POWER CONCEPTS

POWER CONCEPT Power concepts applied to:

Dr. Ir. Mochamad Ashari, M.Eng – Sinusoidal waveforms

Jurusan Teknik Elektro – Non-sinusoidal waveforms
Fakultas Teknologi Industri
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER (ITS)

Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 2

Power Flow — Unidirectional: input-to-

Power Flow — Bidirectional
output
(input) (output) (input) (output)
Source Side Load Side Source Side Load Side
Amp Amp

Power Power
Processing Processing
Load II I Load II I
circuit circuit
(Ploss) (Ploss)

III IV Volt III IV Volt

v(t) i(t)
i(t)

v(t)

Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 3 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 4

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 Instantaneous, Average and Root-mean-
Average, Reactive and Apparent Powers
square (rms) Value
Instantaneous power: p(t) = v(t) i(t).
Instantaneous value: v(t)
Average power: 1T 1T
Pave = ∫ p( t )dt = ∫ i( t )v( t )dt
T0 T0
1T
Average value: Vave = ∫ v( t )dt Apparent Power: Z = R + j X = Z ejθ,
T0
PT =Vrms I rms e jθ = Se jθ

S — Apparent Power
Root-mean-square 1T 2
(rms) value: Vrms = ∫ v ( t )dt Reactive power:
T0 PT = P + j Q,
P = S cos θ , Q = S sin θ
Q — Reactive power
Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 5 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 6

Non-sinusoidal Waveform and Fourier

Power Factor
Analysis F(ω)
Real Power ( Average) f(t)
PowerFacto r =
Apparent Power

t ω
I V cos θ
s , rms s , rms
Power Factor = f (t ) = F0 + f1 (t ) + f 2 (t ) + ... + fn (t )
I V
s , rms s , rms ∞
= F0 + ∑ (an cos nωt + b n sin nωt )
n =1
= cos θ 2 T
1 T an = ∫0 f ( t ) cos nωt dtn = 1,2,3,..., ∞
F0 = ∫0 f ( t )dt T
θ — power factor angle T
2
b n = ∫0T f (t ) sin nωt dtn = 1,2,3,..., ∞
T
Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 7 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 8

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 Non-sinusoidal Waveform and Fourier
Analysis Sinusoidal Waveforms
Instantaneous and Average Powers
Or,
∞
f (t )=F0 + ∑ Fn sin(nωt+θn ) First let us consider the case for linear, one-port network shown in
n=1 Fig. 1(a). Since the network consists of linear components, its
instantaneous source current and voltage expression may be
represented as follows:
Fn = an2 +b n2
is (t) = I s sin(ωt −θi )
−1  b n
 vs (t) =Vs sin(ωt −θv )
θn =tan  
 an 
where, θi and θv are the port current and voltage phase-shift,
respectively.

Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 9 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 10

The instantaneous power p(t), is given by

p (t ) = is v s
is(t)
Vs is = I sV s sin( ω t − θ i ) sin( ω t − θ v )
Is
a Linear vs
vs(t) One-port The waveforms for is(t), vs(t) and P(t) are shown in Fig.
a' Network θi 1(b).
ωt

− Is The input average power can be calculated from the

− Vs θv following integral,
θv − θi

p(t) T
1
Pave =
T ∫
0
p ( t ) dt
T
1
= T ∫i
0
s (t ) v s (t )dt (1)

ωt
Substituting for is and vs from the above equations and by
using the following trigonometric identities,

Fig. 3.10(b) cos( θ 1 ± θ 2 ) = cos θ 1 cos θ m sin θ sin θ 2

2 1
Fig. 1(a) Linear one-port circuit sin( θ 1 ± θ 2 ) = sin θ 1 cos θ ± cos θ sin θ 2
2 1
(b) Circuit waveforms

Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 11 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 12

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 P ow er F a cto r
The instantaneous power may be expressed as
P ow er factor is a very im portant p aram eter in pow er
follows, electron ics becau se it gives a m easu re of how effective is
real pow er utilization in the system . It also represen ts a
I sV s m easure of d istortion of line voltage an d lin e current an d
p( t ) =
2
[ cos(θV − θi ) − cos( 2ω t + θV + θi ) ] (2) ph ase sh ift betw een th em . L et u s con sider F ig. 1(a) in
providin g th e basic defin ition of p ow er fa ctor.

The average power becomes, P ow er F actor (pf) is defin ed as the ratio of th e avera ge
pow er m easu red at th e term inals a-a' of F ig. 1(a) an d the
rm s produ ct of v s a nd i s as given in E q. (4).
I sV s
Pave = [cos(θ V − θ i ) ]
2 PowerFacto r =
Real Power ( Average )
(4)
Apparent Power

In terms of the rms parameters, the average power F or pu rely sinu soidal cu rren t and voltage w aveform s, the
is given by, average pow er is given in E q. (3) an d the ap paren t pow er
is given by I s,rm s , V s,rm s . A s a resu lt, E q. (4) yields

Pave = I s , rmsV s , rms cos(θ v − θ i ) (3) Power Factor =

I V
s , rms s , rms
cos θ
I V
s , rms s , rms
= cos θ (5)
Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 13 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 14

In linear pow er system s, w hen the line voltage and line

currents are purely sinusoidal, the pow er factor is equal
to the cosine of the phase-angle betw een the current and
voltage. H ow ever, in pow er electronic circuits, due to the
sw itching of active pow er devices, the phase-angle
representation alone is not valid. T his is w hy, w e w ill
shortly define pow er factor for term inal, w hose current
and/or voltage are nonsinusoidal (distorted).
1
Z =R− j Z = R − jωL
T he angle θ is know n as pow er factor angle, therefore, ωC
V V
pow er factor varies betw een zero an d one, depending on = Z ∠θ
I
= Z ∠θ
I
the type of the netw ork. F or θ > 0, m eans the current lags 2
Z = R 2 + (ωL )
2
 1 
the voltage, representing inductive-resistive load as Z = R2 + 
 ωC 
 ωL
  θ = − tan −1 > 0°
show n in Fig. 2(a). T he netw ork load is said to be having a 1 R
lagging pow er factor. Sim ilarly, for θ < 0, the current θ = − tan −1 < 0°
ωRC
leads the voltage, representing capacitive-resistive load
w ith leading pow er factor as show n in Fig. 2(b).

Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 15 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 16

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 Let us calculate the power factor for: resistive, inductive
and capacitive two-terminal network:
Therefore, the power factor angle is θ − θ = θ = − 90 , v I
o

resulting in zero power factor. This means the purely

i) Resistive Network capacitive circuit has no average power delivered, (as
The voltage and current relation is given by,
expected from an ideal capacitor). This is a leading power
v s = is R factor because current leads voltage by 900.

and the power angle is θ = θ − θ i = 0 , resulting in a

v
iii) Inductive Network
power factor equal to one.

ii) Capacitive Network V s ∠θ v

= jω L
I s ∠θ I
The capacitor current and voltage relation is given by,

is = C
dv s Vs
dt ∠θV − θ I = ω L∠ 90 o
In phasor domain, we have Is

|Vs | ∠θv 1
= − j
| Is |∠θI ωC The power factor angle is θ = +90 , resulting in o

|Vs | 1
lagging power factor because current lags voltage
∠θV −θ = ∠ − 90 o

| Is |
I
ωC by 90o.
Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 17 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 18

Non-Sinusoidal Waveforms The rms values of is(t) and vs(t)

Line current harmonics:

Line current is and line voltage vs periodical non- 1T 2

I s2,rms = ∫ i (t )dt
sinusoidal waveforms with period T and zero dc, then T0
is(t) and vs(t) are given as follows, 2
=I DC + I s1,rms 2 + I s 2,rms 2 +⋅ ⋅ ⋅+ I sn,rms 2 n=1, 2, … ∞
∞
is (t )= I DC + I s1sin( nω t +θ1i )+ ∑ I sn sin( nω t +θ ni )
n=2
∞
v s (t ) =VDC +Vs1sin( nω t +θ1v )+ ∑ Vsn sin( nω t +θ nv ) Vs2,rms =VDC
2
+Vs1,rms 2 +Vs 2,rms 2 +⋅ ⋅ ⋅+Vsn,rms 2 n=1, 2, … ∞
n=2

where Is1 and Vs1 are the peak values of the current
and voltage fundamental components, respectively.

Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 19 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 20

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 The instantaneous power is given by,
Total Harmonic Distortion
p (t ) = is (t )v s (t )
∞ ∞
= I DCVDC + I DC ∑ Vsn sin( nω t − θ nv ) + VDC ∑ I sn sin( nω t − θ ni ) +
n =1 n =1 The distorted portion of is(t) defined as,
∞  ∞ 
+  ∑ I sn sin( nω t − θ ni )  ∑ Vsn sin( nω t − θ nv ) 
 n =1  m =1 
∞
Evaluating the average value of p(t) over one period: is ,dist . = is (t ) − is1 (t ) = ∑ isn (t )
n=2

Pave = I DC VDC + I s1,rms Vs1,rms cos(θ v1 −θ i1 )+ I s 2,rms Vs 2,rms cos(θ v 2 −θ i 2 ) +⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ∞

v s ,dist . = vs (t ) − v s1 (t ) = ∑ v sn (t )
∞ n=2
= I DC VDC + ∑ I sn,rms Vsn,rms cosθ n
n=1

where θn = θvn − θin (n = 1, 2, …∞)

Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 21 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 22

The relative measure of the distortion is In terms of the rms of the original waveform, THD
defined through an index called Total maybe rewritten as,
Harmonic Distortion (THD):
2
 I s ,rms 
For Current: THDi =   −1

 I s1,rms 
2 2
I dist ,rms  I s 2,rms   I s 3,rms 
THDi = =   +
 
 + ...

I s1,rms  I s1,rms   I s1,rms  2
 Vs ,rms 
THDv =   −1

For Voltage:  Vs1,rms 

2 2
Vdist ,rms  Vs 2,rms   Vs 3,rms  It is also common to refer to THD in %.
THDv = =   +
 
 + ...

Vs1,rms  Vs1,rms   Vs1,rms 

Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 23 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 24

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 Power Factor The current is expressed in terms of Fourier series as
follows,,
Assume zero dc components, pf may be expressed as
∞
is (t ) = I 0 + I1 sin(ωt + θ1 ) + I 2 sin( 2ωt + θ 2 ) + ... + I n sin( nωt + θ n )
∞
∑ I sn, rmsVsn, rms cos θ n ∑ I sn, rmsVsn, rms cosθ n
n =1 n =1
pf = = resulting in the average power given by,
I s ,rmsVs ,rms ∞ 2 ∞ 2
∑ I ns , rms ∑ Vns , rms
n =1 n =1
1 T
Pave = ∫ vs is dt = Vs , rms I s1, rms cosθ1
The above expression for pf can be significantly T 0
simplified if we assume: Hence the power factor is given by,
v s (t ) = Vs sin ωt is (t ) = distorted (non − sin usoidal )
I V cos θ
s1, rms s , rms 1
PowerFactor =
I s1,rms I V
cosθ1
s , rms s , rms
pf =
I s ,rms

Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 25 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 26

Hence, power factor in power electronics is more

useful if it is represented as a product of the kdist
The expression Is1,rms/Is,rms is caused by the and kdisp
distortion of the line current and appropriately
called distortion power factor kdist pf = kdist kdisp
where,

The expression cosθ1 is caused by the kdisp= cosθ1, kdist = Is1,rms/Is,rms

displacement angle between the line voltage
and the fundamental current component and In terms of kdist, it can be shown that current
THDi can be expressed as
commonly known as displacement power factor
kdisp. 1
THDi = 2
−1
k dist

Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 27 Dr. M. Ashari/ T. Elektro-ITS 28