle.
Based on this much information, we can turn to the actual arithmetic operations in
test. The first row tells us that if we add the right figure (one circle outside) to the second Axioi Refitctioii
—
figure (also ore circle outside), that will be equal to the third figure two circles outsidd. The two examples on the rught show the
Based on this, we can tentatively assume that the circles outside the rectangles are equiv geometrical operation called “axial reflec
alent to the number “1”. This way the first row, transcribed with numbers, would lool tion”. The thin lines between the two fig
like this: ures in each of the hvo sets represent an
l÷l2 imaginary mirror. In the first set- A, the
figure on the right is the reflection of the
What could the circles inside the rectangles mean? By looking at the second row, we tigure on the left in the “mirror” in the A B
will realize that if we add the first figure (One circle outside 1) to the second figure (two’ middle and vice versa. This is an example
circles inside = ?), that will equal the third figure (one circle inside ?). This relations of a horizontal reflection.
suggests that the circles insides the rectangle represent “-1”. If we transcribe the Set B represents a so-called vertical reflection. While for demonstration’s sake the
row, we will get the following: examples show the horizontal reflection side by side nd the vertical reflection with one
. figure below the other, in real teats this may not always be the case.
Our reasoning seems to be correct, as we predicted that one circle inside (the In the example on the left, the figure on the right
figure) does indeed signify is still the vertical “reflection” of the figure ott the
Based on the rule we created, we can now easily transcribe the third row: left, but the placement of the second figure does
not correspond with where it would actually be
-2 ± (+2) -2 + 2 = 0 in a strictly geometrical sense, that is, below the
 SLrCLfLDP ti N U3s1 l”leT lONlNG TgST
cUCCELDNti IN ABS11?ACT Rf.-ISOflTING ThSTs

Is tin igi’ — I us in ke it li i
r to consider the relationship between in two figures
as rise. We io’ist also keep is no ,d that the movement someti
uu can praclic Lhe reco rotion of this operntion in the same cost e fective lii 5
inip that ii, part o the fignie
me occus alorq, en clii
I
WOy Cs )),
deserhod abe’ e or rotations — all you need is paper, s pencil and
loads at patience .J, In the example on the left, eigz
mit’ “migrates” a ound
r-
the othe
Pn te i arid Innorsiin shapes in a counter-clockwise order
r”i— (j__sil —
movement i not a rotation ore reflect Ihe
‘ F.T io i
“Which of the following figures ceml’lelr
ti,. ii r’ the points of the zigzaggin line are
simply
,.
moved at a certain distance in a ceti
in
• Iii the example on the left, a new cosnpo- direction in each step of the
series
nent i introduced patterns. The example Therefore the correct answer is a shape
features three shapes p / ci but
L
is the same as ill middi one in h
2
• Star row.
• bilipses hircuarl to ritation, there i a’ o‘

• Rhombuses ‘
a
geometricall) le accurate meaning of
the term “translation”. Looking & the
We also notice three distinct patterns samp
1 question with the star, th ellite and the rhomb
‘,
c “tills”: rule goverrnng the placement of the three shapes us, we may notice the tolls i
in toe tiguras of the series:
“ ? No fill (or solid white fill)
“Mire ‘

Solid black fill :

eaJ’ of lIz three ‘hope o ic position up If the ship
is ilready in the top position, i will sea
• Dots the boitorii position in thctigizre.”
(“ In the exaniple, the six answer options
Looking at the sample test, iso notice thst intentionally d leted Ba ed on tie
two “operations” take p1cc , method descnbed earlier in this chapter, wewere can mentally generate the o’-rect
p. ‘ based on the tcs o r let we established for the figure
• The shapea in Cecil figure change plact’s 0 ae”ordin to some role series (copied below for corivemenc
Rule Ill: ‘.

* The patterns (or fill) of the

rhombuses and the ellipses also change accord og to some rule
,
“if a rhombus has a dotted pattern, change if to sulul
• The pettern (or till) of the ii r never changes k Oil, ci:ange it to a dotted pattern. If an ellipse 5
bls
k. f it has a solid black
has a dotted pattern, change it to
After further observation, we can establish the fo!lowing .
solid white. If it has solid nlitte fill, chat ge if to
male regardino the p tten a dotted pattern. AIwzs leaoe
“jc
0 ri uihu has a ilott d pattern, change it to nOd black to the star’s pattern unchaned”
the ext step. If t has a solid black In the fzflh item in the series (the figure that
fill chance it to a dotted pattern in the next step. Ij an ellipse
has a dotted pattern change it to question mark), then, the ellip e will becom will take the pce ot the
solid white in the next tep. If it has a solid white fill, change e dotted and the rhombu will
it to a dotted pattern in the next\’ become solid black. The star will remain white.
step Alwazs leave the star’s pattern unchanged.’
‘i I: Rule 2:
Ttu re are of course many other combinations possible,
ing more type of pat- “Move each of the three shapes uric position up. IF
tunis and different relationships between them. Ar,other involv typical case is the so—called .
the shape is alreidzs it’ tI too pOsition, ::
inversion in such tests, the solid colour fill (usually black now occupy tO bottom po itioii in the figure.”
or white) of each shape and
object finns into its exact opposite, just ltke looking at picture in Iii the t1gue we are looking tar, the now black
s a photo iegativ . Every, rhombus will take tOe hoitorn position,
shape with black fill becomes white, and vice verSa. nI’ th now duited ellipse will go to the middle,
Tli other component of our rule for the above example ha to V positio n (see on the right):
and the still white star will osove to the op
the shapes in relation to each other. We v cli discuss this in the
do with the positions of,5
next se tom.
7hs’isia iou
,
lii g ometnie aii’”le s leuned a a figure formed
by two tin s exten 1mg irum th vie
Is g urn try, tr in t’on is o op ration whet sell and c’ point, lii simple gcomcb v, angler are usually
, “
given as bezng any number that is larger
point ul a si ..pe m moved to a speccficd disaneo in a peeitioiv than zero and smaller than 360”.
d
direction / “ ‘ When it comes to abstract reasoning tests,
we need to be civare of angles for various
• :
,/\ —
In the example on the ribht, each pOint of the triangle at reasons In the case of identifying rotCtions,
the [ \ -
the rotatIon is usually done at a certain
‘
bottom is moved (or “translated”) to the same distance and angle: 90” (also called a right angle), 180”,
in ,‘ •
or 270°. Of course, rotstion at any angle i’s pos
the same dii ction, as indicated by the arrow or “vecto ‘ sible, hut due to the difficulty in identif
r” cOO- / / , angle, such rotations are not likely to appear
ying angles other than muliiple of the itght
necting the two shapes. The vector is oruy shown
here for in EPSO’s abstract reasoning tests
demonstration puipose and would not be vtsible in real [ iib When e tablishing the “rule” for a teat
a exer —— — — -
•
question, we must shva}s think about angle
a
well,
 __________
______

iLfCCEED1G 151 ABSTRACT REASONING TESTS 153

152 SUCCEEIJrNG INABSIRACTREASO\’ING lisTs

Consider the example below:
“Vi:h 1 t fii’es la the odd-ne-oi,’?”
If we look * the image below, we might first be tempted to try and come up w It a r il
involving straibht lines, hut ts will soon realize that a rule that rel cia on the pt erict or
abscni’e of straight lines in the figures whi riotbe able to produce on lien, 55 the o
out (we have two liens with rion-stsaight lines).
We car, howe”er, come up with a rule tn*
will correctly produce only one odd-one-o’ t,
using angle
D The odd one-out is thefi nrc that in
at least one right “9O) angle.
H we recognize the above rule, it will he
easy to plik the correct answer the trapezoid
in the middle of the bottom row.
By combining tho above observations into one single rule, we can
siahliah the following:
“Transform polygons into polygons with one additional edge until they become
hexagons. Transform hexagons into circles. Leave circles unchanged.”
0
The sbov simple sentence will correctly predict that the shape that 0
correctly completes th lOst column is a circle (created by trarisiormoig
the hexaron), resulting n the figure on the right.
0
Summery, Combinations, Approaches
not 1’ i
In this chapter, ‘J o have overviewed various aspects of abstract reason
ing teSts:
• Test formats (odd-one-out, series, grid, visual arithmetic)
• Operations, rules and patterns (rotation, reflection, transformation, and so on)

Based on the number of test formats and patterns, and the fact that the patterns dis’
it is easy to see that there iS a large vari
cussed in ti-mis chapter can he freely combined,
Directions ety of typical test questions possible. A few examples:
“Which fure is the odd—one-out?” • A test in odd-one-out format involving angles and direction
• A test in a series format based on rotations, reflections, and transformations
• A grid-type teat involving naltern inversion, reflection, arid angles
• There is no se fure with aque fill • A visual arithmetic test based on direction and various shapes
or pattern (there are three white and three
black figures) The above list could of course be continued almost infinitely. The four examples above
• All of the figures have at least one right angle (and two of the figures have exactly on were just meant to demonstrate the sheer number of format and rule combinations that
• There are two figures with non-straight lines you as an EPSO test-taker can face. This is exactly why it is crucial to practice and farnil
• There is no rotation- or reflection-based relationship between the items iarize yourself with an efficient method for identifying both the forrest and the combi
What could be the solution here? If we introduce one more factor, namely direction, nation of rules that govern the given exercise.
the r.tie can be construed easily:
-
“The odcl-crit-out is the figure that does not hans at least one harizoritul straight line.” Hints for Practicing
This will correctly predict the rhombus as the odd-one-out. • If you feel thai a geometrical operation (reflection, rotation, angles, etc.) is one of your weak
points, do nut shy away from sitting down with seine paper and a pencil and draw various
Trcinsjbrrriaficti shapes and perform the operations on them until they become routine and you are able to rec
ognize a Sindegree clockwise rotation of a complex shape in a couple of seconds
“Which shape completes correctly the last colu,nn so the colonies will form a series?”
• Once you are familiar with all of the typical rules and operations as detailed above, start prac
The last operation we discuss in this ‘
ricing on actual test questions, for example the ones lii this book
chapter is the so-called transformation. By
looking at the example above, here are • Try to continuously decrease the amount of time you need to find the Correct answer
Q Q Q some of the patterns we may recognize, • if you identify a certain test format as more difficult for you to solve, concentrate on that par
moving from left to right: ticular format (for example the grid format, or the odd-one-out test type)
A The triangle in the first column
becomes a rectangle in the second column • Since abstract reasoning tests are all about shapes, it is especially important to try to model the
—

D O The rectangles become pentagons infrastructure of the exam while practicing the EPSO test will be administered on a computer,
which will make it harder (and stranger) to take than a paper-based test where you can scrib
— nevertheless,
paper in the exam centre
. Th hexagorrsbecornecircIe ble on the paper even though you will be given scrap

\__— 0 Q • The circles remain circles if you have access to such services, try also to practice
online
 _

_-

sUccEEDfNG1NA13s7Iiacrrs’ ‘G TpSS

0 in eip a sy himobc approach that you will

earls ,,nc va y sb tac1 ic mng test. One recoenmendu tako whi n solvthg
d appro c-n is sin carl/ed
ottlrw
1 Re t ii ‘‘O besot q to t’ n ic-st or .rc the a
sonic itt such a quesoon, ‘den’uy Flit— tcs
0 c-mat fcit are? not soorseit in that inuidse
t (“OK, I wifi need to find the odd-ore c-ut
Lb wt uf ti ire from
2 Qitiiely glar.e tluougi tL at of figures If the
test qiustion corn a with a wparate itt
“anawei I gure -- (U at ,
the tc t i it t of tho odd oi a- u type), do not yet of
tune looking at then. aj end tm-c-h
For titficca md tips on tackltng abstract reasoning
3 Ro thioogh Ile rutc —
,
eratloos aid pat’t ma you farruliaris d youre It in iutstionO see the prevtaus chavter.
Or-Ltiee id try to epplv Fl fl hi te set U dino
figures. q,art with the one that, based on
-
ic-
6 at tb fi 0 glanc-
—
-rss, intuttively seems the most promising “lead” For the anotuers Ic thU test see at end of qecs
4 11 you believe: o’ has ci found the ‘ide or rules
governing the exercise, try to “g000ret
correct aflsv’e. ‘ ‘c-c
it’ your inn’ o’ draw a sketch “the
on a scrip paper
lock at the ns,’er op coot pn’uaid and match
the - agaucat tie one you c,,n.ci up s’ 7.
vourinif th Abstract Reasoning Test
6 it you ha e P nod a match, coo car mark that
a.. the correct answer it tbe”e re no matches,
your rule o’- rul’.s ira) have a flaw. Applj your 60 QWFSTIONS
—
, -
rule to all the figures no the test this will
most likely cc al the flaw, which you an then correct
and “gener Fe” a new, hopefully cor
reef, arise, or figure in your mind
7, While puicil ‘os, you in y on ider w ‘hog evety 1. Which figure is the od 0 one out?
idea and step down for earl exertiss to 2, Which figure completes the grid?
c-rake sore oo are aware o the logic ann roles
at play
Ii the following chtpter, you will find 60
abstract reasoning questions that you can-n
to start practicing right asvay use

rUe kcy oh the cinrect anse, cc-s follows on from the questions

‘7
QI
Q2
C 0 çt

E F
156 QUESTIONS -ABSTRACT REASONING 157

3. Which figure is the odd one out? 5. Which figure ‘.

Which figure completes the grid? 9. Which figure completes the grid?

is to

as is 0
7
05

03
Jj 07
C

A B C

4. Which figure completes the statement? 6. Which figure belongs to this group? S. Which figure completes the grid? 10,
+ Which figure completes the statement?

is to
is to
C U
El m
S •E1 •Elfl
liE mm
islo
9 S as a to 9
7 [10 nm 7
UUEI 08
04 Q6

LI
V7 El El
V UEE1Ll
CUOm morn 4
U
C A B

El
El 000El
[ ElF RR
0000 mm
0 E F
F
 _______________
______

158
QUESOS —AR RACT ISflNG QUt s11OP5 —At SIRAC? I FSO°JP’JG

11. Which figure completes the grid? 13. Which figure completes the statement? Whirls fire gives the correct answer 17. Which figure completes lift grid?
, to the equation irs the third row?

, “V N\:+
YX ‘V V*
V* 2
55 41L to

7
2; xv vx* *vz
Q17
Oil

A B C

0 B F
12. Which figure is the odd one out? 14. Which figure completes the statement? 16 Which figure belongs to this group? 18. Which figure completes the grid?

A
510

as so

ED 2
i2
1
0
C F

9
160 QUESTIONS - ABSTRACT REA, 161

19. Which figure completes the grid? 21. Which figure completes the grid? 23. Which figure completes the grid? 25. Which figure completes the grid?

.
C
023
7
021 025
p
9 9
c 9
20. Which figure completes the grid? 22. Which figure is the odd one out? 24. Which figure is the odd one out? 26. Which figure completes the statement?

to

‘B 024

Q22 026

020
C

0
9
1
9 9 9
 162
-.-
QUESTIONS ABSTRA CT REASC QUESTIONS ABSTI6ACT REASONING
163
21’. Which figure is next in the serieS? 29. Which figure completes the grid?
Which figure completes the grid? 33. Which figure completes the grid?

O
(327

029 031
13 cc

A 13 ri
L___ j
1)
K?
K 13 F
28. Which figure completes the grid? 13
30, Which figure is next in the secies?
32. Which figure is the add one out? 34. Which figure is the odd one out?

KEE$N -4
A ,jE:N I
/A
I A
I L_ ‘-o--c 030

7
Q28 Q32
A
A C
0 9 •3.f

a 13
4
164

Which figure completes the statement? 37, Which figure completes the grid? 5Vhich figure is next in the series? 41. Which of the following figures can be
35.
paired with each other? Options:

/7\ A — only 2÷4 and 5+6; B — only 2÷6 and 3-i-S

—
C 1+6, 2+4 and 3+5; D — only 2÷4 and 3-i-S
s to V 4 F— only 1÷2 and 3+6; F — only 1÷4 and 3-,-5
//
EJ
+ is to
Q39 P2
035 2 7
/—‘-\ ¶
fl \ _o\

cj
TV B C

0 B F
LI E F

36. Which figure is next in the series? 38. Which figure completes the id? Which figure completes the grid? 42. Which figure completes the grid?

i/i
A
h , (I) ( /N.
/1/

• I)
7 ?
036 LJ ii LJ
042

2
Q40

I... IC.
-°
F F
i’r
U 0 to F
4
D66
QLTESTIONS - ABSTRACT RESOhJVG

43. Which figure is next in the series? 45. Which figure completes the 0
statei0
f 7 0 7, Which figure completes the grid? 49. Which figure is the odd one out?

to
—Il —

043 is Is 2 .y
045

— i———1Ii Q49
C
Th
0
A a C

ID Y 7
44. Which figrire completes the grid? 46. Which figure is next in the series? 49- VQhich figure completes the grid? 50. Which figure is next in the series?

:
-c
r L /\ /7

7
016
Q4-i 055
2
048

iTh
c
()
‘ L
C C
(J
DEF
 __

- .{BSTR4CTRLISONING ci
QUESTIONS - STRAf RL.ISQ.\rsc 1• cuESTIONS

Which figure is the odd one out? 57. Which figure completes the grid?
51. Which figure is next in the series? 53. Which figure completes the grid?

Hi Hi
rji -H P1 rH 9
A B

05
Q
> I
057
A e H C

A B C

L
1
LJ W
0 8 F

o. Which figure belongs to this group? 58. Which figure completes the grid?
52. Which figure completes the grid? 54. Which two of the figures are in the
wrong order? Options:

A-landl; l1—2and3; C—3an14

D —4 andS t —5 aol 6 F iL

052
056

A S C A C

L7
\054_
0
 C,,

cM

C
C’)

I.
c-)

C,)
1
E
T H
I c< ><
I
: HD t
fL
-
-

![ :

CD C...

‘a
0 0 0
:1
0

0
a
0

1)

00 ow
IC)

1. E dotted one remains dotted and the white one tay’I
Looking at the figures as a series, the line segment
parallel to one of the sides of the pentagon movea to
the adjacent side of the pentagon clockwise, while
the dot and the croas move around counterclock
—
wise the cross onto the adjacent side, the dot to
the adjacent vertex. Option B is the excep050 since
here the cross has moved onto a side that is oppo
site (i. a. not adjacent to) tire side it was on in the
prevloos figure (option Di.
C rot te th figu e ass the second half of the stistetasent
In each row and column, there era three heads, each
having a dificrent shape (oval, square or triangle), a
different nwaber of hairs (none, one or two), a dif
ferent nose (black, white or no nose at all), different
eyes (both black, one black and the other white,
—
both white it is irrelevant whtch eye is black arid
which is white) and a different mouth (smiting, sad
or “neutral”). in other words, each variant of the
above-mentioned body parts appears only once in
each ross’ and column. Therefore, the missing head
roust be oval, with no hair, no nose, a white and a
black eye, and a “neutral” mouth,
3. F into a small pentagons (5 sides). In addition, the
Looking at the figures as a series, the trapezium
ro:ated through 90 degrees counterclockwise at
each step. Along with eads rotation, the direction of
the two arrowheads changes to tile opposite and
the ama]) triangle swaps positions with the small
rectangle, but the posittor.s of the black semicircle
arid the curved line relative to the trapezium
remain unchanged. According to all this, Option F is
the odd one out since it has the triangle and the rec
tangle in the wrong positions, i, e. in the same poai
tion as the previous figure (option E).
.
B figure represents the result of this operation: cant
It-i the first i-all of ti-se statement, the triangle ton-
taming a circle turns into a circle containing a trian
gle wttirh is a 90 degree clockwise rotation of the
original one, so In bIte second half of the statement,
the hexagon containing a rectangle will turn into a
rectangle containing an identically rotated hexa
gon. As regards the shove-mentioned shapes, the
4,
A,’sISWENS _AifSACTRLlSO7VGm, h’SvR5- ABS2’1CTREASONG
ovious I gute ‘Eta newly ads ed rows of aquarea
1 13. F
white, Tb. aemicirclos and the trtangle attach d to rc aligned to ii a r ght aide nf the figure while the
the bigger hape turn from t tped to while and raWlY ihn columns are ahgr d to its bottom
vice versa; m addition, thus triangle else moves Is Looking 51 the first half of th statement, the right
the “oppostle nd” of the figure. —
half of Lire main shape Ihe ehlipae — is cut oil,
B — —
while the smaller shape the triangle is reflected
in the horizontal piane ansI moved iron’, the inside
5. C Dv hgures in each row can iv ebtained by rotating of the original ell:pse is the bottom of the new half
Ia figures of the pre’.’ioiis row tt;rougir 90 degrees ellipse. In edditin, any white shapes turn striped
The sero’rd ftarore an tr tirs, half ot the stOtemert i’, ckwise (in the firth half of the statement, thia applies to the
iare by 90 de
is obtained by rotating the l’s” I 5 5 - ellipse and the half-ellipse, i. e. thta main shape u-
clockwtse, and ceversu-g the d agonal stripes infug general) and any black shapes turn white (in the
(to the eisa previously svhite). Ltkewise, if we .1O E first half of the statement, this applies to the trian
gle). Therefore, the missing figure will be a truangie
— which is obtained by cutting off the right half of
by 90 degraea and reverse the St ‘ped inflhl to the in each half of the st-ttement the two arrows point
‘ in the opposite directions, with the first arrow the square— with a smaller semicircle attached to its
previously white areS, we g t the figure C.
-1 being white and the second one being black; or, in bottom, the litter being a mirror in-sage of the semi
ttier words, the second arrow can he obtained by
0 circle that is inside the original square. The triangle
6. A retating the first one through ISO degrees and will be white since lie square is black, and the
changing its colour from white to black. (In the first semicircle will turn from white to srroed.
hash figure eirher consists of tour line segownt: Ihaif of the statement, th second arrow can also be
and contains at least two right angles or i.oOiststs if obtained Irons the first one by reflecting it in the
—
Isot-izontal plane instead of rotating it in this case, 14. C
seven line segments and rontao’,a no right angles
Option A is the only figure to satasl-v this condition lie second half of the statement should be corn
since option B consists of sev n sebments but a o ivted with a black arrow pointing to the right. Looking at Ihe first half of the statement, both the
contains right angles, options C, D ani Ball consist However, since there is no such figure among the bigger and the smaller polygon turn into polygons
of four segments but have no more than one right spoons thi cannot be the correct way to obtain the that have ore aide less than ti-se original ones: the
a gle (npttuna C and E have none, option I) on’), oll.sveond figure.). big psrallelogi am (4 sides) turns into a big triangle
while option 1’ on isIs of only three segment (3 sides), while the small hexagon (6 sides) turns
;ii. A smeller poiygon moves from the top of the bigger
7. D one to ti-se inside of it, and the colours of both poly
Li each row and column, twc of the figures have ti gons are inverted. Thus, since the second half of the
In each row and rolutun, there are three slick o:ergular heads arid one has a round head, two of the statement starts with a big white pentagon (5 sides)
ures, each having a ditferent torso shape ((i) ties gores (not necessarily the seine tsvcii) have round having a small back square (1 sides) on its top, the
-,‘
straight lines, (ii) two circles or (ii) a barrel), a daf- ears and one has triangular esrs, two oi the figures statement must be corrpeted with a black lout-
ferent head shape ((i) a circle, (ii) a diamond, (ho) an have parallelogram-shaped torsos and one has an sided polygon containing a white three-sided ui-se;
hourglass), and arms and feet point ng in deFerent ) cval torso, and two of the figures have upward- this condition is only satisfied by option C.
directions (arms: (i) lete one down, right one up, (a painting tails and one has a downwacd-pointing
left one up, right one down or (is) both arms up; :tail. Therefore, the missing figure insist have a tel
feet (I) both to the right, (ii) both to the left or (tst)’ “i’ tngular head, round ears, a parallelogram-shaped 15. A
both straight). Thus, the nclashng figure must have a ‘itorso and sri upward-pointing tail. (The legs of all
rounded heed, a barrel-like torso, feet poinhi g i :tbe figures are identical, so no further attention The first Iwo figures in each row represent an open
straight; left arm up and right arm down. r,vvits to be paid to them.) cOon (addition or subtraction), while the third
curIe outside the square means and each
8. D r12 B circle inside il-se square means “—I”. For example,
the fixst row rorresponds to the equation ÷3 —2
Each figure can he ohtaaned by either adding a rOW Opton B is the only figure which is not a mirror (In the first f;gsire, there are three circles outside the
-
l,
white squares to the figure above it or by addiof, 5 usage of at leaat one of the other figures. Option A is square; in the second, there are two inside; while in
column of while squares to the figure on at left, lit be mirror image of options C and tO (the latter two the third, there is one outside), Thus, the first two
figures of tha third row stand for the operation —2 —
each row or column of squares added, there is One I F :oe tdenficsl) and obviously vice versa, and options B
more square than in the last row or column of the ‘j,ti ;)9nd P are also mirror images of each other.
 Ii

ANSWERS — ABSFR’tCT REAsO3qTy , \,

1
’SWLRS ABSTEACT RFASOiJING

1, the result ot whirl, is —3; Lhietore, the missing

figi;ie has to be a scoare with three circles inside.
20. C i 24. F both wheels having the sante
colour / pattern lii
each case) In niher words, each
vanianr aPpears
lii each use, the nun her Ci d iii triarighu, 0 ‘ Iter am tisi ro p
only once it; each ross’ and rciiumn
the ‘
16. B third hexagon is equal to the total number of ide I, ft e one windows lx Ihe same on each cair(
(The number of
ioti, cite hand, tOe e is no differerre he’-we,ri op tier
A
therefore, Ore
,
triangles in th first two hexagons (th p0 missii-ig car must have a sein,icirculae
1 he common property of ite four tigurex is trial era at C, and on th other hard the sa.,ie
is true of body shape
the dotted triangl s inst Ic the hero ns ix i and striped wheels.
they have at least one rtglit angle. The only option rcle_ norm 13 I) cod I’ Op on > a not belon to
-
vartt Therefore, the missing hexagon rust
cetitets ,fiar group .
n ‘rn’ of tire ,,t
to also have this proper’ is option ti t a r t’gu-es is i,,enUcCi
3
‘ ,
4 dotted triangles, h on’y’ op.ioe to a5 ‘, so this i. eve is
the “ld ire out.
this condition is option C 29. F
17. F Going frOm left in right in each ron’
2in C em fermi-i iO to
21, U bottom in cacti ulumn, an upward
-pointing arrow
The po:ygonx form three different combinations
.
teach ruse, head is added inside the diamond
(striped Star -e black arrowhead white hourglass- nrc— figurcs cc 1 t,’rticxl except
inc and a dowr,
‘
Each figure (except ror the lop leSt o a ,if tee
ward-pointing one ix taken away
shape, white arrowhead 4 striped hourglass-shape ,‘urse( koin from left to nght, in figures ha cute from it at each
can be obtain d by rotaung eitltei th
,
5 figure shove step. Therefore, the missing diamond
+ black star; black hourglass-shape + white
Star +
igger at e ch step Thus, the ritasitig
figure must must contaui
it through 45 degruax clockwl a or the rigure four upward-pointing and no
striped arrowhead), and each of these three combi to its i.e a flxk that is bigger toan
the one to us left, t e downward-pointing
‘
left throuph 90 degrees counterclockvx se arrowheads, aitsce both the diamond
nations appears only once in each row and column. C-.r the second tigore ri th b ‘ttom tow to its left end
tIie cue above it have three
‘therefore, since the row and the column that con arrowheads pointing
upwards and one pointing downw
tain the missing figure already have the combina ard
22. D ‘ 26. F
tions “black hourglass-shape + white Star + striped
arrowhead” arid “white arrowhead + striped hour
Option I) is the on’,’ figure witch not a flume c ‘ I.e origin ‘l main snape i, Ste lieu 30. A
glass-shape -t- black star”, the missing figure must image of icy uth r one of the lip’ is,, or, ri / usiupeessed
be the third possible combination, i. e. ‘striped star other ii ‘hrly to become a bigger and
white version of
words, it armot be obtained trom any other one At each step, the small circle inside
+ black n-rowheed + white hourglass-shape”. o( , ene of the thee Sm 11 bla P shapes
oulside it, with one of the seg
the figures by reflection, ‘I’he identical optioos mains of the 5P1a-5i mOves by two
A , 1 th’ three small shapes outside the new
main shape seginents coun
,
terclockwise.
‘
and B are rotator images of option F us Iris horizon- being smaller versions of the original
main shape
, *
tal plane said obviously vice Vera wlsilut options
18. U B and having the asia-se while colour, In
addition, all
,
and C ate mirror images of a ch oth in the verb the small shapes and aymbols around
csl plane and on the 31. C
Each figure (except for the top lees one of course) )‘ sides of the original main ehape move
to the ad)a
cars be obtained by rotating either the figure above cent side of the main shape
clockwise (besides Each of the thuec different
it through 90 degrees counterclockwise or the moving, the group of three small
shapm is also combinations of itne Seg
23. A ‘ transform d as alteady described ments (continuous Uric -,- dashed
line + continuous
figure 1:’ its left through 180 degrees. above; but the line, three continuous lines, dashed
stroke and the letter remain unchanged,
they only lute s- contisnet
‘ trove)
In each sow and column, these are three heads, each ‘$ ous line + dashed line) appear
s only once in each
having s different shape (a “standard” rhombu’,, a ,i,
;: row said culam,n
19. B vertically stretched one or a horizontally tru’trhad
(icing from icit to right in cccli row, the black area
o e), diffcrens eats (round, iriangular or rectangu p 27. B
tar), du. ant eyes (the left tine open ansi the right 32. F
increases by a quadrant compared to the previous
,
one shut, the riph on open and the left one hut At each step, the who’e figure
circie fri the row; and going from top to bottom ix .u ,,ted through ‘of
in both open) and a different nose (pointing to the left)’ u degrees clocks isis In addition, Opuoti F is the odd 0CC Out since, going around
each column, the black area decreases by a quad
posistang to the right or pointing upwards). in other the colour ci th triangles of options A toll clockwise, the
rant compared to the previous ciccie in the column circle altemnaie” between black the dtut is fit-st
.
words cch variant of the above-mentioned hod)’ and white, and alt followed by the striped patients and
(the positions of the black quadrants inside the cir Srne is true of both ta lngles a’
the opposi,e end or then the cross;
,
parts appears only once in each ow and column x’<
cles are irrelevant). Thus, in the missing circle, ixvo ’(,( the figure, the colo’srs of the
star and the ell;pse
whereas in option F, it is tie
cross instead of the
-
(The mouth has only one variant, it i the same eit te tiara unchanged thioug striped pattern that immediately
cuadrants (i. e. halt of the circle) muSt be black hoot follows the deL
each face.) ‘therefore, the missing heed must have
since the circle to its left has one black quadrant and tc -

the shape of a vertically stretched rhombus, ta-ian

the circle above it has three; the only option jfk -
to Sat gulac ear and a nose pointing to the left, wills the 28. 33. B
isfy this condition is option B c E
left aye o an and the right one slut ,
is Cacti row and etIump lix asahi mow and column, there
, the-c are three c ma, each are three houses,
(iutvinp a di) erent t ody each having a roof with a different
nape (scourir u,ar, rectan colour / patient
,, t
ll’ (solid black, solid white or dotted),
’u ot triangular; ann a dittrrc’vr
whe ‘1 colour / a cisiiniirey of
tatterri (sobd salute, stni which the Saflie is h-tie (it is either solid
1 ad or solid black, with black, solid
1- 5 while or striped) and a different
number of win

dows toe, two or three) itt other words, each vari
ant of he above tenituned parts appears ordy
once in each row and column Therefore, the miss
ing house must have a white roof, a striped rhino
oey and two windows.
34. 0 each shape and quant.ty appesrs only once in cc h
The figures form two groups; options A, B turd F
belong to the one, options C and F to the other.
Wtthin either of these groups, each of the figures
car. be obtained from at least one of the other fig
ures by a reflection in the horizontal plane or about
the line segment between the two circles (which is
a diagonal of the square that contains the two cir
cles). This way, for instance, option C car, be
obtained from option F (as already mentioned), end
option B can either be obtained from option A or
option F (sfnce the latter two are identical). Option
O does not belong to sillier group as it is not a
mirror image of any of the other figures, so this
figure is the odd one out.
35. A figure is rotated through 45 degrees countescluck’(,
Looking at the fiist half of the atatensent, the square
with triangles on its sides turns into a triangle with
squares art its 5ides, so in the second half of the
statement, the hexagon with squares on its sides
will turn into a square with hexagons on its sides.
itt arfd:tiort, the circle inscribed into the central
shape of the original figure (first the square, then
the hexagon) turns info a circle circumscribed
around the central shape of the new figure. Finally,
shapes of the earns type have the aanse colour / pat
tern fri either half of the statement (fat the first half,
all the triangles are solid black and all the squares
are solid white, so irs the second half, all the hexa
gons will be solid white and all the squares will be
striped)
36. E inserted vs. that the square is ins,de the circle.
At each step. the circle and the small triangle
attached to it from the outside move independently
Irons each other (which means thai the position of
the triangle relative to the circle does not remain
unchanged): the circle is rotated through 45 degrees
clockwise, while the triangle is rotated through the
stuns angle, but in the counterclockwise direction.
ANSTRS—ABST11CTPOLG’’.
37. E each ro,e stat lf.nn’i The oth,t. bad.’ parts eyes,
In each row and aoiuntn, in re a ‘hree gisaiss
catch having a d tterenl hape (trianig tar, sir tthed
triangular or curved) and difter nt q’ at iltty s
contents (empty, half liii or full) I other words,
row and column. The Lontents of the glasses which
are not empty (1. e. net solid white) alternate trout
row to row between being striped and solid black:
fr. the fi.rat row, the contents c fir, half full glass are
striped and those of the fell glass are solid hind,; itt
the second row, tm is the other was round, sod ct
thi last row. II is the same as in the first row Oltus,
the same colour / pattern may appear more then
once in each column., but only once in each row
According to all this, the missing glass must haves
curved shape, roust be half full and its contact a
must be striped.
38. 13
Going from left to right in each row, the whol
wise end two dots are added inside the ehl’pse at
each step; while going from top to bottom in each
column, the figure is rocaled through SI) dcgre.
clockwise and aria doris taken away each time.
39. C In each half of the statement, the second shape can
At each ii p the whole figure is otsied ‘hrough 90
degrees rounterclockw’ e, the square stterhed to’
the top right side of the rotated kite is taken away ‘tu
and a dot us added next to the bottom vertex of the
rotated kite. The colour of the additional dots altet
trates between black and white Thus, the nrmssui g I.
figure will have no squates on ifs sides and a dcii
each vertex, with die new do the bothers vertex
of the late being white
40. A symbols in the “outer ring” of the rectangle move
In each cow and co)on’,n, there ace time heads sactt’,
having different ln.sr (hatrs positi verctc,,in
upwards, slightly to lbs id I or slighlly ho the tighO ‘
and a dufferent nose (a plus sign, a diagonal cross°
an asterisk). In other vs ords, each variant f tht
above-mentioned body parts appea s only once /1
‘‘:
S1tTlfS- ABSTCTRClSON1NG
—
—
art and -nor,’i as. tdenrical on each head, i e
are or y on va ni auth Tb ,the issing head
rOust have 1 at a poinhng v tic fly upw rds arid tt
se rni.,tbc ad a
0 5
nrai rro
..
0
I ares 2 and 4 can be painol. stub each other wine
‘‘
.ther one can be obtained from the other by swap
“tog tl e pesi’ons of the opposise quarters of the
,uuare (the quarter conlacrung a star swaps pow-
wtth the 4uarter conta’”n p a striped ellipse,
senile the quarter wt’h three dots inside swaps post-
tons with th em/tv quarter’ Lo other words, fig
rues 2 and 4 norm a pair since ‘be same symbols
appear in them and the order or these symbols
“tstde the square is identical (going around the
,uarteos of th I arts clockwi a for exanspie, the
5
,ar is followed by the empty us ter, the striped
Ilupse and the three dots tn this order). l’his pattern
‘tan also be applied to figures and 5 but not to the
two remaining figures, 1 a td 6 (Forming pairs
based a mu e simple logic, for instance solely on
the fart tha some of the square contain the same
syrutbols or that some squares are rotated through
45 degrees compared to oilers with the synibols
inside irrelevant dces not wauk, because in both
:‘ ,osns, there are tbrse squares istead of two that
‘
use the same properly i
12. C be obtained from the first uric by changing its
Each figure sn 11 a first row u traautforrn d the fol
swing w y to produce the figure below it m the
ssecond row: tIe outermost shape dtsappears, and
tie po ittons of the two r maintrig shapes are
inverted o tha the innermost hape in the original
1 ga.e bnacoun a the Outer stuaps. un the new figure.
Thus, in the c e of the m!sstisb figure, the triangle
-
- -
teul disappear srorr Ihe figure above it, and the
positions or the s, 1
usre an-i toe circle will be
43. C
“I each step, a nuuitp 01 r;ew It i segments us added
/5 the figure from Ihe right tb’ a new segments
,
1
ire all perpend ular to the last egment of the pre
tViaUa figure, and tht.ti number iricrea cc by one
1’
—
each time, thus, the third slap the cite which
—
results in tIe rdssir.g figure will involve adding
four vertical segments to the figure since at the pre
vious step, three horizontal segments were added
44. B
Going front lafi tonight in each rosy, each head has
one body part ICOS than the previous one in has
row. For instar,ce, the first head in the first row has
hair, eyebrows, eyes, eats, a nose and a mouth; the
second one has all these body parts except tor eye
brows: and the third head hiss everything but for
eyebrows and a nose. Since the first head is the
‘-
same in each row and can thus be regarded as
befog complete, having xli six body parts— isis also
hue that all tIre heads in a cc’lsumri have the verne
number of body parts (six in the first column, five
in the second and four in the third); or, in other
words, the heads in the second column lack one
body part compared to those in the first column,
while the heads in the third colctmn lade two,
Therefore, the missing head must have four body
parts, i. e. it most lack exactly two body parts com
pared to the complete heads of the first column; this
condition is only satisfied by option B, winch fatks
ears and a mouth.
45. B
colour I coin black to white and drawing in both its
diagonals (i. e. the line segments connecting oppo
site vertices).
46. 0
At each step, the whole figure is rotated through 90
degrees clockwise, and each symbol inside one of
the four trapezia swaps positions with the symbol
inside the adjacent ti-tangle (in other words, the
into the “inner ring” ar,d vice versa).
47. E
Each figure appears only once itt esch row, which
also means that each row consists of a black atid a
 ANSWERS — ABSTR (CT RL,bQ’s’lNG 0
q sWL1s — lBbhI 4CT Ri lSOi\’IN

—,
white variant of each of the three shapes (semicir 52. E gan countetrlockwise while the shapes atlttclied 58. B
•
cle, square, triangle). Therefore, the missing figure -
its octagon birth move to the ad(acent side clock’
must be a triangle sires tlsi bottom row already wise. According to all this, it is iigute 6 rather than
-.
contains two sernicircies and heo squares but only At each step, the tdped rea and the crc
-
55 whi gure 5 whicli alsotild immtmnediately follow figure 4; In each coluir,n, the third figure is made cir if
one triangle, and it must he black since the only tn divides the main shape (the latter is i..ifferent -, 55
d if we swap figures 5 ai,d 6, all seven figures ‘i.e
angin in the same row is white. i, shapes that appear in time other two figuies
iii the
each ross, it is eitliei a rch’ or iso ellipse) Into
halt ieill indeed he in the correct order. sarns column; the main (bigger) shape of the
segments move mndep ndently from eacie e3 third
figure is a bigger but otherwise identical version
Cuing from leit to r. 5
ht in each ross, tie crus 5m s
48. B “tot ted” through 90 degeecs clockwrse at each 5. 0
the smaller shape ithe one inside the rosin shepe)
of
tep the fint figure, while the smaller shape of the
Ihird
(list leng ‘i ot the two segm ‘ins compni usg
tti figure is a smaller ‘cession of the main shape ci
Going from left to right in each row, the triangle. crt s are alway adiusted so that the cross its ‘
cit it “.
the , imm’C , ‘
the
Cits e ,t the or secor.d figure. Therefore, th missing figure will
the cross and the dotted pattern alt move rtghi by the main sIr pe), w ne going from lop t’i otiom (gore whir or in dosed ‘
Itwo he
• curie a big kite (since the si-nailer shapuaof the first figure
two circle segments at each step, while going from each column, it is “rot cd’ through the Sante angle .i. en losi-d by th hottomeno, liorinonitel I its ano
iii the sanie column is ii kite) svimh a
tsp to bottom in rod’, column, they all move right to ‘ fre upper wvy line) small vetnicir
‘
coimnterdockwrse e ch ton As re’sds the striped
the next segment. If an ohiect has reached the right ifs inside (since the main shape of the second figure
area, it moves tti the ad.tcent half segment of the
most segment of the circle, h continues its move- is a semicircle).
circle or elltpse t
coun
o ckwi terc
se at each step going
‘
ment from the leftmost segment, i. e. when sit from left to right in cach row or from top so hoitsii,
ob(ecl is inside the righrinnst segment, the leftmost in each column, T t
’ius, tar the missing figure, the
segment counts as the next segment. 59. I(
cr0 ‘i.eid die ellipse must be positioned so U- The tonm’tson property of the four fsgurev is that
thi, two smaller helf-sekmisnts fall on the tght sale’ ‘ ii ne of them ri ludes a ui’. I line. ‘flu. only Option F ta the cdd one out since it only contain
of the figure, sod it us the top ritiht halt segmemt Iron to CL) have Ii is proper ‘.‘ is opt.or F.
s
49. t) that must be stsipec’
two closed areas, sshrle all the oilier frgtmres c,.r,tvtru
three.
..
Option 0 is the odd one out since it is the only figure C
which cannot be obtained from any other one of the 53. A
figures by rotation, In other words, options A, E, C, 60. A
F each row, tha ttuid figures ma te up o the main
F and F are all rotations of each other, but option 0 Going f c’tn left to right in each “o v, ‘ho number if
‘
‘tigger) sI ‘cv of the ether tw” tig.iles in the same
is not a rotation of them. (This also means that, in the t At each step, both line segments are rotated about
tine segments composing the spirul ci teases by toss the main shape of the thud figure r identical
—

ease of options A, Ii, C, F and F, if we go around the
circle clockwise, the line segment pointing outwards
from the circle iv first followed by the square and
then time grid pattern, whereas in option 0, it Is the
grid pattern instead of the square that immediately
follows the line segment.)
50. C ments and the one to its left four, with both starting 1
Throughout the series, the process of constructing
new rhornboses inside the already completed ones
takes place. Al each step, either the next side of the
innermost, incomplete rhombus is thass’n (the con
struction of the rhombuses takes place clockwise), or,
if the innermost rhombus has been completed at the
previous step, the construction of a new one begins.
In the case of the missing figure, the former is hue.
5-I. C and the rectangle with its lisgonais drown In)
Ar eact stop, each of the four symbols inside the
scluarev moves clockwise into the diagonally adie
cent scotere.
two at each step, while gcang from top to bottom i
each column, the number ot line seg.ocrits
decreases by one each lime. In addition, at eads’
Itonizontal or vertical step, the starting pirtnt of th
—
spi aIx —which is marked by the dot moves to the .i
opposite end of the rigue. Thus, the missing sptaI
must slamt at the top anti consm tot six Inc egoient
since the spiral stove it coiriprises seven Itne sm.
at the bottom. (moth i thing you might noore
that all thc spirals are constructed clockwise (toni ,
the ttarttng point, which alread,’ Itminates option
D,EandF,)
54, B .
Looking at figures to 4, at edr step, the
with the aein’cncles inside and the two shapt-t ‘s)
attached to the outstde of the octagon (the V vhapsi,.
move separately the octagon is ioiatcd through 4
degrees counterclockwise tokeiher with the en’
— ,,
cirdes or, what iv equivalent in this case, alt the,
semicircle move onto tie iud1
,tcucnt side of the cclv-,
‘
the centre of the circle die thinner and longer one
to the main shape of the f’ st figure, while the
through 60 degrees clockwise, and the thicken,
‘
‘
smalier sttspe or the third figure (use one which is
shorter one through 90 degrees counterclockw
mitached to the bottom of the main el spa) is a ise.
.
Each figure can also be considered a schematic
smaller but otherwise litentical version of the main
clock, where the circle is the dial and the two
‘
xli pe of the s cond figure. The smaller shapes seg.
and —
inents are the two hands thut, we can also
- tytnbols of the first two figisres tn each row art. in say
that at each step, the minute hand (use thinner
yr cli is irrelevant. Therefore, the missing figure anti
longer segment) moves forward by 10 minute
(,. will consist of a big rectangle (since the main shape s,
of die tic I f’g •e in the var re row i a cectangl
wtvile the hour hand (the thicker and shorter
seg
‘ merit) moves backwards by 3 hours.
‘. win a snw.l rectangle attached toils Lsttcm (since
tl maui shape of the second u’s. e iv al’o
e rec
,‘ .
tO gle)

8. Succeeding in Situational Judgement Tests
Situational juc g in nt te ta (or SJTs for short) present candidate with a a ie of hypi i
iris but realistic work based scenarios in whu.h they re ieq tired to make a de on It y
important to understand that even though called “teats”, they a very differen in nalu a .
from the verbal, numerical and abstract reasoning teats you will I cc during the recruitment
process as they measure how you evaluate certain situations instead of testing your h dr
analytical skill and beh viours
Situational I dgement tests are employed because they can be used to con latently anti
fairly a 5055 at an early tage behavioural attributes such as decision-making abil ty and
interpersonal skill that are diff’ cult to meas re by other techniques.
jis er a fast growing area in the sal ction and developmen field. Th ha ic idea of
presenting a relevant hypothetical situation has been in use mr cruitrnerrt sinc the early
1900a, but Sj’l s in a format comparable to today’s SiTs have b en more p evalent since
the 1940s, used in particular for predicting supervisory and manag rial pot nOel.
More recent research has found that SJTs are strong pr dictors o real life 3 ob pe
formance This mean that in the development or review of SJ’Ts, those people doi ig well
in the test were also the people who performed well in role. Not only the , b it SJT
seems to measure an addi tonal aspect of performance that is not measuied by oth
a ‘sessment tools such as ability tests o personality questionnaires This suggests that the
5)1 s are tapping into a different skill, end one that is highly relevant to job perforrnan
According to SPSO, stir tional judgernent tests will be us d prior to the asses merit
. base, as part of the computer based pro selection process for Assistant and
Administrator profiles. However, it is important to note SiTs will not be eliminatory at
the pre-sel ction tage. They are only taken into account if the candidato is accei lcd for ,,
the assessment phase; otherwise the conclu tons that can be drawn from them are not
communicated to the appli nt. One reason why SJTs are administered in the pre a 1 c .(
tion phase is technical, as it ‘s more convenient to have candidates respond to multiple ,4
choice questions in an exam centre than later in the assessment phase.
Theory behind Situational Judgement Tests
At the heart of social psychology is the idea that what makes us human is our abil ty to
make sense of social situations. When we evaluate an important or new Situation inn t
of us try to understand the intentions of others in the situation, and pea ible carts 1
explanations, to guide our response (e.g. “How would you react if you discov red that
, ,
your colleague had leaked some confidantisi information to the pr as?”).
Social psychology theory also holds that there is a i.milar’ty in how people evaluate iii-
aborts, and that most people will have a shared exp ctation of what is an approprt Ii
response. This theory forms the basis of why situational 3udgement tests cart he used to pro-
vide an indicator of our likely behaviour in an EU job context or eI ‘ewhere. By preseota fi
.
the candidate with relevant hypothetical scenarios arid a set of r ponies which have ii Ii
previously scored for their level of effectiveness, it is possible to a ,es, how appropr’atc the
uCCLEDPsc, t’i SITU4TJON XL JIIDGFMF”JT TESTS
d andidate’s r sj on e selection is, and to use Ihi iormation to predict their likely hehav
3
o urel r sponse if faced w in sinular situations in the role.
A1hat lhcyMeasui
m nan “situation 1 o,’emen test” suggests that w at is being ineasurtid in’ cc “5
ti in I jut g mc I” e n though little cc earch has been don to explore exactly wh t type
of porn a! judlityisE ingmea iredbybJTs
‘‘inlg ralr
genre” It i likely that T
5 are indecd multi dimen i nd; in y measure a nu nber ol dif
Lerent con tructs md idang ccci 1 or behavioural judgement, practical in general
intethben e and aspects o per onaity such as conscIentiousness. Lu the EP$Ci essme’il
proc as the SJ T ha been pecitically developed tor the purpose of in asuiing the candi
date s $ tuition judgcment in ci lion to selected EPSO competencies.
How They Are Devel ped
Robust situations! j idgeinent test are developed in the same r iy as other psychoi etn
‘ tests The p rticular job profiles EPSO is seeking to recruit for are analysed by experts to
“ understand what type of workplace situations occur that are critical to achieving good per
, formance outcome Thi i don by interviewing current EU officials, heads of unit, direc
tors and subje t in It i xpertsto gain a number of perspectives on is hat a important and
what would b effecti e behaviour.
At the me time, cx sinples of how less effective behaviour could lead to less de ir bic
-
out orries are g thered Once these situations are identified, they are written
P as possible
test sienarios. a paragraph or two that sum.marises the situation and a range of four or more
response options (frou most desirable to least desirable). The cenarlo and response options
‘
are crait d so that there is no “obvious” answer and even the “undesirable” options ound
plausible This is necessary to avoid “obvious” answers or the nsk that candidates would
j be able to Ca, ily identify th “desired” answer.
Careful con ideration is given to the design of the test introduction and instre ions
and the scenario woiding, format and content. It is well known that in the cc e of pubic
opinion surv ys, how the question is formulated will significantly influ nrc the nswer
As this is certainly true for SJTs as well, even subtle details of presentation must be
thought through carefully.
It is import cit that the SJT design fits within the organisation I setting and the a coca
ment process, and that it reflects realistic elements of the job role in question. How v r,
,
‘ .
EO has aid that its situational judgeinent tests are designed so that they require no
spend list knowled
5
e to complete: they will be pu ely behaviourally-ba d as sment
flotv They Work
The theory of planned behaviour states that an individual’s behaviour in the pest is a good
,
predictor of their likely behaviou in the future As with a standard competency based inter
. ,
View, this is the basis on which a situational judgenient test is used to predict a candidate’s
‘
job performance or suitability for the given job profile.
For each given situat’oncl judgement t at, a scoring key is developed so that 1.1 e ranch-
‘
date’ response cash compared against this key. Initially, this can be developed I making
y
, ‘
nit onal judgements as to which are the most and least preferred responses to each scenario
has d on ti’ job an lysis da t collected in the design process and from additional evalua
tions made by subject in tier experts.
.
The SI! can then b ‘tlidated by demonstrating a clear relationship between g od per
form rice in the t at and rcal-life good performance in the role. In order to valid e the
 ‘
SLluEEDIbC 1k blIll.41lOlL 1111k,! tl! .YT TtS
S 5IJCCEPDI.kG 1k’ STTU.O1’2Q..lL JLiDGE,IET
Tst’s
153
tc t dms go. am to dec vi n ‘ ‘noun sail he n the f’ sal t at, group o eustii
olub
—
holder sod a fur exurrpie Ad’ru.nsstrstora ix’ the European Corrcntsaio-i rite Cumclid’ite \pct’ience
or -

tn . tcrmta to the Comouttee of the degie’ms will be tc’ed on th sam’mle

scer.ario and
the.x re pon will be comp red to their resl-li’e competency baa ci joL performancu iiscog’,tribute 10 th asSeSSmel\t by being
a inc-way
ju ged by theat su wnior’ appia.i al ratings) 0s date. for EPSC) and the candi
I’hose scena’-ios for which the high perform ra have consistently selected the most EPSO can evaluate the candidate’s
responses to tite scenarios
ferred response as their own most preferred response will be selected as good coca for Ore-. scoring ky and evaluate tl.e extent to which agaInst the strucvrud
final teat. If there are scenarios for which high performers cenststeriuy’ sehi t ditlere the with the competencies and way’ of working the candidate’s behaviour is likclv to fit itt
01 The candidate is also able to take a at the EL’ institutions
respon cs, lb se will be broctght into question as to their appropnateness and dropped view of whet it would be like
the test When used in the organisation’s assessment pta can the candadatds ScOie from by reflecting after the test on the types to work with the EU
in These may provide a general insight
of scenarios and response
options
Si I wiil he based on their perfonnance across all scenanos within the test and a s.ore tl’c
will into what situations or behaviours presented,
might be
brrf vc.ri to each competency in c 1
uestion expected in the role. Reviewing this
chapter and trying out some of
lions later on is likely to prove beneficial the practice qo.
fo you: those candidates who
5) Is have been found to view the experience are familiar with
What They Look Like process snore positively than those without of completing SJTs as part of att assessment
that familiarity.
o si i tg the test you a’ hi. p ese’tec
t tt}’ ncr-’ ci C. scr.mingl eque y a ii
alternative courses of action and be asked to choose the most and least
appropriate in Pozo to Pro pure
youi opiruon the questaors will hate limited or no dire t reicvence to the
Furopca - - Ills difficult to prepare in advance
Union but they will most likely relate to realistic aaorkplace situttions and
working of taking an SJT: a response
to a situation that may
within hierarchies and with colleagues. be appropriate in one role may be inappropriate
irs another (e.g. the way you
I would anticipate that each of the “situations” would measure one of the key to a critique from your supervisor is very would react
competen by an EU citizen affected by a policy you
different from your reaction to
an issue raised
Lies tur the job (although yuu would not be informed which is being measurod
when are covering). Therefore,
answenng each question) and also cross check the consistency of your draw from your intuitive, honest your answers should
artaweis - lions.
responses shout how you would
Consequently each competency will need to be measuted more
address such silos-
than once in ordet to reli
ably estimate your ability However, reviewing some practice
and therefore more than one scenario will relate to each rompe.
--
questiona (see sample teat later
tericy. The test will hove been designed especially for EPSO by expert help to alleviate sireas and allow
you to in the chapter) can
occupational start the real test, rather than spending focus on the content of the questions once you
p’ichc optats and expect th it it w’ll contain from twenty five to h quesbons -- enscire that you are familiar with tUne becoming familiar with the for-mat Also,
-
Herc is a samplu SJT test scene io designed to muasuru a generic planning type
pctency (which is iot itself -i specific EPSO competency but see below fore comprehensr en n - oario will be based around one
the EPSO competencies, as I
anticipate that each sce
at. of these. By doing this, you will
a likely to be looked for across all he more aware of what
sample test and explanations based on the EPSO competency framework). i
have also erated that you mist be honest in
the questions. Once again, however,
it should be reit
included what T would judge to be the most and least effective courses of action
(although - guess what is being looked for.
your responses end not spend
time trying to second-
U a couid vary a ordmg to exact competency definitions)
If you wished to, you could look
up some reference material on
thinking on areas related to the
EPSO competency entitled competencies being assessed. For cucrent best practice
“leadership” for Administrator example, as there is sri
You have been approached by your superior and asked to deliver a project within a develops and motivates people grades (defined as “Mansges,
to achieve results”), you may
very tight deadline. You are pleased that your head of unit ha approached you to work background reading on how to benefit
on the project but are concerned about delivering it within the Umeframe given. What motivate a team, issue clear directionsfrotn doing some
mental feedback as there is likely
to be or give develop
do you do? tency. Ideas for research topics a question scenario based around this compe
-
on the other competencies
A. Review and reprioritise the projects you axe rurrently involved in so you can start recommended resources below): are as follows (sCe also
work on the new project straight away.
—
Analysis and Problem Solving
13. Schedule a meeting with your head of unit to discuss options for delivering the proj ops c’reuf ne aria’ practical seluliooa. Ident (flea the criticttlfiicts in complex issues and devel
Research areas strati as troubleshooting
ect, suggesting colleagues that you would like to involve to ensure the project
is
how to approach dealing with
large amounts of information, techniques,
delivered within the timeframe given. (Moat Eftective) creative problem solving, how
to gather appropriate information. techniques to sttrnulate
—
C. Develop plan outlinir.li how you intend approaching the project and use this to Communicating Communicates death 1 arid precisely both orally nd
emphasise to your head of unit your concern about the deadline and ask if it ceo he areas such as public speaking is-i writing Research
extended. within organiaations, how to techniques, beat practice in internal communications
engage an audience.
D. Delegate the task to another person, stressing to them the importance Delivering Quality and Results
of meeting the Thlcea personal responsibility and
deadline. Retain an ovendew so that’ you can tTaek progress and
keep the ultimate
ing itort to a hti’li stan,lard
of quality within set procedurts. initiative for deliver
crediL tot the work. (Least Effective) to effectively balance quality
and deadlines, how to judge
Research areas such as how
might be bent or broken, whets rules or procedures
Learning and Development-_
Develops and in’:prooes personal
skills and knowledge of the
l,’?tl
7
its SUCCTLDIYG IN SITUAI ION4L JUDGLMEh F I FSl EELIPv lb U UIObAL JIIDGEHEN’I ‘11 sl S

organi stion Ofl. 15 en ir ninent. 1< ea[ch areas such as gener 1 11

se1f—iniproverne
tcc”r goes. selt motluat en, how o learn from mistakes, how to seek teudback fran
ol1eagues, hw an organisation can use its learning cspital
—
Prioritising and Organising Pnontise., Pie mod unportarit tasks, works Jiexthiy and Ort’ue
055 vi worelcad ejjiciently Research areas suds as project management locks and trd..
niques, how to p ‘oriti a effectively, hoss to dsstmgua ‘h the important fron the urgent
how to respond to hifbrig deadlines and goalposts, when and how to d lugate.
—
Resilience P mains effective under a hea cy workload, handies erg’ ,i iitional frustrifwtu
posiwelij and a hcpts to a chan rig work nwironment. Re arch area such a how to t
ca rn csnOr pro sure, hoo to keen an optinustac outlos, boss t rospond to cr’ti 4
l’w balance work and home life, hew to cope with smoiguity
Working with Others Works cc operatively with others :n teams an ii rose vrI’inrsat:c’o,
boundaries and r’sprcts differczice’ between people Rosea cli areas ch as eftective team
working, working acioss organis banal boundaries, how to support others
However, it should be not d that this will be a lot of b kground work and ‘I would
be unioalistic to expect to become an expert in all of these areas tin to the assessment
if you are not aircacly. A b tter tactic might be to decid which one or two competency
areas are yost puma areas for development and focus upon these.
between handing responsibility for discussing an issue to your superior or discussin
an issue with another parry face-to-face, it is likely that the latter opt.ti-i will ho pre
ferrd.
internal Issues: In a situation involving a rnnfi lot, try to look for options that favour
keeping a Certain issue in-house and involve only those affected by ii, your loyalty to
yoer unit or institution is highly valued.
Stay Positive: When faced with a problem that may be resolved by making someone
take the blame, avoid the temptation and try to act as fair as possible even if that
means a disarlvontage for you in the short term.
ugh the primary focus of situationabjudgement tests is not your tactuci knowledge
f
0 b.i procedures or adminitrattve practice, it is advisable tO read through the Code of
Cocci Administrative Buhoviour of EU officials. This includes fundamental principles
5
oh as lawtuiness, proportionality, non-discrimination, consistency, objectivity and
0
thers which can indirectly help fr your judgement of the questions. Another valuable
source is EPSO’s very own statement of the values based on which it aims to conduct its
mission : integrity, ambition, professionalism, quality service, diversity and respect. If
you hear these in mind when making your “situational judgement”, it will surely yield
the best result.

Lips for the As,s’nent irselr

Itt the follotvf rig pages, you can find a aasriple situational judgerrient Test with detailed expla
Several tips ment oned in the verbal seasoning chapter can be since afully aj plied for natfons, based on EPSO’a competency framework.
SJTs as woll. Review arid adapt those hints to match thu specialtu s of Sf1
Read Everything. Read the sccnarro and es h nf he possible inswers fully before 1
responding. You may find that the answer that originally seemed to he the best doe,
riot turn o ito be upon closer inspection. Remember that the options win be carefuy
worded arid watch out for subtle differences in wording that could differentiate a
truly exceptional response fiom ar, adequate one. If possible, try to judge which EPSO.
competency is being asussed so you have a good idea about what qualities they will
be looking for you to emphasise.
• Relative Answers: Bear in mind that you are being asked to mak relative judgements.l”
you are not asked to say which courses of action are right or wrong In other word
1
you may find that all of the possible responses are appropriate to some degree. In this
case, just rank them in order of appropriateness to help you mae the “most effective”
and “least effective” decision. ‘

• Limited Context: As with verbal reasoning exams, ti- not to brIng in outside knowl-’
edge base your responses soely on the information contain d u.-itiun the scenariO
itself. This is because your outside experien e may colour your response in a way th
means it is not relevant to the question being pos d, ‘10 take a light-hcarted example,
you may know that a your team at work, they are all I ugc fan’ of pi as and he e
fore this would be a good way of motiV ting them Howeve , in the SJT test item,’
there i-nay be no referonce to this and the best way to motivate a team may well be to
give a motivational talk. ‘I herelere, your outside experience might negatively impact
on your ability to perform well in the test.
• Outcome Focus: Take the time to consider what the possible outconies would be, both
positive and negative, of each of the courses of action you are considering. This will i
help you to narrow down the choices.
• Comimmication is Key: When a situation is described where you need to choc5e
 ‘“Sm,
,sfPLLs1rLLD’lO?JALJUDGIfL\n’yLs ‘ ‘
‘ ci IILES2rLLIJ’lO”JlLJlJn(’FM \“rmsr
a: it if?

S1PLF SITuATIoNAL JUDGLMENT TEST round an eiriail that outlines your alternative idea afterwards, asking for feedback and whether
you could call a subsequent meeting to discusa.
In w n ,le situt:na’ 0rtu0 rOnc test, you wil he pieseile with eight
differetttslh with the ort’er person’s idea, as it is the groun cottser.st:a derision. Hn’.’s’t
ci tions ohio ‘
0 with s t ut four possible courses of action for each lnsto d o do somo preparation in dance to utautige the fall-out when ttungs go wrong.
prusith
tog a comprehen i-ce to t thst ould evaluate your on ripe rcy
wcalmnssse lwhtcb mc anyw’av c’ose to impossibhi withon, a profess:cnal stronliths and r ii sotte ho t tnk up the in t’ mg you ettte ci cdv and firmly ti at 1 1st you wt r ste a
assessr’s per
aonttl feodback or a dy t ernie evaluation tool), the goal is to givo yin. a feel for wh,.t other person’s kia hs merit, there are corns drawbacks and you woubi like to siggea:
u arc like o when f cmli lb real exam you can focus more on the conten tLs tdrmarnati,e. Cuen proceed to give yocr views.
and not
be surprised by the form.
At, rt [rum the hints and techniques suggested above, we would ci o recommend Situation Three
,‘ou try to tdemttit,i s, ush IPSO comsmpe entry is being aaasaetl before choosing 000 U-ott
1
0
5t’ntt that you erswo:-b.g as part of s:mmsns to discusshns’ to resolve apruicero. that has o
you U-unit would be the mu I ci traCks nd one option that would he the least 5
curied swum
comae nt action in each situation. Thc above It I of competertc’ies shuuld help destrahlç ral system Time conversation seems to be going nowhere, with lots of people suggesting their own
you propotly
under hind th 0 dec tIed chcractsrmstics of inch competency and thus asstat in melong sdutions but no-uric listening Aboot halfway throogh you notice that the technical expert who was
yotr respO5’ fui ‘its problem has been quiet for most of the meeting, only contributing the
ci oice The mason I recommend this approach is thai this will help you
to tous ‘uur occss:onai
fact when asked by others. ‘iou i-now he is shy as you have worked wiihhirn fore while, bitt
response on th corraL ire that of asxuntirmg a dtfferent ont’xt fit it might load to ruts you hit
truLcrprteta iott As tin 1 nOte, lIt ye written these scen’Lics rt that they initimly feel he could be cc.niniboting more. What do you do?
re likely to mma
‘ 15-‘
ore some of ti-i qu hUes looked tot under each of the FPsO corerputenunc
Hosvevor, there p Orals ,m,i feLl t o a 1 tecirig its oblech C inn ‘sri r -, ‘,rt i c,,
are no, necessarily tire exact formal y u will face as the nut-shot- of anaw ‘r cpmons I u e
dttai a rntght t.hsnge. This novt.rtheless does tint fit-c the core sde and mLthodoloy oother Sorrmnmerise st-hat has been discussed and then say that you want to incise sure that everyone

SJ’ls, o tho sdmple Ic Is below slsttuld prove helpful whatever the fin, 1 EPSO o views are heard. ‘then ask for the technical expert’s views directly in front of the rest of the
group.
fttrmat 1w Ii. Make a note of tire fart that the tedsnical export not only caused the prtmblem, hut was alsj
unhelpful in resolving the issue. Feed this back to him and his superior iollov’i.xtg th
Situation One meeting.
C. Ask him for his views immediately and assertively. The meeting is already halfway through
a
‘m’rtu a a st’hecl’rled to ion new unit next week, havmnts requested a uaissfer
teen ynul current role and you do not wish to waste any more time on discussions that might be irrelevant.
a you had begun to feet as it your work Was becoming rather predictable ud
a dttll you crc luokinb ii. Stggest that the gruup pause for a moment and refocus on the purpose of the meeting
rward to iour new mis, hut are aw ire that there ace sums ateac of knowledge that
you n d to work Then
ask it anyone would like to comment on what we have covered so far whilit looking at the
on in ordi r to pcrform effc crtvely There is no formal induction
rmroce into tha new mIt. Which of. tech
inc following ste you nt,.tst likely to do’ nical expert in the hope that they will take the opportunity to speak.

A ‘maim sushI you begin in toe nest tule a’, toe have aiway lean t btst
“rim, lit rob” ii ti-c’ pa Situation Foatr
I’ -
tin
pt k to othar people who cc t by do the n w ob to fmod ut wh t they nrnk i
ortai tin You are new to the role and one ol visor team members comes to you for
knists ‘then plan your leamntng acccrmnb
1
y’ an urgent decision
Apparently, they are in a heated debate with someone from another team about the
Meet with your new u’mper’s— I,, ems usc where your smre,ttt’ .un-,,i ‘ssakness.s best way to
moss i’m’ ‘nd titan L’nplernent a new piece of sotrst’are. Your team member has presented you with
a large amount ot
p1 o your I ann ,u u. srdmngly information that they say backs up their case and asks you to give them you.r support
at a protect
meeting tomorrow. What do you do next?
cVC,
-u v,mo aliismrfy hoe nine idea u’ where you need to s-a, hrgti iess,,icb on tne’,e crew
stmmmght way to u’id tat trig up other peopin’s tititi’ A. Demonstrate your faith iii your team member’s judgement and promise to give your fuH sup
port at tlse meeting.
Situation Two B. Ask if the nteeting can be postponed so that you have a chanre to look
through the informatmun
You am’ tm a meeting, ti”mng Lu get vtmm.mr poust of view hsaid, when and analyse it in more detail hefore arriving at a decision about what to do.
another person interrupts yutt
savirtg that you are “ttlkimg noose we’ irmd lit n puts forward him, C. Go and see the individual from the other team
views instead ‘lht’ g oup till agies to get their side of the story before nicking tip
with tin. o 1 or p rson’s cl a even thou
15
lt you did not fia-usl decor bits yours and you fe I t still has your mind about what to do.
nmerit. Moreover, the other person’s pian has somo obvious flats’s
The gioup is about to rmtm.mve onto
enatySing
cnutiter topic of conversation, what are you most likely to do’ ft. Start from scratch in tire siruation for yourself ant! see if you cart suggest something
that increts both pertys needs.
Sit e U 1 you ltksw’ c’ eel th t U nIh r person’s id is “moat onto”
a well an lb t tilts
haItI 1 .n-em’
, ted m .o mdcl
5
, Ire rrgLt have had a chance to lmea’ your idea Ca well ttsc’r ‘sro
iCOn to gmvs ycum vows
S:tuation Five
It ,
‘
You are Ieeduitg a tearmi that ss feeling quite overworked due
tic moup ts bout to nsnv ott, don’t lo d tip the tsseetsmsg b’m disagi
ecumg not hut and to stretchtng 4eadhtnes mind sheer
-- quantity of work. ‘iou have managed them for quite a while snd have developed
a friendly, infor
relationship w’ih its menbera. Rerently, a new head of cusin joined u’ho you report
to. They
 cL’IPLE lrwtriO\’AL JUDGE 1LT1fg
7 ‘\JPLL 1U!AFIoYALjLiLhL\1LV1 E5r

have ju I wict you ik you need to

gise your team a thOon I tasks to coup1 te by the end at the
month and al a that it a of their benetits, uch as free lunches on a 1 nd ‘, wtll rued to be Situation I- ight
stopped flow would you appioach th situe on’ you ate spa thie or corptlttig ti result of an in , ortat opinion cur It L, turin p
i- oind schedule and you are due to present the f’no i’,c in to ci cia, s’ ttrr.e the n’ ta rite ni
A Convoy alt the ole_sages rri’i our new hcd o’ oit verhartm. Retisc to enter nt deLte Oil -

tb ream nd rastatit your position caltrdy but hnrdv, it:riy basic data entry with some aimrie ralculattonc requbed to per averege scores ‘i,ri’aee
‘
, e a liD di”r ccci Ire ico2cr echaucted, your ci_nerior is assay or ho dc, e.td u r,
0
ii Con ey the nessake from your - ow sup tot but apologetically, to vou teCO Recommend t SiLo i 1 bud t Lu l nd How d you ar p oat Is the situation’
them Ii tt they arc pt t ted anci ith Ii I fri a fur thee ko of their ar r, W 1 your own,
cud o situ I n ext inpor y memb r of ft ens w v rd worry ahoc, ‘he u
C Talk to ii” teams formally about the state of then g rusation tog nets! Lof te movino on to dis ,atet. deliverirg the pioje I on tinic is the mo t intortent t tate
CU s th
0 chosgee Si at need to be maOe Listen to the:r vtews and one’ support where F osoo
S ale b rite a if Ire roie’ nd repor Ori v, hat ou have h,-eo aie ta cum title
availaH rinse tt.et’ ‘ e a
ID Hold Lc’k barr al-tog ta inessagni u”t,l toe wo”idoad Las li__cened a ithe instead. tot a nit toitowup presentation at a later nate mat cove”” subsertuent
toe exits work yourself and fund the Fr day lunch from 5uIar osert pit kit in order .o void woik
d roattva’tng the te, m.
Was-k ad to a] ho uu elf to otdcr to get th data enter ci, even if you aire dy I as ye
busy Liti_ul
SituaDon Six
p Sue if e,’me extra reCount ‘“ asat.,.hte from another Lean, to help sv’r’o th
5 data enrry
You have nst been given ie;ponstlubty tar ox erseeing a special project team that has been put
together lit work on a large piece o tr inslatton work aver the next 6 months ‘iou have werke,t
wtth everyone betore and you feel you know their treogths and weakne so They are all liar I
“ A
work and you are onfid nt the)’ Is ye th motivation to do an cxc lient 1 ob However, you do .i-xnswe s w I Ex p 1 a ‘

1
know that the comnussioning client is likely to change the specificattots at the pm
eet as tim pro
gresses, so you want to keep things flexible. How would you approach the management et the
teen,?
Situation One
A. Cat ter the team to the’- at the tart and reitera’e tb’ fatth you have in dtet a xi ty to ci lvcr.
Avoid patrontstng their, by telling them exsntly what t expect ci of Ihen’ A, br r gular
dates from them and hold ad ho meetings to check on prugtess EPSO Contpeteucy: Lettrning and Development

-
3 Identify the key milestones, risks and coroinbencie facing the prnlect to partoe”ship with the Which did you llttitk it.’ere the most and least destrable courses efaunon?
team and pith together a forma
t prolect plan that you can all refer to as the proei-t probresses. L..._______
C. Instruct the team to begin by working towards the first deadline target, without looking too fat ‘ ,
.

into the ft. tore so that you can r s ond flexibly to the cltent’s changing requests
ID. Otart with a broad plan, but thin “range one-to-one rneetrngs with every team member Ott C
dts!y basis in order to cheek on progress and assign new tasks and responsibti.tes as they
atrt e from the client
Situation Seven
Yoci Itave been asked by your superior to give a pres oration o some senior stikeholders ,,bout a
piece of work you were responsible for delivering What would he the most tmportsnt pelt at your
preparation?
A. Try to understand more about what the settler stakeholders are intrres,ed mao that yet can
adapt your presentation stilt.
-
13 Reltearse your presentation with a cotteague a number o tubes until you teat completely
fident in its cIetisery.
C. Try to identify the key mecsttges you wish to delis-er and then plan hots’ to convey these ehi’arly
and concisely.
‘ihe most apptoprtatc arsw ‘r in this case is Option C. By understanding where your
ticngth and weal us -cc lie and getting an expert opinion on thia too, you will have the
ideal base upon which to plan your developtnent. You new superior is the ideal source,
,,‘
t1-hough you may also ge some input from your curreist superior to help the discussion.
. Option B mtght he uceful, but the advice is likely to be quite general, rather than
applied to you spec-heally. Also, the people in the job may not be performing all the
tasks ui thi_ way in which the he d of unit wishes them to be performed.
Option A totay b a possibility, especially it you have a preference for active learning.
., Howev p this should follow from Option C, not replace it. It alan reflects a rather ad hoc
-
appioaeh to personal development, rather than a planned, well considered one.
us’ choosing Optiois D, You will have missed out on the valuable chance to have your
“‘ss’n opitston on what to develop validated or challenged by another, therefore this is
likely to be the loast effective course of action. Ruling out this course of action because it
, may take up peopi a limo before you have even checked with them is a missed oppcr
mIt-
tunity

-
ID. Do sow,e research into the kind of props you could i e to make Ito pro entation inure mIen
five in order to really capture the audience’s attention
 __
__
_
_____ ___— -

1 0
Sb IPLE Sill IT1O\4LjUDGIML
‘TTp r’ ,l 4MPTE SITU lOis tL fL C1MLVL TESI

Situation Two
Situatton Four
EPSO Co’opeteniy. Re jijc’flcS
and
TPSI) Cornpetericii: An,iiwsis Problem Stcli
5
Vticnhi-yiu 11 ii a lb in 0 i iii
1
ci iat lesnab’r curses ojtcturi’
— Ii i,iihikur tern cot I kit drdko’ as c

-
-
Ti- inus a ropriute ,,n_v’er in this
csse is Option D It nernonstratc cat ics
not orcy come back agatr’-t a chaien-’e 0mm ,w inost i’Pecuvc it on xi this cae L Opti
that everyone el chas agreed with
-‘
so inc ri tin and inca cx cd ma cneo on B It is likel, to h unreali tic for
It will be far more efficient to raise the , but also to do ac a north judgen-’ex ‘ tore) ou have revie
,ou
point now, -, ‘,‘ tiwre
it it means extending the i leeting, as it en wed the evidence and it sounds iikt
ores all subccjuen
t discus, ions are r b not only complex dat analjse, but also some interna’ polit
Option A is I’kely o simply cause
antagonism by being equally rude levent r tOng a occlusion Ti-etc does not see ii to ics to consider betore
isllhough ,‘our view’, will be heard ii’ return. besides the scheduled meeting, and there be an urge nt dead ltn tjr a decision,
by the group, L cy will also note
‘,
0 otto ii -oid 1ny hesit your eoiohorisj fore a delay would probabl be acce
ate about engaging w’th you cr chall The least effective is Option A: this shoe ptable.
,‘“
enging you in the tixture . s e:hap a tendency to shy away
Addii axially, the pun-con you were origi
nally in conf lict with may then feel oblig ,ocoi)’SiS at d does not take indo
account th possible biases of your teem from detauco
argue back bat because of the approach
you adopted, in order to 5 d to “ tenting the Hews to you Althougl it may members bc pm
ma
a inin his pride., ‘,“rt demonstrate cmwa enng Ioya ty to
Option B m iy be acceptable, depe it may result in a lea’- than optim your Ic in,
—
boss gmater resilience to addicas the
nding upon the tim SCalea avail ble,
but i would um outcome especia lly cons ideri ng
issue there and then, taLC to face ,* ro e and you pr sumably 1,riow little about you are new to the
rxsic of the rest of the meeting bein It also ‘una the your teem mem ber trust‘worthiness io dat
g unpr Option C woul’i be a pot or ally good
‘
comae of action at some point, as
icc tint thc altornatcve idea will bc adop o uctive because it will b- be ed oit the prem-
ted tot only give ‘on a bala iced vice, but also build it will he
p
1
However, Option C i probably the “: bridg es with die othe
-
least desir blc a In c i e you to, 0cC conthet, However, to
o wan cot re preteci’s success i’- at tick f lcd to peak o it, go and see them before having tmrst revier team aa d help
Opti on C almo st iii mher’s documentation and wed your team
reels Ito’ von arc gob ix,’ your doing some preparation may result
own back on the ot r person 1 thto
, h u spite. it al o show a tendency to ”’’ ml’ f ct to Ii. nd Therchimm it wou in you not havo g all
,
oniruo ,inon, e.lxi n vhoe.’S a lack ho away fro o x ld lie betti-i to do Option B first,
of personal conri’lence Option 0 i’- a pos iomlttt u you had
-‘
a lot of time, bitt u seems an uneconon
-—
problem rOving mr ci lot of ii- ro arch icai iv yo
ha already been conducted. It
would he better to
-
‘pi’alise on tin e\istircg ‘nlorrnattnn, even
it it is hi sed, end then once you
Situation Three x’ the vii nec you can
lien den Ic it a nil analysis from scrat ha ‘a i vi iii’,
I -
, ch is required or nut.
EPSO Compefncy. 6
Vcor-‘a
kin lSith Others E,._,,_,,
--

Wild did paid bin’ war the most aol least m Situation ieee
des
’be tni ceursas of action ‘
-
-

fl’sO Competc’ncy: I ‘ixdarshmp

-
Tb., n ,st inpropnau an wer
xi
in thi’ case is Option A By pausing 1 lit Ii dirt you think were most ana
marising, this give’- the chan the meeting am. sum- 1 a t d amble uisrses ,fnti ‘- -
ce to ensure everyone has the Same L
—
-
under tending so far
-
and also aloe.s a pause fo” th 0 technical expert to spmk Cho
demon ti-atea empathy on your part, osing mil’tion A not on)y;
it also howe a c itumn dr ye
achieve its gols. to help the t sm “ ‘IN’ trios approp mate anoi, e ui this
ease is Option C, which show
Option B shows “ix real aiten pm
to aid the team working process and dc-liver tough messages when nece s you are
least desirable option. It also abdi
cates responsibility for resolving i thexefore the i port where possible. You iso give
ssary but are also open to listening and piepared
ofteiing sup-
den yourself svhich would have the issue there iid - tie organisation is taxing so that
credit to the teem by talking abou
t the wider issues
aided the team-working p o ess they undeistnd the rationale for
Optson C shows a certain lack of Although it represents a very infor the decision.
set’ this action luCy embarmass him appreciation for the technical expert’s current mind- mal, friendly approach, Option B does
I ci tented man
agement front to the team and not pres 01
trig ton exposed lnuoducing a pausand,or lead to him being unable to contribute by feel )i,
e in proceedings and than asking thc team worried doe to your refer is unlik ely to muti vate them It may make
ID contribute in a non-threa
oning way the techn ical expe rt get back to your new man
ence to their careers being in jeopardy
Also, it snay
ager and muse problems in your relat
Option I) is unumkeiv lobe succesafu shows far greate emotional intelligence Option A shosvs that you ate prep ionship.
techsoc.i i ‘cperr is so shy
i as it seems from the scenario intor
mati ‘in th I the ared to deliv er toug h mess ages and direction but it
or embarrassed they may is such s shift tram youi
u ual style, it is likely to caus
Mote d’rct .,tio is need not pick up on you en it 4 speak , e the learn to question your bchav
ed to encourage their contribut Nor and feel uncttied as
ion a result the lact that you are unw
illing to debate means th
the tea tar unable to even
vent thei frustrations and feeli
note likely to do so to each othe ngs to you and are theretore
r. it yin do not know how ye t team i are
0 well placed to x cal witi it, feeling you are
 eli
Iti
SAAIILF slrLL4rro\ LJUDCLfLvj
IL dl I47t-OAI JUDCLlLTfl SI

0
j n-ri U L ic e t r as it aid oid Lu ther cm—rio vi ion u L 0 sho tcrin ho
.
the team is 5 ready Ictl og over won od so tOts Option B is ill b. userul hi pta thing t to prescritatlon
n unlikely to turn thit a mind
into a it vnlt 1 Ore I
is od ri t a o sh 05 C 10 V Jiness to dehaer uent on toe dv H iwes the q iestl in asks lot the so t tmpori t
tl. part itt y ur repa
tough mess igcs froii tnt topmob
cuse you difocuines i your now head of u sit
tout-i out \ou are likely to -intl ration and in this casc piactice is net the key element
more tired at d sb-os ad due to he extra ssork is heeot- Option C w II ales be a critical stage in propan
hid s 11 red ice yr ir elIcits Cries ini to give 1 e presentatioi LI de
eec or fo tites c sot- Option I) is pro abiy
the iest desir h e sa 5
tridii g your key nies.agLs will dictate the cnttire
es stun hire of your presoniatin
Hots C like Opson B emeinber the question asks for
the rims important part u yet
p cpa °fl
how
Option C is sornethit g you would do after
)ntuairon Six you present your key friessages Option A which would help to
Option D may or n-u-iy rot ‘-se usciul depending
EPSO Cony. efrticy Prroritzsing and Organi
sing -iudiences will is clcome suris aids to maintaining upon sshat Option A ies eels sonic
mnteres for other audiences it se ill be
pt rceived as poe sbly pa root
It iii It or fit-ne wasting Us ii you know more
,j
hink er non I inch i I i qt if at-cr I whit
our it diet-ice want to ge out o the discussion you
will not know whethet auth t-irops
will be useful so Option D is prohally the least appr
ipria e in ti-us instance
‘7en-ernhtr all phone can he desirable there
won t else ays be an obviously Si tong
i:fS/ tesponse!
1
TI-i roost tpropIie e answs t thi case
is Option B Despito the tact that project
likely to change in ordcr to stand the best
chance of succeashul dehveiy an
scope is
plan vith m,lestones risks arid cc’ntlrigerici initial SitUation 1- ç
5
.ht
1
cts is required By mvolvtng the pi eject piojcct
only will you tormuulate a bettes plan hut you teat-n not
will
s -slus’ their expcrtise You can always build contingain their buy in to it and show how you
gencie s mm the pier ± em an early LPSO Coin pete new Deltoeruy.g Quality and
Rults
to tiy and prc—empt any dilhculties ta a
W tilt lid you think in ru the u-ninf arid I cut desirab
l course of ii
Option A reflects too much of a relaxed i i C’
approa ch and this lack of nlaoniog is likely I
lesa to difticukos later on du
to a lack ot uarty Os er de to [___
this to ic-sd to your team feeling empow t
is e isles Whilst you ri
ered it is actually likely to make them sy expect
—
d iecborucas and therefore possibly demot feel a little
rsated
Option C’ reflects a very short tern-oat approaand cert-tinly less productive The most appropriate answer in this case
ch It may mean that some is Option TI If extra cesouice is asaulable
to p1-inning but f s ould be more
effeJ e to cons der all tle teps require tin-te is ,aved -it-other team this shoulci help to ensc.re Corn
the deadline is met and with no additio
ic the rtlflm-tte oojedise rather titan dciii d in thc c-id up trip1 catiOris It the extra resource is riot availab rtat Los
“g with each in isclation Without a ‘tess or hut le you ase st-ui free to pursue one
biggcr pictuse t is impossible to plan et-fect other options 1r-icanin tniat this goes ycu the of the
ively for each stage ii isolatior
titeiciore piooab y the lrust eitec we course Option C is
ot acO’
Despite demonstrating dose and determ most possible flexibili v
nation Option C rusts the risks of
Option TI reflects a micro management
approa I- tog msde due to hatiguc There is the additio eiiors
hers too a la ch thai ii likely to noki the tcim mom nal risk that tie other work you h
of e’-tspowu rment as ti all as taking the go will also suffer as a result Therafoie on
op a lot of your tOne Ify Cu are this answer tolls down on the quality
tO it rogul ule with your team and meetin6 ispects locus
I
issuing frequent changes of direction
mv escoe Fm tuation better to meet 1es or new tasks this Choosing Option B means that you tail
t equently arid have tunic to to del vet- th proje t ohjectiv 1 net-C
ceciback F em the commissioning client consolidate all the inoiestion that ti-us course of actton is no
into coherent larger pieces of inform will be aceptable in the scenario and it
could be fed back to all e —
at a g teem meeting
ation that be unsatistactory to the stakeholders is likely to
therefore it is probably the least apro
answer j ri te
,
Option A hoses initiative and should get
St tuafiost Seven cli Ince of rn stacs than woi king
the project delivered on tune end seith
less
extra hours yet irseif (although
h fully briefed) 1-loss ever the extra a temp will still need ti
budget goes bcyorud thereto o tie project
EPSO Competency: Cornrnunieti hug is therefore not an idcsl it tuon as you is ill not I- as e ivorke an lb a
ti-es. d wstnun the project obje
\tt C” ci I you f/tin o i-i 11 a ruts’ a sri least ‘it’ rout- s cf I

he most ipyropni Ic an seer it-’ this

case us Option A I inding out wh it
s a ts get om ou prose it lion still utforrn you audictuce
ii is important to he ill of your subscouent prepailtion so
cit at on thus first For example they
detailed breakdown of financials, or may be interested
iust a quick high-level overview, TI-icy in a highly
has e tn-c to is yea ots os gut shone may wish to
ci tney in sy just wish you
then they will go ne ‘u
5
’ ‘torI discuss to present to ti em sod

.fff