▪ Compounding ▪ Conversion ▪ Coinage ▪ Backformation ▪ Blending TYPES OF WORD ▪ Acronym FORMATION ▪ Clipping PROCESS ▪ Borrowing ▪ Onomatopoeia ▪ Suppletion ▪ Reduplication ▪ Cliticization ▪ combine two or more morphemes to form new words ▪ The creation of a new word out of several existing ones ▪ Compounding is the process of putting words together to build a new one that ''does not denote two Compounding things, but one'' and that is ''pronounced as one unit'' ▪ Ex: -handbag=hand + bag; -wallpaper=wall + paper; -fingerprint=finger + print; What are the properties of compounds? Compounds consist of • a head (the right element, carrying the principal meaning) • and a modifier (the left element) ▪ Category change and functional shift ▪ A very productive process ▪ A noun becomes a verb - butter, vacation, bottle, chair, Conversion bread ▪ Verbs become nouns - guess, spy, throw Verbs become adjectives - see through, stand up ▪ Creating a completely new free morpheme ▪ the word formation process of inventing entirely new words. Coinage ▪ Ex: robotics (1941), genocide (1943), black hole (1968),blog, internet, google, Aspirine,Instagram, aqua. ▪ e-cruitment-online recruitment of employees; online submission of resumes and cover letters ▪ netbook–small laptop computer which weighs less than 3 pounds and has a 7 to 10 Some more inch screen examples ▪ notspot-an area where there is slow internet access or no connection at all ▪ slumdog-very poor, underprivileged person who lives in an overcrowded a slum ▪ A word (usually a noun) is reduced to form another word of a different type (usually a verb) ▪ nouns > verbs: reduction of nouns to form verbs e.g. editor → edit Backformation donation → donate burglar → burgle zipper → zip television → televise babysitter → babysit ▪ A blending is a combination of two or more words to create a new one, usually by taking the beginning of the other word and the end of the other one ▪ Ex: brunch =breakfast+ lunch Blending - motel = motor + hotel - smog = smoke + fog - transistor = transfer + resistor - emoticon = emotion + icon - webinar = web+ seminar ▪ Sitcom= situation + comedy; television series based on humorous everyday situations Some more example ▪ Netiquette=network + etiquette ▪ Netizen = internet+ citizen ▪ Drakor = Drama + korea ▪ are created by using the initial letters of a longer name or term which consists of several words. ▪ the new form is pronounced as a word (not just letters, then it‘s a simple abbreviation) ▪ Ex:
Acronym ▪ SCUBA -Self-Contained
Underwater Breathing Apparatus RADAR -Radio Detection And Ranging LASER –Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation ▪ shortening of a poly-syllabic word. ▪ are created by shortening an exisiting word ▪ Usually the first or stressed syllables are taken ▪ Types: back clipping, fore-clipping, middle and complex clipping
Clipping ▪ Ex: facsimile = fax
fanatic = fan telephone= phone gasoline = gas influenza = flu cable telegram= cablegram gym, lab, exam, math, prof. ▪ Borrowing is the process of actually borrowing words from foreign languages. ▪ The English language has been borrowing words from ''nearly a hundred languages in the last hundred years'‘
Borrowing ▪ The other way round, many
countries also have taken many English words into their dictionaries, such as the well- known “OK or internet” ▪ Most of the loan words are nouns, only some of them are verbs or adjectives. ▪ Latin: interim, memorandum, agenda, p.m. and a.m., sponsor. ▪ Greek : pneumonia, panorama, psychoanalysis, psychology, python ▪ French: bureau, café, chauffeur, abattoir, attaché, á la carte ▪ Sanskrit: chakra, mahatma, nirvana, musk ▪ Hindi -avatar, bungalow, jungle, pajamas, verandah, shampoo, yoga, pundit, cheetah ▪ This special type of word that depicts ''the sound associated with what is named'‘ ▪ words imitate sounds in nature (or in technology) ▪ Ex: oA dog: bow wow or woof-woof oA clock: tick-tock Onomatopoeia oA rooster: cock-a-doodle-doo oA camera: click oA duck: quack oA cat: meow oRing of a bell: ding-dong oA cow: moo oA bee: buzz oA snake: hiss ▪ Replacement of a morpheme with an entirely different morpheme in order to indicate a grammatical contrast. ▪ Example: Suppletion • be becomes is and are to show contrasts of subject • good becomes well to contrast the adverb with adjective ▪ Reduplication is marking of a grammatical or semantic contrast by repeating all or part of the base to which it applies. ▪ 2 types of reduplication: ▪ Full reduplication: repetition of a part of the base. Example: Rumah; rumah-rumah, anak; Reduplication anak-anak, tipu – tipu-tipu, yum yum, tick tick ▪ Partial reduplication: repetition of the entire base. Example: itsy bitsy, pepohonan, dedaunan, bebatuan, walkie talkie, ▪ Word that syntactically functions as a free morpheme, but phonetically appears as a bound morpheme. ▪ 2 types of clitics: ▪ Proclitics : are clitics that Cliticization attach to the front of a stem. Example: French; j’ai means “I have”. ▪ Enclitics: are clitics that attach at the end of a stem. Example: I’m, you’re, they’ll, they’ve.