Cátedra de Mecánica del Continuo – FI-UNER

Cursado: Primer cuatrimestre de 2008

Material de Estudio

Tema VI: Formulación diferencial del principio de momento lineal.

Ecuaciones constitutivas. Ec. de Navier-Stokes. Soluciones

Introducción

"

# $ % & ' (
) *+),#
-

# .
! / & -

# / ! . ! !
-

#
01 !
$ / & 0 ) 2
)
01

# 3 4 4 01
! 5 4
6 !5 4%
El Balance Diferencial de Cantidad de Movimiento o Ecuación Diferencial del
Movimiento
8
6 % % & '
6 * )9# *+),# !
* # :) *
#
* * # : ⋅ #"

ρ = ρ + ⋅ *;) #
* # * # * #

' 3 3 *+) ;# *+) <#

=
3 !
* ! ! #

ρ = ρ + ∇⋅
* # * #
* #
*;)7#
ρ − ρ −∇⋅ =>
* #

/
"

ρ − ρ −∇⋅ =>
*;)<#
ρ = ρ +∇⋅

)
$ '!
01

:Σ 3

7
 8

El Tensor de Tensiones Viscosas

Introducción

" * # :(

:( *;),#

* # * *+);## ?
!
!
"

τ≡ @ * # *;)+#

? *;)<#

ρ = ρ −∇ +∇⋅ *;);#

!
3

% τ '
=
!
3
A B
!

<
Análisis de deformaciones
' = ! C
3 A B
A B 8 3

@δ

@ ∂ G∂
@ δ* #

@ @ δ * @ # @ * @ ∂ G∂ #δ

5 ;) " * #

! 5 ;)
D 3
4 6 !
3
@ δ* # δ ' 5 ;)
3
3 /

∂
+δ* # = + + δ + δ −[ + δ ]
∂
*;)E#
∂
= + δ
∂

"

∂
δ* # = δ *;)F#
∂

,
/ * #
/ δ ! δ →>

δ* # * # ∂
= = *;)9#
δ →> δ ∂

@δ
@ ∂ G∂ * @ # J @ * @ ∂ G∂ #δ @ K

* # * @ δ #

5 ;)7"

C 5 ;)7 H
3

4 D 3

8
/
3 8 δ
! 3
γ ' 5 ;)7 "

∂
γ I γ = = + δ + δ −( + δ )
∂
∂
I δ *;) >#
∂
∂
I δ
∂

' δ !
δ → >"
+
 γ γ ∂
= = *;) #
δ →> δ ∂

% *;)9# ! *;) #
*∇ # !

"

∇ : G7 *∇ @ ∇ # @ G7 *∇ (∇ #

∇ : G7 *∇ @ ∇ # @ G7 *∇ ( ∇ #

∇ : @ *;) 7#

/ * ≡ G7 *∇ @ ∇ ## ! .
* ≡ G7 *∇ ( ∇ ## 6
* 8 87 #
A B
! A B*
8 8 ! 8 7 7#
) * 3 * # : ∇⋅
#

Ecuaciones constitutivas para fluidos

Introducción
% * #
3
/
* ! #

L
3 / ! .
!
D 3
;
 * #
!
6
. * τ# / * #

τ: * # *;) <#

3 ! !

Ley de la viscosidad de Newton

. !
! " 6 5 ;)<
A B 3

3 ! 3
% = 3 A B * A B#
0
3 !
3
4 6
3
∂ G∂ * # 8 *!
# ! '
* 3 #

/ * µ#

∂
τ =µ *;) ,#
∂

! !

E
 τ

∂
* # τ∝
∂

5 ;)<" 5 4

% 01 3 5
= "

• .
/

01

τ : *κ ( 7G< µ# * # @ 7 µ : *κ ( 7G< µ# *∇⋅ # @ µ J∇ @ *∇ # K *;) +#

τ # : *κ ( 7G< µ# $$ δ# @ 7 µ # : *κ ( 7G< µ# *∂ $G∂ $# δ # @ µ *∂ G∂ # @ ∂ #G∂ # *;) ;#

κ ! µ ! *
# ? *;)
+#

: J( @ *κ ( 7G< µ# * #K @ 7 µ : J( @ *κ ( 7G< µ# *∇⋅ #K @ µ J∇ @ *∇ # K *;) E#

τ # : J( @ *κ ( 7G< µ# $$K δ# @ 7 µ # : J( @ *κ ( 7G< µ# *∂ $G∂ $#K δ # @ µ *∂ G∂ # @ ∂ #G∂ #*;) F#

. 4 M 2 A? 5 & B N 6 % 9F <9 ,+

F
' *;) E# ! *;) F# '! 01 G 2

* ! # 6
* ! #
4 !
*;) +# ! %! "

*&# "

(& ≡ G< * # *;) 9#

(& : G< O< J( @ *κ ( 7G< µ# $$K @7µ $$P :( @κ $$

(& : ( @ κ * # : ( @ κ ∇⋅ *;)7>#

6 *ρ : ∇⋅ : ># * #
*&# !

:( @7µ :( @ µ J∇ @ *∇ # K *;)7 #

τ# : ( δ# @ 7 µ # : ( δ # @ µ *∂ G∂ # @ ∂ #G∂ # *;)77#

& *;) +# *;);#

ρ [
= ρ − ∇ + ∇ ⋅ (κ − 7 < µ )(∇ ⋅ ) (
+µ ∇ +∇ )]
*;)7<#
ρ
∂
+ ⋅∇ = ρ − ∇ + ∇[(κ − 7 < µ )(∇ ⋅ )] + ∇ ⋅ [µ (∇ +∇ )]
∂

*κ ! µ#

ρ
∂
+ ⋅∇ = ρ − ∇ + (κ − 7 < µ )∇(∇ ⋅ ) + µ [∇ ⋅ (∇ ) + ∇ ⋅ (∇ )]
∂

ρ
∂
+ ⋅∇ = ρ − ∇ + (κ − 7 < µ )∇(∇ ⋅ ) + µ [∇ 7 + ∇(∇ ⋅ )] *;)7,#
∂
∂
ρ + ⋅∇ = ρ − ∇ + (κ + < µ )∇(∇ ⋅ ) + µ∇ 7
∂

9
 ∂
ρ + ⋅∇ = ρ − ∇ + µ∇ 7 *;)7+#
∂

' *;)7+# 0 ) 2 !
& 5 D
01 Q
*∇⋅ : >#
) * ! # 8=
! =
& 5

Fluidos no Newtonianos
3
01 !

5 01 !
D & % '
τ: * #

* # 6

? 5 ;)< 6 01
! " : µ ∂ G∂
6 01 ' 5 ;),
01 '
= *µ µ # ' !
! ' * 4"
2 ! # µ
* 4" 3 @ # H
( " % ) *+ ,
3 "

−
∂ ∂
= *;)7;#
∂ ∂

>
 ! * 01
: ! : µ# ' R ! S !

5 $

01
/

τ> 6

∂
∂

5 ;)," )

*τ># ' 4 -
* ! 4 #
H 5 $

∂ > <τ>
=
∂ ( − -> ) µ >τ>
*;)7E#

& ) 4 )
$

H *;)7E# ! 3
% "
 ∂ > < >
=
∂ ( G7
− > )
G7 7
µ > >

∂ −
>≤ ≤ >>>>> *;)7F#
∂
µ = *> >+7+# 7 & > = *> >,# 7 ! G 7

' *;)7F# !

Condiciones de contorno

?
?? * #
* #

?? ?

??
? ?

??

5 ??

5 ? 5 ??

5 ?

5 ;)+" %

H G
= 4 T
A B '
! 8
* 5 ;)+#"

7
•
) )
% . !
"

/ //
: *;)7F#

: @ ! / ! //

• 8 !
* #
"

/ //
: *;)79#

& 3
"

/ //
: *;)<>#

• %

/
* # = //
* #
*;)< #
⋅ /
= ⋅ //

/
!

• %
* #
!
"

⋅ /
− ⋅ //
= σκ *;)<7#

σ ! κ0 1 2 1 7
! 7

<
 4

Flujos unidireccionales
% 4 0 )
2
- #

3 * .# ! U
4 U . # *
) # 4 * θ .# !
4 θ # 3
5
# * 4

. 3 4 4

Flujo entre placas paralelas

! 4
). * 5 ;);#
? 01
*µ# ! *ρ# 3
!
' 4 4
6
6
! 3 4
6 3

4 . 0

,
 ! 8
"

• 5 4

• 5 4 *∂G∂ : >#

• 5 01

• 5 * #

• 5 4 * : #

• 5 4 " . *∂G∂. : >#

:> :+

&:&5 &0&+
5 ;);" 5 4 !

' "

> = ∇⋅
∂ ∂ ∂
= + + . *;)<7#
∂ ∂ ∂.
∂
=
∂

: * # 6 !
* = # 0 ) 2 "

+
 ∂ 7
" >=− +µ *;)<<#
∂ 7

∂
" >=− *;)<,#
∂

' *;)<,# : * # 6 *;)<<#"

7
=µ 7
*;)<+#

3
3 *;)<+# 6
=
6 ' "

=6 *;)<;#

? :>* : ># ! "

= 6 = > +6 *;)<E#
> >

:+
: + 6"

−
+ = > +6+ 6= + >
*;)<F#
+

4 *;)<+# "

7
6 6
µ =6 = + = 7
+ + *;)<9#
7
µ 7µ

%
* !
# 0 *;)<9#
&
4 6
;
 ! %

3 ! '
3

: (7 :> : :4 *;),>#

7+ 64
/ : (7 / = −
4 7µ

' "

=
6
+
7
( − 4) + *;), #
7µ 4 4

' *;)<E# ! *;), # ! . 3

6 7! * 5 ;);#

• 0 *6 : >#
4 ! * : *7 @ # G4 ( 7# 4
4
%

• *7 : : >#
" =6 ( − 4 ) 7µ 6 R > *&> S &+# 4
3 ' 6 S > *&> R &+#
4 6

• 6 7! ! ! 4
6 ! % ' 5 ;); 6S>
*&> R &+#

H 3
4"

9= ⋅ = ⋅ =
4
< 7
7+ 7
9=
6
+
7
( − 4) + 8 =8
6
−4 + −7 *;),7#
7µ 4 4 7µ < 7 4 7 >

− 7 64 7
9 = 84 −
7 7µ
E
 3 :8 8 .
* #

Flujo plano con interfase líquido-gas

:>

&:&5 * #

:+

&0&+

ρ
4

5 ;)E" 5 4

8 * 5 ;)E# ?
3

.
4
01 * #

8
3 ! 3 4

8
8
"

F
• 5 4

• 5 4 *∂G∂ : >#

• 5 01

• 5 * #

• 5 4 * : #

• 5 4 " . *∂G∂. : >#

: * # 6
0 ) 2 "

∂ 7
" >=− +µ +ρ *;),<#
∂ 7

∂
" >=− +ρ *;),,#
∂

/ 5 ;)E : α! :( α D *;),<# ! *;),,#"

∂ 7
=µ +ρ α *;),+#
∂ 7

∂
= −ρ α *;),;#
∂

% *;),+# 6
. *&#"

&= +ρ ( α− α) *;),E#

∂&G∂ : ∂ G∂ @ ρ α:> = *;),;# * & ≠ &* ## ! ∂&G∂ : ∂ G∂ (

ρ α : &G & : &* # ' *;),+# 3

7
&
=µ 7
=6 *;),F#

9
 6

8 3 &G :6 -
:>! :+

&+ +
&= 6 &+ − &> = 6+ *;),9#
&> >

0 &+ ! &> H 3
3 * *;),E## * * ##

!
:4

6+ = &+ − &> = [ ( )+ ρ ( α− α )] = + =4 −[ ( )+ ρ ( α− α )] => =4

=[ + ρ (4 α−+ α )] − [ +ρ 4 α] *;)+>#
= −ρ + α

'

6 = −ρ α *;)+ #

D 3 *;)+ # *;),F#

7
µ 7
= −ρ α *;)+7#

% *;),+# ∂ G∂ : >

* # 6 ∂ G∂ V :> 8 *;),;#
6
4 ∂ G∂ : >

' *;)+7# -

ρ α 7
=− + + *;)+<#
µ 7

7>
 !
) 3
' ) 8=
3 !
!

%
% %

/
* # = //
* #
*;)+,#
⋅ /
= ⋅ //

/ ! // ! 3
"

⋅ /
⋅ = ⋅ //
⋅
⋅ /
⋅ = ⋅ //
⋅
/
= //

τ / = τ //
*;)++#
∂ /
∂ /
∂ //
∂ //

µ/ + = µ // +
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ /
∂ //
µ /
=µ //

∂ ∂

3 ! :> '

∂ /
µ // ∂ //
= ≈> *;)+;#
∂ µ/ ∂

" µ// SS µ/ ' 3

"

=> =>
∂ /
*;)+E#
=> =4
∂

7
8 *;)+<#

>= *;)+F#

ρ 4 α ρ 4 α
>=− + = *;)+9#
µ µ

D 3 *;)+F# ! *;)+9# *;)+<#

ρ α 7
ρ 4 α
=− +
µ 7 µ
*;);>#
ρ α
= 4−
µ 7

' 5 ;)E * #
α 8 α:>

L ! 4
*;),;#

= −ρ α *;); #

? ! "

=− ρ α − =ρ α (4 − )
4 *;);7#
= +ρ α (4 − )

Flujo Poiseuille en un tubo de sección circular

4 6 4 !
01 * 5 ;)F#
=
! 4
4 8
77
 3
! 4
4 /
4 8
* 4
3 W#

.
.

.:>
.

&:&5

.:+

&0&+
5 ;)F" 5 4 6

8 4"

• 5 4

• 5 4 *∂G∂ : >#

• 5 01

• 5 * #

• 5 4 * : . .#
7<
• 5 4 " θ *∂G∂θ : >#

/ ! 4
. ."

∇⋅ : > ∂ .G∂. : > *;);<#

' . : .* # / *
# *
# 8 *;)7+#
! 8

3 % 3 -
D 3
"

: (∇ϕ *;);,#

ϕ* θ .# * A(B 3
# '
*;)7+#

(∇ @ ρ : (∇* @ ρϕ# : (∇& *;);+#

&≡ @ ρϕ A B A 3 B
? 0 ) 2 *;)7+#

∂
ρ + ⋅∇ = −∇& + µ∇ 7 *;);;#
∂

6 *;)7+# "

∂&
" >=− *;);E#
∂

∂&
θ" > = − *;);F#
∂θ

7,
 ∂&
." > = − +µ .
*;);9#
∂.

/ *;);E# ! *;);F# & θ *;);9#

&
=µ .
*;)E>#
.

6 3 *;)E># . !
6 ?
4 +

&+ + &+ − &>

&= 6 . 6= *;)E #
&> > +

8 & + ( &>
! 3 ?
3 *;)E>#"

6 7
= + + *;)E7#
,µ
.

8
D 3 '
- =
4 :>* *;)E7## '
"

. => =
*;)E<#
. =>

/ :> ! : (6 7G,µ '

. =
6
,µ
( 7
− 7
) *;)E,#

7+
 !
*;)E,#

9= ⋅ = ⋅ . = .

π6 <
9=
6
,µ
( 7
− 7
)7π =
7µ
( − 7
) *;)E+#
> >

π6 , 7 7
π6 ,
9= − =−
7µ , 7 >
Fµ

0 A(B ! 6
C

6 3 4 *τ# % :
τ

τ:( * #⋅ . :( * #⋅ . :( ⋅ ⋅ .:( . : (τ . *;)E;#

! ! 3 ' .

τ : (µ .G V : : (6 G7 *;)EE#

. 6 0
! A 3 B

! : > .:>! : + .:+ % & .

&+ ( &> : + ( > @ ρJϕV :> .:+ ( ϕV : > . : >K *;)EF#

: (∇ϕ / 4 η
* A 3 B# *A B# ϕ: η
(ϕ '

ϕV :> .:+ ( ϕV :> .:> : JηV :> .:+ ( ηV : > . : >K *;)E9#

& ηV :> .:+ ( ηV :> .:> : (+ α

7;
 6 : *&+ ( &>#G+ : * + ( >#G+ (ρ α *;)F>#

%
* # : (∇ϕ % 3
!
8

4 "

( )
+ + + +
ϕ => . = +
−ϕ = > . =>
= ∇ϕ ⋅ =− ⋅ =− ⋅ . .=− α .
> > > >
*;)E9#
ϕ => . = +
−ϕ = > . =>
=− + α

3 6
*6 : * + ( >#G+# 8 *α
> π#
6 : (ρ

7E
Apéndices

A.1 Vector velocidad angular

ω : G7 ∇ × .
4 ! 4
X X 6
*
ω# 4
3 4
'
:

: :ω :ω θ *8 ) #

:V ( V ! 4
6

:ω× ω:ω *8 )7#

4 G
4 ω

8 *8 )7#

∇× = ∇×( × ) = ∇× ω ω ω.
.
[
= ∇ × (ω . − ω . ) + (ω . − ω . ) + (ω −ω )]

∂ ∂ ∂
= *8 )<#
∂ ∂ ∂.
ω . −ω. ω. −ω . ω −ω
= 7ω + 7ω + 7ω .
=7

7F
 8
* # G7 ∇ ×

A.2 Más acerca del análisis de deformaciones

%
* : * ##
6 "

: * @ #( * # *87) #

6 3
! "

= [( + )− ( )]
*87)7#
= ( + )− ( )

4 3
! @
! @ *
# '

= ( + )− ( ) = [ $ ( + ) − $ ( )] $
*87)<#
= (∇ $ ⋅ ) $

8 3 *87)
<# 3 "

∂ ∂
= $
⋅( ) =( )⋅ $

∂ ∂
# $ # $
# #
*87),#
= ⋅∇

79
. A B

"

∇ = ∇ + ∇ + (∇ ) − (∇ ) = ∇ + (∇ ) + ∇ − (∇ ) *87)+#
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7
∇ = +

= ∇ + (∇ ) = ∇ − (∇ ) *87);#
7 7 7 7

! '

= ⋅( + )= ⋅ + ⋅ *87)E#

A.2.1 Interpretación del tensor

: ' ⋅ :* #⋅* # : * #7 '

( ⋅ )= ( )7

7 ⋅ ( )= 7 ( )

3 6 *87),#

( )= ⋅( ⋅∇ )

( ) = ( )7 ⋅ ( ⋅∇ )

( ) = ( )7 [ ⋅ ( + )] ⋅

( ) = ( )7 ( ⋅ ⋅ + ⋅ ⋅ )

6 ⋅ ⋅ : )# # : #)# : ⋅ ⋅ ! : ( ⋅ ⋅ : ( ⋅ ⋅ : > /
* #7

<>
 ( )= ⋅ ⋅ *87)F#

*
# ⋅ ⋅
4 * : # * *;)9##
4

! 7 " ⋅ 7 : 7 ⋅ 7 : 7 γ

( 7 γ)= ( ⋅ 7 )

7 ( γ )+ γ ( 7 )+ 7 γ ( )= ⋅ ( 7 )+ 7 ⋅ ( )
γ
γ ( 7 )+ 7 γ ( )− 7 γ = ⋅( 7 ⋅∇ )+ 7 ⋅( ⋅∇ )
γ
γ ( 7 )+ 7 γ ( )− 7 γ = 7 [ ⋅( 7 ⋅∇ )+ 7 ⋅( ⋅∇ )]
γ
γ ( 7 )+ γ ( )− γ = 7 ⋅∇ ⋅ + ⋅∇ ⋅ 7
7

γ ( 7 )+ γ ( )− γ
γ
= 7 [
⋅ ∇ + (∇ ) ]⋅
7

γ
γ ( 7 )+ γ ( )− γ =7 7 ⋅ ⋅ *87)9#
7

3 ! 7

4 ! 7 "

γ
− =7 7 ⋅ ⋅ =7 7 =7 7 *87) >#

'
* #

. 7 ! <

! 7 ! < *
# /
4
: 7 : 7 7 ! < : < <

<
 ! ⋅* 7 × <# :* #⋅J* 7 7# ×* < <#K

:* 7 <# J ⋅* 7 × <#K :* 7 <# * ⋅ #: 7 < : '

( )= [ ⋅( 7 × < )]

( )= ( )⋅ ( 7 × < )+ ⋅ ( 7 )× < + ⋅ 7 × ( < )

( )= ( )⋅ ( 7 × < )+ ( 7 )⋅ ( < × )+ ( < )⋅ ( × 7 )

( )= ( ⋅ ∇ )⋅ ( 7 < )+ ( 7 ⋅ ∇ )⋅ ( < 7 )+ ( < ⋅ ∇ )⋅ ( 7 < )

3 ! ⋅* × #: ⋅* × # : ⋅* × # /
: 7 <"

( )= ⋅∇ ⋅ + 7 ⋅∇ ⋅ 7 + < ⋅∇ ⋅ <

( )= ⋅( + )⋅ + 7 ⋅( + )⋅ 7 + < ⋅( + )⋅ <

( )= ( + 77 + << ) + () + )77 + )<< )

( )= + 77 + <<

8
=
3 ! "

( )= + 7 + <
*87) #
( )= ( )

* #
3 % 3 *
# =
8 # : G7 J∂ G∂ # @ ∂ #G∂ K

<7
 ∂ ∂
( )= = +
7 ∂ ∂
*87) 7#
( )= ∂ = ∇⋅
∂

'
6 3
∇⋅ : > A 4 B

A.2.2 Interpretación del tensor y su relación con el vector velocidad angular

8 *87)E#

⋅ = × = ∇× *87) <#
7

ω * ω
! # ω ×
@
ω *87) <#
"

:
4
.
3 *87)F# ⋅ :ω×

: G7 J∇ ( *∇ # K ! ω : G7 ∇ × ⋅

<<
 ∂ ∂
⋅ = = −
#
)#
∂ ∂
# #
7 #

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= + + . − − − .
# # # .

∂ ∂ ∂. ∂ ∂ ∂
#
7 # # #

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ .
= + + . − − − . *87) ,#
7 ∂ ∂ ∂. ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ .
+ + + . − − − .
7 ∂ ∂ ∂. ∂ ∂ ∂
∂ . ∂ . ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ .
+ + + . . − − − .
7 ∂ ∂ ∂. ∂. ∂. ∂.

% !

∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ .
⋅ = + . − − .
7 ∂ ∂. ∂ ∂
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
+ + . − − . . *87) +#
7 ∂ ∂. ∂ ∂
∂ . ∂ . ∂ ∂
+ + − −
7 ∂ ∂ ∂. ∂.

6 *ω#

= ∇× = ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂.
7 7
. *87) ;#
∂ . ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= − + − . + −
7 ∂ ∂. 7 ∂. ∂ 7 ∂ ∂

6 ω×

<,
 ∂ . ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
× = − − . −
7 ∂ ∂. ∂. ∂ ∂ ∂
.
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂
= − . .− −
7 ∂. ∂ ∂ ∂ *87) E#
∂ ∂ ∂ . ∂
+ − − − .
7 ∂ ∂ ∂ ∂.
∂ . ∂ ∂ ∂
+ − − − .
7 ∂ ∂. ∂. ∂

6 *87) +# ! *87) E#
⋅ :ω× C

⋅ = × = ∇× *87) F#
7

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