Element name:

Boron(B)
Discovered by:
Joseph Gay Lussac, Baron Louis Thenard of France and Sir Humphry Davy of Britain in
Facts:
Boron is a non metallic element and the only non-metal of the group 13 of the periodic table the elements.
Boron is electron-deficient, possessing a vacant p-orbital. It has several forms, the most common of which is
amorphous boron, a dark powder, unreactive to oxygen, water, acids and alkalis. It reacts with metals to
form borides.
At standard temperatures boron is a poor electrical conductor but is a good conductor at high temperatures.
Properties:
Atomic number:5
Atomic mass: 10.81 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling:2.0
Density: 2.3 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point: 2076 °C
Boiling point: 3927 °C
Vanderwaals radius:0.098 nm
Ionic radius: 0.027 nm
Isotopes:2
Electronic shell: [ He ] 2s22p1

Element name:
Chlorine(Cl)
Discovered by:
Carl Wilhelm Scheele in 1774
Facts:
Chlorine was given its name in 1810 by Humphry Davy, who insisted that it was in fact an element.
The pure chemical element has the physical form of a diatomic green gas. The name chlorine is derived from
chloros, meaning green, referring to the color of the gas. Chlorine gas is two and one half times as heavy as
air, has an intensely disagreeable suffocating odor, and is exceedingly poisonous. In its liquid and solid form
it is a powerful oxidizing, bleaching, and disinfecting agent.This element is a part of the halogen series
forming salts. It is extracted from chlorides through oxidation and electrolysis. Chlorine gas is greenish-
yellow and combines readily with nearly all other elements.
Properties:
Atomic number
Atomic mass:35.453 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling:3.0
Density:3.21*10 -3 g.cm -3 at 20 °C
Melting point: -101 °C
Boiling point: -34.6 °C
Vanderwaals radius :0.127 nm
Ionic radius:0.184 (-2) nm ; 0.029 nm (+6)
Isotopes:4
Electronic shell: [Ne] 3s23p5

Element name:
Fluorine(F)
Discovered by:
Moissan in 1886
Facts:
Fluorine is an univalent poisonous gaseous halogen, it is pale yellow-green and it is the most chemically
reactive and electronegative of all the elements. Fluorine readily forms compounds with most other elements,
even with the noble gases krypton, xenon and radon. It is so reactive that glass, metals, and even water, as
well as other substances, burn with a bright flame in a jet of fluorine gas.
In aqueous solution, fluorine commonly occurs as the fluoride ion F-. Fluorides are compounds that combine
fluoride with some positively charged counterpart.
Properties:
Atomic number:9
Atomic mass: 18.998403 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling:4
Density: 1.8*10-3 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point: -219.6 °C
Boiling point: -188 °C
Vanderwaals radius:0.135 nm
Ionic radius: 0.136 nm (-1) ; 0.007 (+7)
Isotopes:2
Electronic shell: [ He ] 2s22p5

Elements name:
Germanium(Ge)
Discovered by:
Clemens Winkler in 1886
Facts:
Pure germanium is a hard, lustrous, gray-white, brittle metalloid. It has a diamondlike crystalline structure
and it is similar in chemical and physical properties to silicon. Germanium is stable in air and water, and is
unaffected by alkalis and acids, except nitric acid.
Properties:
Atomic Number:32
Atomic mass: 72.59 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling:1.8
Density:5.3 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point:937 °C
Boiling point:2830 °C
Vanderwaals radius:0.137 nm
Ionic radius:0.093 nm (+2) ; 0.054 nm (+4)
Isotopes: 9
Electronic shell:[ Ar ] 3d10 4s2 4p2

Element name:
Iodine(I)
Discovered by:
Bernard Courtois in 1811
Facts:
Iodine is a non-metallic, dark-gray/purple-black, lustrous, solid element. Iodine is the most electropositive
halogen and the least reactive of the halogens even if it can still form compounds with many elements. Iodine
sublime easily on heating to give a purple vapour. Iodine dissolves in some solvents, such as carbon
tetrachloride and it is only slightly soluble in water.
Properties:
Atomic number:53
Atomic mass:126.9045 g.mol -1
Electronegativity according to Pauling:2.5
Density:4.93 g.cm-3 at 20°C
Melting point: 114 °C
Boiling point:184 °C
Vanderwaals radius:0.177 nm
Ionic radius:184 °C
Isotopes:15
Electronic shell: [ Kr ] 4d10 5s25p5