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UK #2 SOLUTION “SOUND”

PHYSICS NAT+ GR. VIII (TIRTAMARTA – BPK PENABUR) MARCH 4, 2011


1. Sound travels slowest in this medium:
a. the ground c. water
b. vacuum d. air
Sound travels at different speeds depending on what it is traveling through. Of the three mediums (gas, liquid, and solid) sound
waves travel the slowest through gases, faster through liquids, and fastest through solids.
Temperature also affects the speed of sound.

2. Which of the following is the frequency range of the Little Brown Bat (Myotis lucifugus):
a. 20 kHz – 200 kHz c. 0.2 kHz – 2 kHz
b. 2 kHz – 20 kHz c. 0.02 kHz – 0.2 kHz

The term "ultrasonic" applied to sound refers to anything above the frequencies of audible sound, nominally includes anything over
20,000 Hz. Sounds in the range 20 – 100 kHz are commonly used for communication and navigation by bats, dolphins, and some
other species.

3. The loudness and softness of a sound depends on:


a. periods c. frequency
b. amplitude d. speed of sound
Amplitude is Loudness

4. Carpeting, wood panelling and acoustic foam are widely used to soundproof big concert halls in order to prevent:
a. echo c. reverberation
b. rustle d. timbre
Reverberation is basically all of the echoes in a room combined, and in small areas such as music halls, concert halls, and other
enclosed spaces. In theory, a reverberation, is created when a sound is produced in an enclosed space causing a large number of
echoes to build up and then slowly decay as the sound is absorbed by the walls and air. Soundproofing is used to absorb
reverberation so sound can be heard clearly by listening audience.

5. The following factors influence the speed of sound in the air, except:
a. amplitude c. period
b. frequency d. temperature
Using v = λ f and v = 332 + 0.6 T – it can be concluded that speed of sound in the air is influenced by the following parameters:
wavelength, frequency, period, and temperature.

6. Whales, elephants and giraffes are known to communicate over distances because they have the frequency range of:
a. more than 20 Hz (ultrasonic) c. less than 20 kHz (ultrasonic)
b. less than 20 Hz (infrasonic) d. more than 20 kHz (infrasonic)

Whales, elephants, hippopotamuses, rhinoceros, giraffes, okapi, and alligators are known to use infrasound to communicate over
distances—up to hundreds of miles in the case of whales. It has also been suggested that migrating birds use naturally generated
infrasound, from sources such as turbulent airflow over mountain ranges, as a navigational aid. Elephants, in particular, produce
infrasound waves that travel through solid ground and are sensed by other herds using their feet, although they may be separated by
hundreds of kilometres.
7. A physicist who uses sonometer to study the vibrations produced by sound is:
a. Doppler c. Alexander Graham Bell
b. Mersenne d. Bernoulli
A sonometer demonstrates the relationship between the frequency of the sound produced by a plucked string, and the tension,
length and density of the string. These relationships are usually called Mersenne's laws after Marin Mersenne (1588-1648), who
investigated and codified them. You should be well aware that as you tighten a guitar string its pitch (sound frequency) increases;
and the thick strings wound with copper produce a lower frequency than the lighweight steel or nylon ones. This is the basis of
Mersenne's Law: the fundamental frequency of a vibrating string is proportional to the square root of the tension and inversely
proportional both to the length and the square root of the cross-sectional area and density of the string.

8. One of the phenomena that demonstrate the advantage of resonance in real life is:
a. the sound produced by tom-tom c. the collapsing of Tacoma Bridge
b. the breaking of a crystal glass d. detecting pressure in an air column
Resonance is an advantage if used for producing audible sound; tom-tom is traditionally used to call up and notify a whole village.

9. Reflective sound with only part of the original sound captured by a listening observer is called:
a. reverberation c. echo
b. tone d. timbre
Reverberation would occur in enclosed spaces whereas echoes occur when a sound is reflected over some distances. Therefore, when
reverberation happens, one would hear “se – ra” instead of “senora – senora” because due to small space the sound would travel
faster and one can only hear the first and last part of the reverb sound.

10. The difference between an echo and a rustle is:


a. its distance to the sound source c. its frequency and amplitude
b. its distance to a reflecting wall d. the whole words heard by a listening observer
Both echo and rustle have frequency and amplitudes that would differ from each other. Rustle is an irregular-frequency sound and
usually produce softer sound such as the rustling of the wind, hence the lower amplitude.

11. An Italian opera singer is trying to pronounce “senora” inside a concert hall; the audience would hear the following:
a. see --- nor c. senora
b. se --- ra d. senora – senora
Reverberation occurs in enclosed spaces such as a concert hall, thus “senora” would produce “se – ra” instead of “senora-senora”
(see explanation #9 above)

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12. The pair of pendulums from the picture below that resonates with each other is:

E
A C

a. A and B c. B and E
b. C and D d. A and C

Resonance occurs when one object vibrates at the same natural frequency of a second object and forces that second object into
vibrational motion. The result of resonance is always a large vibration. A and C both are of the same length, and thus based on
Mersenne’s Law would have the same frequency.

13. Calculate the wavelength of a sound wave that is produced by a source vibrating with a frequency of 170 Hz! (The
speed of sound in the air is 340 m/s):
a. 2 cm c. 200 cm
b. 20 cm d. 2,000 cm

v = λ f, thus: wavelength (λ) = v =


340 m/s
= 2 m or 200 cm
f 170 Hz

14. Two strings A and B of length of 35 cm and 70 cm, respectively, would produce frequency of 500 Hz for string B. Other
things (strength, area, and density) being constant, find frequency of string A!
a. 100 Hz c. 1,000 Hz
b. 250 Hz d. 2,500 Hz
1 F
f= , where F, A and ρ are constant (cancels each other), thus:
2l Aρ ×

fA 1 / lstring A 500 Hz 1/(35 cm) 500 Hz (70 cm) 500 Hz ⋅ (35 cm)
=  =  =  fB = = 250 Hz
fB 1 / lstring B fB 1/(70 cm) fB (35 cm) (70 cm)

15. Two strings A and B of frequency 150 Hz and 300 Hz, respectively, are plucked together with a tension force of 25 N on
string A. Other parameters being constant, tension force of string B is:
a. 100 N c. 1,000 N
b. 250 N d. 2,500 N
1 F
f= , where l, A and ρ are constant (cancels each other), thus:
2l Aρ ×

fA FA 150 Hz 25 N 150 Hz 5N 5 N ⋅ (300 Hz)


=  =  =  fB = = 100 N
fB FB 300 Hz FB 300 Hz FB (150 Hz)

16. If the frequency of note f is 200 Hz, the frequency of note a is:
a. 100 Hz c. 1,000 Hz
b. 250 Hz d. 2,500 Hz
do (c) re (d) mi (e) fa (f) so (g) la (a) ti (b) do (c')
pitch notes:
24 27 30 32 36 40 45 48
fA pitchF 200 Hz pitchF 200 Hz 32 200 Hz ⋅ (40)
=  =  =  fA = = 250 Hz
fB pitchA fA pitchA fA 40 (32)

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17. If the frequency of note b’ is 496 Hz, then the frequency of note b that is one octave lower is:
a. 103 Hz c. 248 Hz
b. 124 Hz d. 992 Hz
do (c) re (d) mi (e) fa (f) so (g) la (a) ti (b) do (c')
pitch notes:
24 27 30 32 36 40 45 48
fB ' 2 496 Hz 2 496 Hz ⋅ (1)
= (1 octave LOWER)  =  fB = = 248 Hz
fB 1 fB 1 (2)

18. Ratio of the pitch interval for note g and b is called:


a. octave c. fourths
b. thirds d. fifths
do (c) re (d) mi (e) fa (f) so (g) la (a) ti (b) do (c')
pitch notes:
24 27 30 32 36 40 45 48
fG 36 4
= =  thirds / terts (having 4:5 pitch interval)
fB 45 5

19. Infrasonic covers the frequency range of:


a. 15 Hz c. 25 Hz
b. 20 Hz d. 30 Hz
Infrasonic covers everything lower than 20 Hz

20. Sound travels fastest in the following medium:


a. Air at 30o C c. Air at 0o C
b. Air at 20o C d. Carbon gas
According to the formula v = 332 + 0.6 T the higher the temperature, the faster the speed of sound (sound travels faster in the
desert than in the North Pole!)

21. Wavelength of sound in the air with frequency of 480 Hz is 75 cm. If the speed of sound at 0oC is 332 m/s, then air
temperature at the time is:
a. 27oC c. 47oC
b. 37oC d. 57oC
According to the formula v = 332 + 0.6 T and v = λ f:
v = λ f = (75 cm)(480 Hz) = (0.75)(480 Hz) = 360 m/s
360 - 332
v = 332 + 0.6 T  360 = 332 + 0.6 T  T = = 46.67 oC ≈ 47 oC
0.6

22. Two tuning forks of frequency 420 Hz and 530 Hz, respectively, vibrate at the same time. If you know the speed of
sound in the air (which is constant), then:
a. the speed of sound of the first fork is faster than the second fork
b. the speed of sound of the first fork is slower than the second fork
c. the wavelength of the first fork is longer than the second fork
d. the amplitude of the first fork is smaller than the second fork

23. A boy and a girl are singing with the same frequency but producing different tones. This is due to:
a. different amplitudes c. different speed of sound
b. different overtones d. different rustle

24. A row of glasses with different volumes of water are sitting on a table. If the tip of each glasses is gently struck,
different sounds can be heard due to vibration of:
a. water inside the glasses c. the stick
b. the glasses d. air columns inside the glasses

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25. The two factors that affect the speed of sound in air are:
a. volume and mass of air c. temperature and humidity of air
b. humidity and mass of air d. temperature and volume of air
Temperature plays important role in sound waves, and the volume of air (not humidity) or the thickness of the air would influence
the compressions and rarefactions that would occur when sound is produced.

26. The speed of light is approximately ______ times greater than the speed of sound:
a. 104 c. 1010
b. 106 d. 1012
8
Light wave travels at a speed of approximately 3 X 10 whereas speed of sound is approximately 340 m/s. Therefore:
3x108 3x108 3
= = x 106
340 3.4x102 3.4

27. The following are the application of reflection of sound in real life, except:
a. finding heartbeat of human embryo c. finding cracks (tears) inside metal pipes
b. SONAR d. finding the height of a skycraper

28. An electromagnetic wave:


a. has no frequency c. travels through a medium
b. has no wavelength d. transfers energy
All waves transfer energy, but electromagnetic waves can travel without medium (or travels in vacuum), sunlight and radio waves
are one of the example.

29. The relationship between frequency and wavelength is:


a. f = v x λ c. f = λ / v
b. v = f x λ d. v = f / λ

30. The following parameters influence the existence of Doppler effect:


a. temperature and distance c. period and sound reflection
b. amplitude and temperature d. frequency and speed

ESSAY QUESTIONS
1) Based on Mersenne’s Law, list 4 (four) factors that would produce the character of sound of a violin string!

1 F
f= , or length, tension force, cross-sectional area and density.
2l Aρ ×
While frequency and amplitude contributes to sound characters, Mersenne’s Law constitutes of the above parameters.

2) Olin is strumming a guitar string made of Nylon, and Dhea is strumming hers made of Fiberx. If the density of Nylon is ¼
the density of Fiberx, and the frequency produced by Olin’s string is 200 Hz, find the frequency of Dhea’s (all other
parameters being constant)!

1 F
f= , where l, A and F are constant (cancels each other), and ρ Olin’s = ¼ ρ Dhea’s or ρ Dhea’s = 4 ρ Olin’s thus:
2l Aρ ×

1 1
fOlin 200 Hz ρOlin’s 1 1 2
= = = = =   100 Hz
fDhea fDhea 1 1 1 1
 
4ρOlin’s 4 2

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3) Find the distance between a hill wall and a canon that produces an echo after 12 seconds being fired from afar, if the
speed of sound in air is 340 m/s!
This is a reflection problem, so use the following formula:

2s v ⋅ t (340 m/s) ⋅ (12s)


v=  s= = = 2,040 m
t 2 2

If the sound made an incident angle of 30o off the hill wall, find the reflective angle!
Incident angle = reflective angle = 30o

4) Third resonance of a pipe organ has a speed of 336 m/s. If a tuning fork being used here has a frequency of 700 Hz, find
(a) the wavelength and (b) the height of air column produced by the pipe organ! (10 pts)

To find the wavelength (λ) use:


v (336 m/s)
v=λfλ= = = 0.48 m
f 700 Hz

For air column problem, use the following formula:


1 1
h = λ (2n-1)= (0.48) (2 ⋅ 3-1) = 0.6 m
4 4

Sources:
1) PHYSICS Bilingual for Year VIII (Penerbit Yudhistira)
2) Sains VIII – Fisika dan Kimia (Penerbit Intan Pariwara)
3) GCE ‘O’ Level PHYSICS Matters (Marshall Cavendish, Publisher)

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