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Introduction
by Gary Hoge
• Areas of Agreement
• The Nature of the Dispute
• The Catholic Position
• The Protestant Position
Areas of Agreement
Sola Scriptura is a major point of division between Catholic and
Protestant Christians, but although the divide is deep, it is not nearly as
wide as many people think. So I'd like to start by looking at where the two
sides agree.
The Bible is the Word of God
Both sides agree completely that the Bible is the infallible, inerrant,
inspired Word of God. The Catholic Church's position is stated in the
Catechism of the Catholic Church (CCC):
God is the author of Sacred Scripture. The divinely revealed realities,
which are contained and presented in the text of Sacred Scripture, have
been written down under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. . . . [The
Church] accepts as sacred and canonical the books of the Old and New
Testaments, whole and entire, with all their parts, on the grounds that,
written under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, they have God as their
author and have been handed on as such to the Church herself.[1]
There is no difference whatsoever between the two sides on this point.
Catholic and Protestant Christians share an unshakable confidence that
the Scriptures are the Word of God. From this fact, several things follow:
We Need to Study the Scriptures
Bible study is essential to living the Christian life. Unfortunately,
Protestants sometimes have the idea that Catholics aren't allowed to read
the Bible, or at least are not encouraged to do so. That is not true. The
Church specifically encourages Catholics to read the Bible:
And such is the force and power of the Word of God that it can serve
the Church as her support and vigor and the children of the Church as
strength for their faith, food for the soul, and a pure and lasting font of
spiritual life. Hence, access to Sacred Scripture ought to be open wide to
the Christian faithful.
The Church forcefully and specifically exhorts all the Christian faithful . .
. to learn the surpassing knowledge of Jesus Christ by frequent reading of
the divine Scriptures. Ignorance of the Scriptures is ignorance of Christ.[2]
Because the Bible is God's word, we need to know it thoroughly. We
need to let it permeate our souls with its truth, and guide our steps with its
light. All Christians everywhere ought to be deeply involved in the study of
the Bible.
The Bible is Authoritative
Because the Bible is God's word, whatever it says is true. The
Catechism states:
The inspired books teach the truth. Since therefore all that the inspired
authors or sacred writers affirm should be regarded as affirmed by the
Holy Spirit, we must acknowledge that the books of Scripture firmly,
faithfully, and without error teach that truth which God, for the sake of our
salvation, wished to see confided to the Sacred Scriptures.[3]
Anything that contradicts the Bible is automatically false. Again, there
is no difference whatsoever between the two sides on this point. The
Catholic Church is happy to test its doctrines against Scripture, because it
knows that Scripture is a sure and certain standard with which every
doctrine must be in harmony. Catholics and Protestants both rely on the
Bible to reveal God's truth to man, so the dispute is not over whether to
rely on the Bible, it's a question of whether the Bible, in and of itself, is
sufficiently complete and clear that we may correctly understand God's
revelation without an outside interpreter.
The Nature of the Dispute
The sufficiency of the Bible alone, sola Scriptura, is the heart of the
matter, but even here there is some agreement. Catholics distinguish
between material sufficiency and formal sufficiency. To say that the Bible
is materially sufficient means that it contains, at least implicitly, every
doctrine necessary for salvation. To say that the Bible is formally sufficient
means that it not only contains every doctrine necessary for salvation, but
that those doctrines are also presented so clearly and plainly that anyone
can understand them easily, without the help of an outside interpreter. In
other words the Bible is self-interpreting.
End Notes
1. Catechism of the Catholic Church, (Rome: Urbi et Orbi, 1994), 104, 105.
2. CCC, 131, 133.
3. CCC, 107.
4. Norman Geisler and Ralph E. MacKenzie, "What Think Ye of Rome," Christian
Research Journal, Spring/Summer 1994, 36.
5. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 36.
6. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 37.
Other Verses
Isaiah 8:16-20
Bind up the testimony and seal up the law among my disciples. . . . To
the law and to the testimony! If they do not speak according to this word,
they have no light of dawn.
This passage is sometimes cited to support sola Scriptura, but it may
actually refute it. According to Protestant scholar E.J. Young, verse 16
means that "Isaiah is to bind up God’s revelation in the sense that he is to
close it spiritually in the hearts of his disciples and leave it there."[5] It
sounds very much like Isaiah is entrusting his oral teachings, his
"testimony," to his disciples. The word "testimony," (te?uwday), is not
used in the Old Testament to refer to written Scripture. Therefore, it may
very well refer to Isaiah’s own oral teachings. If so, then Isaiah is saying,
"To the law (written Scripture) and to the testimony (oral Tradition)!" If this
interpretation is correct, then this passage actually refutes sola Scriptura.
On the other hand, the "law" and the "testimony" may both refer to
written Scripture alone. But if that is interpreted to mean that all doctrines
must be derived from written Scripture alone, then we run into some
serious problems. First, it would mean that the canon of Scripture should
end with Isaiah. Any doctrines not derived from what had been written up
until the time of Isaiah would have no "light of dawn," no truth. What
would that do to the Christian message, most of which cannot be derived
from the writings up until that time? Jesus affirmed the validity of the Old
Testament, but He sometimes contrasted His message with that of the Old
Testament ("You have heard that it was said . . . but I say to you . . . ").
Should advocates of sola Scriptura disregard Jesus’s message because it is
not according to the word of the "law" and the "testimony" up to the time
of Isaiah? Of course not. So you see, if this passage is interpreted to
support sola Scriptura, it leads to impossible conclusions. Therefore, that
interpretation is not correct.
If the "law" and the "testimony" both refer to written Scripture alone,
then the phrase "If they do not speak according to this word . . ." probably
means simply that what they speak must not contradict the Scripture.
Whatever doctrines we have must be in harmony with Scripture, but as I
said before, that is something upon which we all agree.
John 5:39
You diligently study the Scriptures because you think that by them you
possess eternal life. These are the Scriptures that testify about me, yet
you refuse to come to me to have life.
Some see in this verse a command to rely on the Scriptures alone, but
it seems to me that Jesus is actually saying just the opposite. The people
were already diligently studying the Scriptures because they thought
(mistakenly) that by them they possessed eternal life. But the Scriptures
point to Jesus, by whom they really could possess eternal life. These
people were so wrapped up in the minutiae of the Scriptures that they
didn’t even recognize the Messiah standing right in front of them. Jesus
seems to be telling them to get their noses out of the Bible and look to
Him. In fact, some people’s misunderstanding of how the Scriptures
applied to Jesus actually prevented them from accepting that He was the
Christ. They said, "How can the Christ come from Galilee? Does not the
Scripture say that the Christ will come from Bethlehem, the town where
David lived?" (John 7:41-42). At any rate, it’s clear that John 5:39 does not
teach sola Scriptura, and it appears to actually weigh against it.
Acts 17:11
Now the Bereans were of more noble character than the Thessalonians,
for they received the message with great eagerness and examined the
Scriptures every day to see if what Paul said was true.
Proponents of sola Scriptura frequently cite this verse as a clear biblical
basis for their doctrine. In fact, many Protestant ministries, churches, and
schools are named after the Bereans, in honor of their alleged fidelity to
sola Scriptura.[6] Supposedly, this verse demonstrates that every
proposed Christian doctrine must be compared to Scripture to establish its
veracity. A good Christian today, like a good Berean back then, must
compare everything he’s taught with the Scriptures. Any teaching not
clearly verified by the Scriptures is to be dismissed as an invention of man.
But what this interpretation really demonstrates is that if we already
believe that something is true (like sola Scriptura), it’s easy to
inadvertently read that belief back into the Bible. In a different context,
this verse might indeed be a good basis for sola Scriptura, but if we
consider it in context, it really does not support that doctrine at all.
To understand why the Bereans were said to be of more noble
character than the Thessalonians, we need to see what happened in
Thessalonica:
As his custom was, Paul went into the synagogue, and on three
Sabbath days he reasoned with them from the Scriptures, explaining and
proving that the Christ had to suffer and rise from the dead. "This Jesus I
am proclaiming to you is the Christ," he said. Some of the Jews were
persuaded and joined Paul and Silas, as did a large number of God-fearing
Greeks and not a few prominent women. But the Jews were jealous; so
they rounded up some bad characters from the marketplace, formed a
mob and started a riot in the city. (Acts 17:2-5).
So what was the difference between the Bereans and the
Thessalonians? Was it that the Bereans examined the Scriptures and the
Thessalonians didn’t? I don’t think so. Paul spent three weeks debating the
Scriptures with the Jews in Thessalonica. Obviously, they were examining
the Scriptures too, but they were closed-minded, and hostile to Paul's
message. The Bereans, on the other hand, "received the message with
great eagerness"; they were so excited that they examined the Scriptures
"every day," not just on the Sabbath. They were eager to believe Paul’s
message, and ready to accept it if it were true. That is why they were said
to be of more noble character than the Thessalonians.
Advocates of sola Scriptura would point out that whatever the
differences between the Bereans and the Thessalonians were, the fact
remains that the Bereans determined the truth of Paul’s message by
comparing it with the Scriptures, implying that they were commended for
practicing sola Scriptura. This is a strange argument because Protestants
generally agree that sola Scriptura is not operational during times of
revelation. Only when the revelation is complete and has been reduced to
writing is sola Scriptura possible. That’s why Protestants usually say that
sola Scriptura only became operational after the death of the last apostle.
So how could the Bereans, decades before the death of the last apostle,
be commended for relying on Scripture alone?
The Bereans examined the Scriptures because Paul was attempting to
prove that Jesus fulfilled the Old Testament messianic prophecies. He was
trying to prove that the Scriptures foretold that "the Christ had to suffer
and rise from the dead"; that was his whole message. So naturally the
Bereans checked the Old Testament Scriptures to see for themselves
whether they really said those things about the Christ. But does that
somehow establish a rule of sola Scriptura for Christians? Not at all. It’s
important to remember that neither the Bereans nor the Thessalonians
were Christians, they were Hellenistic Jews. This whole passage is about
how Paul dealt with potential converts from Judaism by appealing to the
Old Testament messianic prophecies. It has nothing to do with whether
Christians must rely on the Bible alone.
Once the Bereans were convinced that Jesus was the Messiah, and that
Paul was his apostle, they would not have continued to examine the
Scriptures every day to see if what Paul said was true. They would have
accepted his apostolic authority, and they would have received his oral
teaching as the word of God, no questions asked. This is exactly what Paul
commended the Thessalonian converts for doing. He praised them
because they accepted his new teaching "not as the word of men, but as it
actually is, the word of God" (1 Thess. 2:13). The "more noble" Bereans
would certainly have done the same. In fact, if they had continued to test
Paul's teaching against Scripture, they would have had to reject most of it,
because his teaching did not derive from Scripture--it was brand-new, God-
given revelation.
Suppose, for example, that Paul preached to them about the Eucharist,
as he did to the Corinthians (1 Cor. 11:17-34), or about original sin, as he
did to the Romans (Rom. 5:12-21). If the Bereans continued to "examine
the Scriptures . . . to see if what Paul said was true" they would have found
nothing. If their standard was sola Scriptura, they would have had to reject
these teachings as having no Scriptural support. Even worse, Paul
vehemently preached against circumcision. He told the Galatians, "If you
let yourselves be circumcised, Christ will be of no value to you at all" (Gal.
5:2). If he preached that message to the Bereans too, and they examined
the Scriptures to see if it was true, they would have found Genesis 17:10-
14:
This is my covenant with you and your descendants after you, the
covenant you are to keep: Every male among you shall be circumcised. . .
For the generations to come every male among you . . . must be
circumcised. My covenant in your flesh is to be an everlasting covenant.
Any uncircumcised male, who has not been circumcised in the flesh, will
be cut of from his people; he has broken my covenant.
Paul’s teaching about circumcision was clearly "unscriptural" because it
blatantly contradicted the Old Testament Scriptures. By what authority
could he teach such a thing? Only by the authority of Jesus Christ, the Son
of God, Who was the mediator of a New Covenant in which the Mosaic
ceremonial Law, including the requirement of circumcision, was no longer
operative. The Bereans accepted this authority because they had seen for
themselves that Jesus fulfilled the Old Testament messianic prophecies;
He was the Messiah. They accepted Paul’s teachings because, as Christ’s
apostle, he exercised Christ’s authority. Obviously their standard was not
sola Scriptura, because they were quite willing to accept Paul’s extra-
Biblical teachings once he had substantiated his apostolic authority. Like
all the other ancient Christians, the Bereans? standard was sola Verbum
Dei (the Word of God alone), and they did not care whether God?s word
came to them orally or in writing. They "examined the Scriptures" only to
substantiate Jesus’s claim to be the Messiah, and to thereby verify Paul’s
authority as an apostle.
It is manifestly obvious that the early Christians did not practice sola
Scriptura because they received the gospel message almost exclusively by
word of mouth, not in writing, as the Bible clearly states (Acts 2:42, 1
Thessalonians 2:13, Colossians 1:5-9, 2 Timothy 1:13, etc.). Geisler and
MacKenzie acknowledge that God?s "revelation was often first
communicated orally before it was finally committed to writing."[7] So
both sides agree that Christians living in the apostolic era (and that would
include the Bereans) did not practice sola Scriptura, whether later
Christians did or not. Yet Acts 17:11 looks so good out of context that
advocates of sola Scriptura just can’t pass it up. They are so eager to find
some biblical support for their doctrine, that even though they agree that
the earliest Christians didn’t practice sola Scriptura, they maintain that the
Bereans were commended for doing so. Even though they didn’t. And
therefore we should too.
This strange logic shows quite plainly that advocates of sola Scriptura
do not derive their doctrine from Scripture. They believe it first, then they
search through the Bible to try to substantiate it. Like most of the other
verses that supposedly support sola Scriptura, Acts 17:11 looks good out
of context, but it evaporates under scrutiny.
Acts 24:14
However, I admit that I worship the God of our fathers as a follower of
the Way, which they call a sect. I believe everything that agrees with the
Law and that is written in the Prophets.
This is certainly something that every believing Catholic and every
believing Protestant can affirm. We believe everything that agrees with
the Law and that is written in the Prophets. But most of what Paul believed
and taught is not found in the Law or the Prophets; it was revealed to him
by Jesus Himself. Therefore, Paul was not saying that he limited himself to
the Law and the Prophets. He was merely saying that the teachings of
Christianity agree with the Law and the Prophets. This verse does not even
address the issue of sola Scriptura, much less teach it.
1 Corinthians 4:6
Now, brothers, I have applied these things to myself and Apollos for
your benefit, so that you may learn from us the meaning of the saying,
"Do not go beyond what is written." Then you will not take pride in one
man over against another.
At first glance, this verse really seems to nail it. "Do not go beyond
what is written." What could be clearer? Here, at last, is the perspicuous
biblical teaching that all doctrines must be derived from the Scripture
alone. Or so it seems. Unfortunately, what looks at first to be a clear
teaching of sola Scriptura evaporates under scrutiny. Whatever this verse
does teach, we know for certain that it does not teach that the Scriptures
are the only source of truth, and we must never go beyond them. We know
that because just seven chapters later, Paul wrote, "Now I praise you
because you . . . hold firmly to the traditions, just as I delivered them to
you" (1 Cor. 11:2). The Corinthians were commended for holding firmly to
the oral teachings of Paul, and not to the Scriptures alone. So unless Paul,
under the inspiration of the Holy Spirit, contradicted himself, this verse
does not teach sola Scriptura.
So what does it teach? That depends in part on how it is translated. The
phrase "the meaning of the saying," in the New International Version (NIV)
translation cited above is not found in the Greek text of 1 Corinthians; it is
an interpretation. What the Greek literally says is,
Now these things, brothers, I adapted to myself and Apollos because of
you, in order that among us ye may learn not [to think] above what things
have been written, lest ye are puffed up against one on behalf of the
other.[8]
The King James Version (KJV) is actually much closer to the literal
meaning than the NIV:
And these things, brethren, I have in a figure transferred to myself and
to Apollos for your sakes; that ye might learn in us not to think of men
above that which is written, that no one of you be puffed up for one
against another.
That certainly fits the context of Chapter 4, which is a warning to the
Corinthians not to exalt Paul or Apollos above what is appropriate, and not
to divide into factions. In other words, it is possible that Paul is saying,
"that ye might learn in us not to think of men above that which is written
about the subject at hand." The Old Testament Scriptures (to which Paul is
referring) teach enough about the nature of man that the Corinthians
should know better than to exalt one over the other, and to divide into
factions. This verse really has nothing to do with the Scriptures and their
role in the formulation of doctrine and practice; it has to do with the
proper attitude of the Corinthians toward Paul and Apollos.
Another problem with this verse is that it is not clear what Paul meant
by "that which is written." In a footnote to this verse, Geisler and
MacKenzie note, "There is some debate even among Protestant scholars
as to whether Paul is referring here to his own previous statements or to
Scripture as a whole." The great Protestant Scripture commentator
Matthew Henry was of the opinion that Paul was referring to his own
previous statements. There is actually some question whether he’s
referring to the Scriptures at all. Look at the verse in context:
And I, brethren, could not speak unto you as unto spiritual, but as unto
carnal, even as unto babes in Christ . . . For while one saith, I am of Paul;
and another, I am of Apollos; are ye not carnal? Who then is Paul, and who
is Apollos, but ministers by whom ye believed, even as the Lord gave to
every man? . . . For I know nothing by myself; yet am I not hereby
justified: bet he that judgeth me is the Lord. Therefore judge nothing
before the time, until the Lord come, and will make manifest the counsels
of the hearts: and then shall every man have praise of God. And these
things, brethren, I have in a figure transferred to myself and to Apollos for
your sakes; that ye might learn in us not to think of men above that which
is written, that no one of you be puffed up for one against another. (1
Corinthians 3:1, 4-5, 21; 4:1, 4-6).
It is possible that the key to understanding verse 6 is found in the
phrase "And these things, brethren, I have in a figure transferred . . ."
What things? The things in the immediately preceding verses, of course.
Those verses deal with the final judgement:
Therefore judge nothing before the time, until the Lord come, and will
make manifest the counsels of the hearts: and then shall every man have
praise of God. (1 Corinthians 4:5).
This judgement is described in Revelation:
And I saw the dead, great and small, standing before the throne, and
books were opened. Another book was opened, which is the book of life.
The dead were judged according to what they had done as recorded in the
books. (Revelation 20:12).
From the context, this may well be what Paul had in mind. When he
says, "that ye might learn in us not to think of men above that which is
written, that no one of you be puffed up for one against another," he may
be talking about not exceeding what is written in God?s books of
judgement. In other words, "Look at men as they really are. Do not think of
men above that which is written in heaven about them, then you will not
take pride in one man over against another." Perhaps Paul was simply
reminding the Corinthians that he and Apollos and Cephas were mere
men, who, like them, must one day face judgement. Therefore, the
Corinthians should not think more highly of them than is appropriate, and
they certainly shouldn?t divide into factions because of them.
I have offered two possible explanations of what verse 6 means,
perhaps you can think of others. But as I said before, we know for sure
that it does not support sola Scriptura because it was clearly not
addressing that subject in the first place, and because of Paul?s statement
in chapter 11 that the Corinthians are to be commended for holding to the
oral Tradition Paul handed down to them.
2 Timothy 2:15
Do your best to present yourself to God as one approved, a workman
who does not need to be ashamed and who correctly handles the word of
truth.
I’m not sure why this verse is sometimes cited to support sola
Scriptura. Even if the "word of truth" refers to the written Scriptures, this
verse is irrelevant to the question of whether those Scriptures are to be
the only source of Christian truth. Paul is just reminding Timothy to handle
them correctly. As a matter of fact I don’t even think the phrase "word of
truth" does refer to the written Scriptures. If we let Scripture interpret
Scripture, it appears that it does not. Consider Colossians 1:5-9:
. . . the faith and love that spring from the hope that is stored up for
you in heaven and that you have already heard about in the word of truth,
the gospel that has come to you. All over the world this gospel is bearing
fruit and growing, just as it has been doing among you since the day you
heard it and understood God’s grace in all its truth. You learned it from
Epaphras, our dear fellow servant.
In Paul’s writings the "word of truth" does not refer to the written
Scriptures, it refers to the gospel itself, the gospel that the Colossians
"heard" from Epaphras. Thus, Paul’s instruction to Timothy has nothing to
do with the written Scriptures. Instead, he is telling Timothy that he must
correctly understand and apply the gospel message. How can he do that?
"What you heard from me, keep as the pattern of sound teaching, with
faith and love in Christ Jesus" (2 Tim. 1:13). Paul’s admonitions in 2
Timothy are all about holding to the oral Tradition, not to the written
Scriptures alone.
2 Timothy 3:16-17
All Scripture is God-breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking,
correcting and training in righteousness, so that the man of God may be
thoroughly equipped for every good work.
Geisler and MacKenzie believe that this passage teaches the formal
sufficiency of Scripture:
The fact that Scripture, without tradition, is said to be "God-breathed"
(theopneustos) and thus by it believers are "competent, equipped for
every good work" (2 Tim. 3:16-17, emphasis added) supports the doctrine
of sola Scriptura. This flies in the face of the Catholic claim that the Bible is
formally insufficient without the aid of tradition. St. Paul declares that the
God-breathed writings are sufficient.[9]
First of all, Paul does not declare that the God-breathed writings are
"sufficient." He says they are "useful." There’s a huge difference between
those two words. Something can be useful for moving one toward a goal,
without being sufficient by itself to get one there. The Bible is certainly
useful, even essential, but not necessarily sufficient by itself. Actually, if
the Holy Spirit did want to teach sola Scriptura, He missed a golden
opportunity. If He had guided Paul to use the word "sufficient" instead of
"useful," it would have established the doctrine once and for all, but He did
not. He merely said Scripture was "useful" (NIV) or "profitable" (KJV,
NASB), which it certainly is.
Also, the fact that the "Scriptures, without tradition, are God-breathed"
proves nothing one way or the other about the formal sufficiency of those
Scriptures. It only proves that the Bible is inspired, which, as I said, is
something upon which we all agree.
Further, if we look at these verses in context, they actually refute the
doctrine of sola Scriptura:
But as for you, continue in what you have learned and have become
convinced of, because you know those from whom you learned it, and how
from infancy you have known the holy Scriptures, which are able to make
you wise for salvation through faith in Christ Jesus. All Scripture is God-
breathed and is useful for teaching, rebuking, correcting and training in
righteousness, so that the man of God may be thoroughly equipped for
every good work. (2 Tim. 3:14-17).
The Scriptures Paul is referring to are those Timothy has known "from
infancy." Most of the New Testament was not written in Timothy’s infancy,
nor would it be available as such for three hundred years after Timothy’s
death. Paul is obviously referring to the Old Testament. The Protestant
International Bible Commentary confirms this:
[For the apostles,] their Bible . . . consisted of the Old Testament; this
was the Canon of Holy Writ accepted by Jesus Himself, and referred to
simply as "the Scriptures" throughout the New Testament writings. It was
not until the year A.D. 393 that a church council first listed the 27 New
Testament books now universally recognized. There was thus a period of
about 350 years during which the New Testament Canon was in process of
being formed.[10]
Thus, if this passage proved anything, it would prove too much. If it
really did prove that the Scriptures are "sufficient" by themselves, it would
prove that the Old Testament Scriptures are sufficient by themselves. The
New Testament would thus be superfluous, mere commentary. Obviously,
this isn’t what Paul is saying. He is merely saying that the Old Testament
is "useful" for training a believer so that he may be "thoroughly equipped
for every good work." But that is a far cry from saying that the Scriptures
by themselves are sufficient as the sole source of all Christian truth.
Finally, the whole point of this passage is that Paul is telling Timothy to
"continue in what you have learned and have become convinced of." That
is, he is telling Timothy to continue in the oral Tradition that he learned
from Paul, for two reasons: (1) "you know those from whom you learned
it." Timothy learned it from Paul and his associates, and they are
trustworthy. And (2) "from infancy you have known the holy Scriptures."
The Old Testament Scriptures point to Christ (John 5:39). They are able to
"make you wise for salvation" by preparing you to accept the gospel when
you hear it.
So rather than establishing sola Scriptura, this passage actually refutes
it. Paul is not telling Timothy to derive his doctrines from Scripture alone.
On the contrary, he’s telling him to continue in the oral teachings he has
learned and become convinced of. Paul is merely repeating what he told
Timothy earlier in the same letter: "What you heard from me, keep as the
pattern of sound teaching" (2 Tim. 1:13).
End Notes
1. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 27.
2. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 35.
3. See 1 Thess. 2:13--"And for this reason we also constantly thank God that when
you received from us the word of God's message, you accepted it not as the word
of men, but for what it really is, the word of God, which also performs its work in
you who believe." (NAS)
4. Someone may object that there is no evidence that this prophecy was transmitted
orally for all those years. It could have been lost, and God could have revealed it
to the author of 1 Enoch through the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. But if God
inspired the author of 1 Enoch, then 1 Enoch is Scripture and it should be in the
Bible. However, we believe that 1 Enoch is not inspired, it just happens to
accurately quote Enoch?s prophecy. The author cannot have pulled this prophecy
out of thin air. Therefore, if he didn?t get it from divine inspiration, he must have
gotten it from oral Tradition.
5. E.J. Young, Isaiah, vol 1., 313.
6. e.g., Berean Bible Ministries, Berean Beacon, The Berean Call, The Berean Mission,
Berean College, Berean University of the Assemblies of God, Berean Baptist
Church, etc.
7. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 35.
8. Alfred Marshall, The Interlinear Greek-English New Testament, (Grand Rapids, MI:
Zondervan Bible Publishers, 1975), 491.
9. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 35.
10. David F. Payne, "The Text and Canon of the New Testament," International Bible
Commentary, ed. F.F. Bruce, (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House,
1986), 1005.
11. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 35.
12. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 35.
So far, we’ve examined the biblical evidence for sola Scriptura and
found it wanting. Now we’ll look at the biblical evidence against sola
Scriptura, and we’ll see three things: (1) that Jesus and the apostles did
not practice sola Scriptura, (2) that Jesus established a visible authority
structure apart from the authority of the Scriptures alone, and (3) that in
the New Testament, the rule of faith was "Scripture and Tradition."
Matthew 2:22-23
But when he [Joseph] heard that Archelaus was reigning in Judea in
place of his father Herod, he was afraid to go there. Having been warned
in a dream, he withdrew to the district of Galilee, and he went and lived in
a town called Nazareth. So was fulfilled what was said through the
prophets: "He will be called a Nazarene."
This prophecy is not found anywhere in the Old Testament. Matthew is
evidently citing a prophecy that was passed down orally as part of the
Jewish oral Tradition. It was "said," not "written." The people must have
been familiar with this oral Tradition because Matthew cited it to prove
that Jesus was the Messiah. It would hardly have been convincing if he had
referred to a prophecy the people had never heard of. By relying on this
oral prophecy to uphold the legitimacy of Jesus’s claim to be the Messiah,
Matthew placed it on an equal plane with the other prophecies he cited
that are found in the written Scripture.
Matthew 23:2-3
The teachers of the law and the Pharisees sit in Moses’ seat. So you
must obey them and do everything they tell you. But do not do what they
do, for they do not practice what they preach.
The Old Testament never mentions Moses’ seat, but it was common
knowledge in Israel that the authoritative teaching office of Moses was
passed on to his successors. Thus, the Pharisees held a legitimate
teaching office, and they must be obeyed, but not imitated.
As the first verse of the Mishna tractate Abote indicates, the Jews
understood that God’s revelation, received by Moses, had been handed
down from him in uninterrupted succession, through Joshua, the elders,
the prophets and those of the great Sanhedrin (cf. Acts 15:21). The Scribes
and Pharisees participated in this authoritative tradition and as such their
teaching deserved to be respected. [2]
Jesus upheld the legitimacy of the Pharisees’ teaching office based on
Tradition, not Scripture.
Matthew 23:35
Upon you may fall the guilt of all the righteous blood shed on earth,
from the blood of righteous Abel to the blood of Zechariah, the son of
Berachiah, whom you murdered between the temple and the altar.
In 2 Chronicles 24:20-22, the Bible tells us that Zechariah was stoned to
death in the courtyard of the temple. The problem is, the Zechariah
described in 2 Chronicles was the son of Jehoiada, not Berachiah.
Zechariah son of Berachiah was the author of the biblical book of the same
name, and the Bible doesn't say anything about how he died. According to
Protestant author Gleason L. Archer,
[Jesus] knew what He was talking about. If so, then we discover that the
Zechariah He was referring to was indeed the son of Berachiah (not
Jehoiada), and that he was indeed the last of the Old Testament martyrs
mentioned in the Hebrew Scriptures. In other words, Christ is recalling to
His audience the circumstances of the death of the prophet Zechariah, son
of Berachiah (Zech. 1:1) . . . [I]t may very well have been that sometime
between 580 and 570 Zechariah the prophet was martyred by a mob in
much the same way Zechariah the son of Jehoiada was some three
centuries earlier. . . . In the absense of any other information as to how the
prophet Zechariah died, we may as well conclude that Jesus has given us a
true account of it.[3]
In other words, Jesus was referring to an oral tradition regarding the
death of Zechariah. We can safely assume that this was common
knowledge because He made this statement in the middle of a withering
condemnation of the Pharisees and the teachers of the law. After Jesus
rebuked them, they "began to oppose him fiercely and to besiege him with
questions, waiting to catch him in something he might say." If Jesus were
presenting new information, these men would have pounced on that in
order to undermine His credibility. The fact that they did not do so shows
that this was not new information to them. Obviously, Jesus was relying on
an oral Tradition that was well known to the Pharisees and the teachers of
the law.
Acts 20:35
In everything I did, I showed you that by this kind of hard work we must
help the weak, remembering the words the Lord Jesus himself said: "It is
more blessed to give than to receive."
You will search in vain if you try to find this saying of Jesus in the
gospels. It was passed down orally for decades before Paul wrote it down,
and he was obviously reminding people of something they already knew:
"Hey guys, remember what Jesus said . . ." Of course, once Paul wrote
these words down they ceased to be part of Tradition and became part of
Scripture. But that does not change their truth. They were just as true
before they were written down as they were after.
2 Timothy 3:8
Just as Jannes and Jambres opposed Moses, so also these men oppose
the truth--men of depraved minds, who, as far as the faith is concerned,
are rejected.
According to rabbinic tradition, Jannes and Jambres were the magicians
who opposed Moses in Pharaoh’s court. Again, this information is not
found in the Old Testament. Paul is relying on oral Tradition, and because
that Tradition is now Scripture (it is now part of the New Testament), we
know the Tradition is true.
Jude 8-9
In the same way, these dreamers pollute their own bodies, reject
authority and slander celestial beings. But even the archangel Michael,
when he was disputing with the devil about the body of Moses, did not
dare to bring a slanderous accusation against him, but said, "The Lord
rebuke you!"
According to Dr. Archer, "This account is not found in the Old
Testament but is thought to have been included in a Christian treatise
(now lost) entitled 'the Assumption of Moses.'"[4] Jude used this account
as an authoritative source for teaching his readers that it is improper to
slander celestial beings.
Jude 14-15
Enoch, the seventh from Adam, prophesied about these men: "See, the
Lord is coming with thousands upon thousands of his holy ones to judge
everyone, and to convict all the ungodly of all the ungodly acts they have
done in the ungodly way, and of all the harsh words ungodly sinners have
spoken against him."
This prophecy of Enoch is not recorded in the Old Testament, but it is
recorded in the extra-biblical book 1 Enoch (verse 1:9). We don’t know
whether Jude copied from 1 Enoch, or whether he relied on the same oral
Tradition as the author of 1 Enoch did, but in either case we see once
again a New Testament author relying on an extra-biblical prophecy as
authoritative. Notice also that Jude says Enoch "prophesied," that is, he
spoke the Word of God. Here we have a specific example of God’s own
word being faithfully transmitted orally for several thousand years before
Jude and the author of 1 Enoch wrote it down.
1 Corinthians 11:2
Now I praise you because you remember me in everything, and hold
firmly to the traditions, just as I delivered them to you.
It was a good and praiseworthy thing for a believer in Christ to hold
firmly to the oral Traditions that Paul delivered. Where in the Bible does it
say that this would one day be replaced by sola Scriptura?
1 Corinthians 11:16
If anyone wants to be contentious about this, we have no other
practice--nor do the churches of God.
It’s interesting that Paul refers to the practices of the churches of God
as a standard of orthodoxy. This is the same standard that believers used
for centuries to distinguish apostolic teaching from heresy:
It is . . . manifest that all doctrine which agrees with the apostolic
churches--those molds and original sources of the faith--must be reckoned
for truth, as undoubtedly containing that which the churches received
from the apostles, the apostles from Christ, [and] Christ from God.
Whereas all doctrine must be prejudged as false which savors of
contrariety to the truth of the churches and apostles of Christ and God. It
remains, then, that we demonstrate whether this doctrine of ours, of which
we have now given the rule, has its origin in the Tradition of the Apostles,
and whether all other doctrines do not ipso facto proceed from falsehood.
(Tertullian, Demurrer Against the Heretics 21 [A.D. 200]).
Philippians 4:9
Whatever you have learned or received or heard from me, or seen in
me--put it into practice. And the God of peace will be with you.
The Spirit-inspired commandment is to put into practice the oral
teachings of Paul, not to rely on Scripture alone.
Colossians 1:5-9
. . . the faith and love that spring from the hope that is stored up for
you in heaven and that you have already heard about in the word of truth,
the gospel that has come to you. All over the world this gospel is bearing
fruit and growing, just as it has been doing among you since the day you
heard it and understood God’s grace in all its truth. You learned it from
Epaphras, our dear fellow servant.
The Colossians didn’t learn the gospel from Scripture alone, they
learned it from Epaphras alone. The gospel he preached to them was
called "the word of truth," and even without the New Testament, the
Colossians were able to understand "God?s grace in all its truth." Nowhere
does the Bible state that all of this gospel message, this "word of truth,"
was later reduced to writing.
1 Thessalonians 2:13
And we also thank God continually because, when you received the
word of God, which you heard [orally] from us, you accepted it not as the
word of men, but as it actually is, the word of God, which is at work in you
who believe.
Clearly, the oral Traditions of the apostles were to be followed, just as
the Scriptures were. Paul said that the Thessalonians received the Word of
God from him. Did they receive the Scriptures from him? Of course not.
Remember that when Paul went to Thessalonica in Acts 17, he reasoned
with them for three weeks from the (Old Testament) Scriptures. Obviously,
they already had the Scriptures. So when Paul speaks of them receiving
the Word of God from him, he is obviously talking about his oral teachings.
In saying this, he proves that his oral teachings were just as much the
inspired word of God as his writings were.
2 Timothy 1:13
What you heard from me, keep as the pattern of sound teaching, with
faith and love in Christ Jesus.
Paul told Timothy to "do the work of an evangelist, discharge all the
duties of your ministry" (2 Tim. 4:5). Was the Scripture alone to be the
source of Timothy’s evangelism? No, he was to keep the oral teachings of
Paul as the "pattern of sound teaching." But aren’t all of Paul’s oral
teachings found in his writings? Apparently not, because at the end of his
life he told Timothy, "the things you have heard me say in the presence of
many witnesses entrust to reliable men who will also be qualified to teach
others" (2 Tim. 2:2).
2 Thessalonians 2:15
So then, brethren, stand firm and hold to the traditions which you were
taught, whether by word of mouth or by letter from us.
This verse is the death-knell for sola Scriptura. The explicit teaching of
the Bible is that we are to hold to the Traditions of the apostles, whether
we receive them by word of mouth (oral Tradition) or by letter (written
Scripture).
Geisler and MacKenzie are ready for this. They allege that the biblical
command that we must follow both Scripture and Tradition only applied
while the apostles where alive:
It is true that the New Testament speaks of following the "traditions"
(=teachings) of the apostles, whether oral or written. This is because they
were living authorities set up by Christ (Matt. 18:18; Acts 2:42; Eph. 2:20).
When they died, however, there was no longer a living apostolic authority
since only those who were eyewitnesses of the resurrected Christ could
have apostolic authority (Acts 1:22; 1 Cor. 9:1). Because the New
Testament is the only inspired (infallible) record of what the apostles
taught, it follows that since the death of the apostles the only apostolic
authority we have is the inspired record of their teaching in the New
Testament. That is, all apostolic tradition (teaching) on faith and practice
is in the New Testament.[10]
This is where the doctrine of sola Scriptura really flies apart. It is
acknowledged that in the New Testament the rule was "Scripture and
Tradition," but it is asserted, with no evidence whatsoever, that all
apostolic Tradition was reduced to writing, and therefore as soon as the
apostles died, Christians could disregard everything the apostles had
taught them that was not reduced to writing. What is the biblical basis for
this assertion? Where in the Bible does it say that all apostolic Tradition
was reduced to writing? And where does it say that the Church was
supposed to switch over to sola Scriptura when the apostles died?
The only evidence that Geisler and MacKenzie offer that "all apostolic
tradition on faith and practice is in the New Testament" is the allegation
that "the New Testament is the only inspired (infallible) record of what the
apostles taught." But that is no evidence at all, it is an unsubstantiated
allegation, based on the prior assumption that sola Scriptura is true. Thus,
their argument is totally circular because it takes as a given that which it
seeks to prove. The conclusion only "follows" if we grant the premise that
"the New Testament is the only inspired (infallible) record of what the
apostles taught." But the New Testament itself indicates that it is not the
only "inspired (infallible) record of what the apostles taught." As we saw
before, in 1 Thessalonians 2:13, Paul wrote,
And we also thank God continually because, when you received the
word of God, which you heard [orally] from us, you accepted it not as the
word of men, but as it actually is, the word of God, which is at work in you
who believe.
Paul said that his oral teaching was actually the "Word of God,"
meaning that it was inspired. He commanded Timothy to perpetuate this
teaching through the ages (2 Tim. 2:2). How can this be reconciled with
Geisler and MacKenzie?s allegation that the "oral teachings of the apostles
were not called ?inspired? or ?unbreakable? or the equivalent"?[11]
End Notes
1. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 35.
2. L. Sabourin, The Gospel According to St. Matthew (Bombay: St. Paul Publications,
1982), vol. 2, 793.
3. Archer, Encyclopedia of Bible Difficulties, (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan
Corporation, 1982), 338.
4. Archer, Difficulties, 430.
5. Archer, Difficulties, 430.
6. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 35.
7. The word "bishop" comes from the Old English word bisceop, which itself derives,
by way of Latin, from the Greek word episcopos, which means "overseer."
8. He is mentioned in Philippians 4:3.
9. According to Tertullian, Demurrer Against the Heretics, 32, A.D.200.
10. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 36.
11. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 36.
So far, weve examined the biblical evidence for sola Scriptura and the
evidence against it. Now we’ll consider the premises upon which sola
Scriptura depends. I said before that sola Scriptura depends upon three
premises: (1) that all of the apostles? essential teachings were reduced to
writing, (2) that the Church was supposed to switch over from "Scripture
and Tradition" to sola Scriptura when the apostles died, and (3) that the
essential teachings of Scripture are clear. Let?s look at each of these
premises and see whether they have any scriptural or historical basis, or
whether advocates of sola Scriptura simply assume that these things must
be true based on the fact that they already believe sola Scriptura is true.
Baptism
Is this an essential issue? It depends on whom you ask. Martin Luther
thought it was:
Baptism is divine, not devised nor invented by men. For as truly as I
can say, No man has spun the Ten Commandments, the Creed, and the
Lord's Prayer out of his head, but they are revealed and given by God
Himself, so also I can boast that Baptism is no human trifle, but instituted
by God Himself, moreover, that it is most solemnly and strictly
commanded that we must be baptized or we cannot be saved, lest any
one regard it as a trifling matter, like putting on a new red coat. For it is of
the greatest importance that we esteem Baptism excellent, glorious, and
exalted, for which we contend and fight chiefly, because the world is now
so full of sects clamoring that Baptism is an external thing, and that
external things are of no benefit.[16]
Even as early as 1530, when Luther wrote those words, Protestantism
had already divided into "clamoring sects" that could not agree on the
"clear biblical teaching" about baptism. Modern Lutherans, Anglicans,
Churches of Christ, and Disciples of Christ believe, like Luther, that we are
regenerated in baptism. It is where salvation occurs. Simply put, if you’re
not baptized, you’re probably not saved. For these Protestants, baptism
goes to the very heart of salvation, and it is clearly an essential doctrine.
On the other hand, Baptists, Reformed, Presbyterians, and many non-
denominational churches believe that baptism is purely symbolic.
Salvation has already occurred, baptism is merely a public testimony to
that fact. To these Protestants baptism is not an essential doctrine. In fact,
Quakers and the Salvation Army don’t even baptize at all.
And while we’re on the subject, what about infant baptism? Lutherans,
Anglicans, Methodists, and Presbyterians baptize infants. The Lutherans,
Anglicans, and some Methodists believe the infants are regenerated.
Luther wrote,
Little children . . . are free in every way, secure and saved solely
through the glory of their baptism.[17]
Presbyterians, although they do baptize infants, consider their baptism
purely symbolic. Baptists and many others refuse to baptize infants at all.
Regeneration is the very heart of salvation, yet Protestants can’t agree
among themselves when and how and to whom it occurs. So much for
perspicuity.
The Eucharist
Many Protestants would say the Eucharist, or "Lord’s Supper," is not an
essential doctrine. But Jesus said, "I tell you the truth, unless you eat the
flesh of the Son of Man and drink his blood, you have no life in you" (John
6:53). Paul wrote to the Corinthians that "whoever eats the bread or drinks
the cup of the Lord in an unworthy manner will be guilty of sinning against
the body and blood of the Lord . . . That is why many among you are weak
and sick, and a number of you have fallen asleep [died]" (1 Cor. 11:27,
30). That sure sounds essential to me, perhaps even related to salvation
and/or perseverance.
So what is the "clear" biblical teaching about the Eucharist? Once
again, it depends on who you ask. Martin Luther believed that the
Eucharist contains the true body and blood of Jesus, and that through it
Jesus forgives sins:
It is the true body and blood of our Lord Jesus Christ, in and under the
bread and wine which we Christians are commanded by the Word of Christ
to eat and to drink. . . . For this reason we go to the Sacrament because
there we receive such a treasure by and in which we obtain forgiveness of
sins. . . . But here our wise spirits contort themselves with their great art
and wisdom, crying out and bawling: How can bread and wine forgive sins
or strengthen faith? . . . such bread and wine as is the body and blood of
Christ . . . is verily the treasure, and nothing else, through which such
forgiveness is obtained. [18]
Such is the power of the Eucharist, according to Luther and modern
Lutherans and Anglicans, that through it Christ forgives sins. The Lutheran
Church wrote that the Zwinglians, who denied the Real Presence of Christ
in the Eucharist, were "a set of people, whom we see agitated by the spirit
of lying, and uttering blasphemies against the Son of Man."[19]
Zwingli, of course, saw it differently. He believed that the Eucharist was
purely symbolic, which is probably the majority opinion of Protestants
today. Luther wrote that it "would be better to announce eternal
damnation than salvation after the style of Zwingli."[20]
John Calvin, founder of Calvinism, didn’t consider the Eucharist to be
completely symbolic, as Zwingli did. He considered it to be a means of
grace, through which Christ communicates grace to his followers.
However, he denied that the bread and wine actually become the "true
body and blood of our Lord":
"For what absurdities [Luther] pawned upon us . . . when he said the
bread is the very body! . . . a very foul error."[21]
Protestants have clashed from the very beginning over their
understanding of the clear, perspicuous biblical teaching about the
Eucharist. In 1577, only 60 years after Luther nailed his "95 Theses" to the
door at Wittenberg, a book called 200 Interpretations of the Words, "This
is My Body" was published in Ingolstadt, Germany. That title speaks
volumes on the perspicuity of Scripture.
Charismatic Signs
And these signs will accompany those who believe: In my name they
will drive out demons; they will speak in new tongues; they will pick up
snakes with their hands; and when they drink deadly poison, it will not
hurt them at all; they will place their hands on sick people, and they will
get well. (Mark 16:17-18).
What is the "clear" teaching of this passage? Pentecostal Holiness
churches interpret it to mean that those who believe will exhibit these
signs. In other words, if you don’t speak in tongues, you aren’t saved. For
them this is certainly an essential doctrine. Many other Protestant
churches accept the validity of charismatic signs (as does the Catholic
Church), but they don’t regard their absence in any given Christian as a
sign that the person is not saved. At the other end of the spectrum, many
Baptist churches, and others, deny that charismatic signs are legitimate.
Perhaps they are even manifestations of Satan, "great signs and miracles
to deceive even the elect" (Matt. 24:24).
Mortal Sin
Can a Christian forfeit his salvation by committing a "mortal" sin? This
is a vital question, one that explores the very nature of salvation itself. Is
salvation irrevocable, or can it be lost? The answer to that question has a
crucial bearing on how you live the Christian life. If it is impossible to
forfeit your salvation, then you need not be overly concerned with how
you live your life. Sure, you want to please the Lord and avoid his
discipline, but at least you know that heaven is yours, no matter what you
do. On the other hand, if it is possible to forfeit your salvation, then it?s
critical to know how this can happen, so that you can avoid it. How horrible
it would be to live as a devoted follower of Christ for years, only to turn
your back on Him later in life and throw it all away. So it’s clearly essential
to know whether any sins are "mortal." If this is not an essential doctrine,
then there are no essential doctrines.
So what is the clear, perspicuous biblical teaching about mortal sin? Not
surprisingly, it depends on whom you ask:
At one end of the spectrum are the Baptist, Presbyterian, and many
non-denominational churches. Following the teachings of John Calvin, they
do not believe that it is possible to forfeit salvation. If you are saved, you
are always saved, and nothing can change that. Excessive sin does not
jeopardize your salvation, but it may indicate that you were never really
saved in the first place.
Somewhere in the middle are Lutherans, Anglicans, Methodists,
Episcopal, and some others. Following the teachings of Jacob Arminius,
they believe that it is possible to sin so grievously that you forfeit your
salvation. Salvation can be regained through genuine repentance.
At the other end of the spectrum are the "Holiness" churches:
The Holiness people believe they do not sin in any sense of the word
[based on 1 John 5:18]. If a Christian does sin, he loses his salvation and
must repent and be saved again. This can result (in the extreme) in a
saved-lost-saved-lost cycle.[22]
So, once again, the Protestant interpretation of the "clear teachings" of
the Bible spans the entire spectrum, from those who believe it is
impossible to forfeit salvation no matter how badly you sin, to those who
believe you forfeit salvation if you sin at all.
These are only a few of the many examples that could be cited to
demonstrate the obvious inability of Protestants to agree on the "clear"
teachings of Scripture, even on essential issues. They can’t even agree on
which issues are essential. Such is the fruit of sola Scriptura.
End Notes
1. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 37.
2. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 26.
3. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 38.
4. J.D.N. Kelly, Early Christian Doctrine, (New York: Harper & Row, 1960), 42-43.
5. Epiphanius of Salamis, Medicine Chest Against All Heresies 61:6, A.D. 375.
6. The Notebooks, A.D. 434.
7. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 38.
8. George J. Reid, "Canon of the New Testament," The Catholic Encyclopedia,
(Encyclopedia Press, Inc., 1913).
9. David F. Payne, "The Text and Canon of the New Testament," International Bible
Commentary, ed. F.F. Bruce, (Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House,
1986), 1005.
10. Revelation later joined the ranks of the disputed books.
11. Payne, "Canon," 1005.
12. Payne, "Canon," 1005.
13. I believe that the clarity of hindsight explains why the various denominations
advocate their own distinctive doctrines so forcefully. They approach the Bible
with already held beliefs (their own "tradition" you might say) and they find verses
that, in hindsight, appear to support those beliefs. The teachings seem so clear, in
hindsight, that they can?t understand why everyone doesn?t believe what they do.
14. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 26.
15. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 37.
16. Martin Luther, The Large Catechism [1530], Translated by F. Bente and W.H.T.
Dau, Published in: Triglot Concordia: The Symbolical Books of the Ev. Lutheran
Church, (St. Louis: Concordia Publishing House, 1921), 565.
17. Martin Luther, The Babylonian Captivity of the Church, 1520, tr. A.T.W.
Steinhauser, (Philadelphia: Fortress Press, rev. ed., 1970), 197.
18. Luther, The Large Catechism, 565-773.
19. Quoted in Martin J. Spalding, The History of the Protestant Reformation,
(Baltimore: John Murphy, 1876), vol. 1, 466.
20. Quoted in Belfort Bax, The Peasant?s War in Germany, (London: 1899), 352.
21. Quoted in John Dillenberger, John Calvin: Selections from His Writings, (Garden
City, NY: Doubleday Anchor, 1971), 46-48.
22. Perry Lassiter, Once Saved . . . Always Saved, (Nashville, TN: Broadman Press,
1975), 65.
23. Quoted in Leslie Rumble, Bible Quizzes to a Street Preacher, (Rockford, IL: TAN
books, 1976), 22.
24. Luther, Epistle Against Zwingli.
25. Quoted in Patrick F. O?Hare, The Facts About Luther, (Rockford, IL: TAN Books, rev.
ed., 1987), 293.
26. Martin Luther, The Bondage of the Will, translation by Henry Cole (Grand Rapids,
MI: Baker Book House, 1976) 29.
27. Quoted in Spalding, Reformation, vol. 1, 463.
28. Quoted in Spalding, Reformation, vol. 1, 466.
29. Quoted in Spalding, Reformation, vol. 1, 464.
30. Quoted in Spalding, Reformation, vol. 1, 466.
31. Quoted in Will Durant, "The Reformation," vol. 6 of 10-vol. The Story of Civilization,
(NY: Simon & Schuster, 1957), 448.
32. Quoted in Spalding, Reformation, 465.
33. Quoted in Dillenberger, Selections, 52, 65.
34. Quoted in Henri Daniel-Rops, The Protestant Reformation, tr. Audrey Butler,
(Garden City, NY: Doubleday Image, 1961) vol. 2, 261.
35. Quoted in Spalding, Reformation, 467.
36. Quoted in Hartmann Grisar, Luther, tr. E.M. Lamond, ed. Luigi Cappadelta,
(London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1917), vol. 6, 289.
37. J. I. Packer, "Sola Scriptura: Crucial to Evangelicalism," in The Foundations of
Biblical Authority, ed. James Boice (Grand Rapids: Zondervan, 1978), 103.
Is Scripture Self-Authenticating?
To get around having to rely on the Catholic Church's say-so, some
Protestants have advanced the idea that Scripture is "self-authenticating."
John Calvin thought it was. He believed that anyone with an open mind
could determine for himself what books belong in the Bible:
Scripture is indeed self-authenticated; hence it is not right to subject it
to proof and reasoning . . . Illumined by his power, we believe neither by
our own nor by anyone else's judgment that Scripture is from God . . . We
seek no proof, . . . such, then, is a conviction that requires no reasons . . . I
speak of nothing other than what each believer experiences within
himself.[4]
But clearly this is not true. No individual has the capacity, God-given or
otherwise, to determine for himself which writings are Scripture and which
are not. Indeed, how could he? To what would he compare each of the
allegedly apostolic books to determine whether they are inspired?
Everything he knows about the Christian faith comes from the twenty-
seven books the Catholic Church selected in the fourth century, so he has
no objective external standard for comparison. And even if, somehow, he
could separate those books that did not contain errors from those that did,
he would still not be able to say whether they were inspired. Human
beings are capable of writing letters that contain no errors, even without
the inspiration of the Holy Spirit. In other words, "truth" does not equal
"inspiration." Only the Holy Spirit knows for sure which books He inspired,
and that is something He does not reveal on an individual basis.
Christians understand this intuitively, Calvin notwithstanding, as
evidenced by the fact that no Christian attempts to define Scripture on his
own. When someone becomes a Christian and is given a Bible, he accepts
it as the Word of God, no questions asked. He does not lock himself in a
room with all of the ancient writings and try to come up with his own
canon of "Scripture."
Even Martin Luther, the founder of Protestantism, could not correctly
identify Scripture. Consider his comments about the book of James:
But this James does nothing more than drive to the Law and to its works
. . . in direct opposition to St. Paul and all the rest of the Bible, it ascribes
justification to works . . . This defect proves that the epistle is not of
Apostolic provenance . . . In sum he [James] wished to guard against those
who depended on faith without going to works, but he had neither the
spirit nor the thought nor the eloquence equal to the task. He does
violence to scripture and so contradicts Paul and all of scripture. He tries
to accomplish by emphasizing law what the Apostles bring about by
attracting men to love. I therefore refuse him a place among the writers of
the true canon of my Bible.[5]
Luther removed James, along with Hebrews, Jude, and Revelation, from
the New Testament canon and placed them at the end of his translation,
as a New Testament "apocrypha." He regarded all four as non-apostolic.
He called James an "epistle of straw," and he considered Job and Jonah
mere fables. He called Ecclesiastes "incoherent" and "incomplete." He
wished that Esther (along with 2 Maccabees) "did not exist," and he
wanted to "toss it into the Elbe" river. Of the book of Revelation he said,
"Christ is not taught or known in it."[6]
Obviously Martin Luther, the founder of sola Scriptura, could not figure
out on his own which books were Scripture and which weren't. The early
Christians couldn't either. Justin Martyr, Polycarp, Clement of Alexandria,
Irenaeus, Origen, and Tertullian all rejected one or more of the canonical
New Testament books, and these same fathers also accepted books we
now reject. For example, Irenaeus, Origen, Tertullian, and Clement of
Alexandria accepted The Shepherd as Scripture. Clement of Alexandria
accepted The Didache, and Origen accepted The Acts of Paul. Clearly, one
can only believe that the Scripture is "self-authenticating" if one
completely ignores reality.
John Calvin
There was little political liberty in Geneva under Calvin's regime, and
still less of religious liberty. His practical influence was on the side of an
autocratic state and complete conformity of the individual to the
established powers.[12]
Calvin was as thorough as any pope in rejecting individualism of belief;
this greatest legislator of Protestantism completely repudiated that
principle of private judgment with which the new religion had begun. He
had seen the fragmentation of the Reformation into a hundred sects, and
foresaw more; in Geneva he would have none of them.[13]
Martin Luther
"Some . . . will not treat our gospel rightly; but have we not gibbets[14],
wheels[15], swords, and knives? Those who are obdurate can be brought
to reason."[16]
"That seditious articles of doctrine should be punished by the sword
needed no further proof. For the rest, the Anabaptists hold tenets relating
to infant baptism, original sin, and inspiration, which have no connection
with the Word of God, and are indeed opposed to it . . . Secular authorities
are also bound to restrain and punish avowedly false doctrine . . . [In the
case of the Anabaptists] we conclude that . . . the stubborn sectaries must
be put to death."[17]
In Luther's case it is impossible to speak of liberty of conscience or
religious freedom . . . The death-penalty for heresy rested on the highest
Lutheran authority . . . The views of the other reformers on the
persecution and bringing to justice of [Protestant] heretics were merely
the outgrowth of Luther's plan; they contributed nothing fresh.[18]
Even contempt of the outward Word, carelessness about going to
church and contempt of Scripture - in this instance . . . as interpreted by
Luther - was now regarded as "rank blasphemy," which it was the duty of
the authorities to punish as such. To such lengths had the vaunted
freedom of the Gospel now gone.[19]
Ulrich Zwingli
Young Bible students he once mentored were now advocating more
radical reform . . . refusing to have their babies baptized, citing his own
earlier ideas . . . In January, 1525, Zwingli agreed that they deserved
capital punishment . . . for tearing the fabric of a seamless Christian
society.[20]
The presence at sermons . . . was enjoined under pain of punishment;
all teaching and church worship that deviated from the prescribed
regulations was punishable. Even outside the district of Zurich the clergy
were not allowed to read Mass or the laity to attend. And it was actually
forbidden, "under pain of severe punishment, to keep pictures and images
even in private houses" . . . The example of Zurich was followed by other
Swiss Cantons.[21]
The persecution of the Anabaptists began in Zurich . . . The penalties
enjoined by the Town Council of Zurich were "drowning, burning, or
beheading," according as it seemed advisable . . . "It is our will," the
Council proclaimed, "that wherever they be found, whether singly or in
companies, they shall be drowned to death, and that none of them shall
be spared."[22]
End Notes
1. Geisler and MacKenzie, "Rome," 38.
2. Martin Luther, Commentary on St. John.
3. The books are not inspired merely because the Church declared them to be so, of
course. They always were inspired, but God enabled the Church to identify them
and to separate them from the non-inspired books.
4. John Calvin, Institutes of Christian Religion, Book I, chapter 7, section 5
(Battles/McNeill ed.), vol. 1, 80-81.
5. Martin Luther, quoted in Dillenberger, Selections, 36.
6. These opinions are found in Luther's prefaces to biblical books, in his German
translation of 1522.
7. H.G. Ganss, "Martin Luther," The Catholic Encyclopedia, (Encyclopedia Press, Inc.,
1913).
8. Johann von Dollinger, Kirche und Kirchen, 1861, 68.
9. Quoted in John L. Stoddard, Rebuilding a Lost Faith, (NY: P.J. Kenedy & Sons,
1922), 205.
10. Martin Luther, Against the Falsely So-Called Spiritual Estate of the Pope and
Bishops, July 1522.
11. Henry Hallam, Constitutional History of England, vol 1, 63.
12. Georgia Harkness [Protestant], John Calvin: The Man and His Ethics, (NY: Abingdon
Press, 1931), 222.
13. Durant [secular], "Reformation," vol. 6, 473.
14. Gibbet: a T-shaped structure from which executed criminals were hung for public
viewing.
15. Wheel: a Medieval device to which a victim was bound for torture.
16. Quoted in Johannes Janssen, History of the German People From the Close of the
Middle Ages, tr. A. M. Christie, (St. Louis: B. Herder, 1910), vol. 3, 266.
17. Quoted in Janssen, History, vol. 10, 222-223.
18. Walther Kohler [Protestant], Reformation und Ketzerprozess, 1901, 29.
19. Karl Wappler [Protestant], Die Inquisition, 1908, 69.
20. John L. Ruth, "America's Anabaptists: Who They Are," Christianity Today, October
22, 1990, 26.
21. Janssen, History, vol. 5, 134-5.
22. Janssen, History, vol. 5, 153-7.
23. O'Hare, Luther, 293.
24. Quoted in O'Hare, Luther, 297-297.
Conclusion
We’ve covered a lot of ground in these pages, because the doctrine of
sola Scriptura impacts on so many areas of ecclesiology, theology, and
history. I hope I have demonstrated that sola Scriptura has no basis in
either Scripture or history. The Bible itself doesn?t teach it, either directly
or indirectly, and in fact it refutes it. Jesus and the apostles also refuted it
by their example.
Finally, all three of its foundational premises are false. First, there is no
evidence that all of the essential teachings of the apostles were reduced
to writing. Advocates of sola Scriptura simply take it as a given, which is
contrary to their own doctrine. They assume the truth of sola Scriptura and
then conclude that if we must rely on the Bible alone, then everything
important must be in there. But the evidence in the Bible itself, and the
explicit testimony of the early Church, is that some of the apostles?
teaching was handed down orally, and some in writing. Both are necessary
for a correct formulation of doctrine. Second, there is also no biblical
evidence that the Church was supposed to rely on Scripture alone after
the death of the apostles. Again, this is something advocates of sola
Scriptura simply take as a given. Because they believe that we must rely
on Scripture alone today, they assume that it must have always been that
way. But the testimony of the early Christians themselves is that they did
not practice sola Scriptura, and as we have seen, they could not have
done so even if they had wanted to. Third, Protestant history has
demonstrated conclusively that the Bible is not clear enough to be its own
interpreter, even on so-called "essential" doctrines. Protestants have been
unable, since the very beginning of their Reformation, to agree among
themselves which doctrines are "essential" and which are "unessential,"
and on issue after issue they have developed doctrines that are
diametrically opposed to each other, all derived from the same supposedly
"perspicuous" Bible.
The Scriptures are infallible, authoritative, and necessary, but they are
obviously not sufficient by themselves, and they were clearly not intended
to be the sole source of authority in the Christian life. The Bible teaches
that the oral Tradition of the apostles was also to be trusted and
perpetuated. It further teaches that Jesus established an authoritative,
visible church, which the Bible itself calls "the pillar and foundation of the
truth" (1 Tim. 3:15). This Church also enjoys the promised guidance of the
Holy Spirit to correctly interpret the Scriptures and to correctly identify the
genuine apostolic oral teaching.
I wish I could have addressed this topic without delving into the
ugliness of the Reformation itself, but it is simply impossible to have a
proper understanding of sola Scriptura without understanding the
environment in which it came about. I would like to emphasize, however,
that both sides were guilty of autocratic behavior, not just the Reformers,
and that much has changed since then, on both sides. The modern
Catholic Church, and the modern Protestant churches bear little
resemblance to their sixteenth-century predecessors, except in matters of
doctrine. Today most Protestants recognize Catholics as true Christians,
and for its part, the Catholic Church believes that Protestants "have a right
to be called Christians" and it accepts them "with respect and affection as
brothers."[1] Protestants no longer try to force their beliefs on one
another, nor do Catholics. The Catholic Church teaches that "man?s
response to God by faith must be free, and . . . therefore nobody is to be
forced to embrace the faith against his will. The act of faith is of its very
nature a free act."[2] Both sides have matured considerably in this
respect, and they both acknowledge that it is not only futile, but wrong to
try to compel people to accept their doctrines.
The embarrassing behavior of Catholics and Protestants in the
sixteenth century, being so much a characteristic of that era, is not
relevant to the validity of either group today, but it is very relevant to the
doctrine of sola Scriptura. The Reformers used this doctrine in order to
justify their rebellion against the authority of the Church. They claimed to
rely on the Scriptures alone as their ultimate authority, but in actual
practice their ultimate authority was themselves and their own theology. If
they thought a biblical book contradicted their theology, they simply
removed that book from the Bible. Thus, they placed themselves above
even the Bible, and they believed that they (but not their followers) could
interpret their abridged version of the Bible just fine without the help of
the Church, or apostolic Tradition. But the result of their sola Scriptura
theory has been centuries of confusion, chaos, and ever-increasing
division. Today, the Protestant world is a jumble of dissonant voices, all
shouting something different. Yet the Bible says,
I appeal to you, brothers, in the name of our Lord Jesus Christ, that all
of you agree with one another so that there may be no divisions among
you and that you may be perfectly united in mind and thought. (1
Corinthians 1:10).
I submit to you that this will never happen as long as Christians
continue to practice sola Scriptura. If anything the pace of division will only
accelerate.
If I?ve convinced you that sola Scriptura is an invention of man, not a
revelation of God, don?t worry. Leaving sola Scriptura behind doesn?t
mean you have to leave the Scriptures behind. Far from it! It?s mainly just
a question of knowing which way to them. Studying the Scriptures in light
of apostolic Tradition adds an element of certainty that I find quite
comforting. Now I can know when I am interpreting the Bible correctly, and
when I am not. And as I first began to grasp the harmony with which
apostolic Scripture and apostolic Tradition reinforce and illuminate each
other, I was filled anew with awe for the almighty God who preserves and
proclaims His Word.
Still, I know it?s hard to shift theological gears. Even if you?re
convinced intellectually that apostolic Tradition is valid, emotionally it?s
not so easy. The idea of relying on anything other than Scripture can be
hard to accept. I understand. Perhaps it would help you to know that there
is at least one infallible oral Tradition that you already accept as being the
Word of God, probably without even knowing it. It is the story of the
woman caught in adultery, where Jesus says, "If any one of you is without
sin, let him begin stoning her." This famous biblical story is actually an oral
Tradition that was added to John?s Gospel centuries after it was written, as
explained by Protestant author Phil Comfort:
The story of the adulterous woman in John 7:53-8:11 is one of the best
examples of an addition coming into the text from an oral tradition. This
story is not included in the best and earliest MSS [manuscripts]. In fact, it
is absent from all witnesses earlier than the ninth century . . . When this
story is inserted in later MSS, it appears in different places: after Jn 7:52,
after Lk 21:38, at the end of John, etc. . . . The story is known to have been
a piece of oral tradition first recorded in a Syriac version (syrp), circulated
in the Western church, eventually finding its way into the Latin Vulgate
and from there into later Greek texts from which the Textus Receptus was
derived . . . There is enough external evidence to demonstrate that the
pericope adulteress was not an original part of John?s Gospel.[3]
Because this oral tradition found its way into the Textus Receptus, it
became part of the King James Version of the Bible, and you probably
accept it unquestioningly as the Word of God. Catholics can rest assured
that this story is in fact the Word of God because the Church declared it to
be so at the Council of Trent. But unless you take the Catholic Church?s
word for it, you really have no good reason for accepting it. If you still
believe that Scripture alone is trustworthy I guess you?ll have to remove it
from your Bible.[4]
So then, let us embrace the Scriptures, but let us leave sola Scriptura
behind, because, as we have seen, it is not part of the original deposit of
faith. It is an invention of man that originated in the Middle Ages and the
sixteenth century Protestant Reformation; it is not part of the true gospel
once for all entrusted to the saints.
End Notes
1. Vatican II, Unitatis Redintegratio, 3?1.
2. Dignitatis Humanae, 10.
3. Philip W. Comfort, Guide to the Ancient Manuscripts, (Wheaton, Ill: Tyndale House
Publishers, Inc., 1985).
4. Actually, there are many passages in the King James Version that are not found in
the early manuscripts and are believed to be later additions to the text (e.g.,
Matthew 17:21; John 5:3b, 4; Acts 8:37; 1 John 5:7, 8; etc.).