Mac OS X v10.7 Lion

What's New In Mac OS X: Mac OS X v10.
7 Lion 2/25/11 12:16 PM
Mac OS X v10.7 Lion

This article summarizes the key technology changes and improvements that are available beginning
with Mac OS X version 10.7 Lion. The information about these changes is organized into sections by
technology area:
“Major Features” describes overarching changes that span multiple technology areas or are
otherwise of particular importance.
“Framework-Level Features” describes changes to system frameworks.
“BSD And Kernel Features” describes changes to the UNIX/POSIX portions of Mac OS X and to the
Mac OS X kernel, device drivers, and kernel extensions.
“Application Features” describes changes in the behavior of included applications such as Safari.
“Mac OS X Server” describes changes to Mac OS X Server.
Please file any bug reports about this seed or this documentation using
http://bugreport.apple.com/.
Major Features
The following sections highlight features that span multiple technology areas or that are otherwise of
particular importance in Mac OS X v10.7.
Application Persistence
In Mac OS X v10.7, after a restart, the system automatically relaunches applications that were open
when the user chose Log Out or Shut Down.
In addition, the system automatically restores the state of applications that are relaunched after a
restart. That is, windows that are open when an application terminates are reopened with the same
size and location as before, their contents are scrolled to the same position, and their selections
restored.
When an application goes unused or has no open windows, Mac OS X may terminate it behind the
scenes. When the user wants to use the application again, it usually relaunches instantly. Users who
want to quit applications manually can still do so, but it is no longer necessary.
For more information, see Mac OS X Application Programming Guide.
Automatic Document Saving and Versioning

In the applications that ship as part of Mac OS X v10.7, users no longer need to save documents
explicitly or be concerned about losing unsaved changes. Document-based Cocoa applications can
opt into this autosaving behavior with a simple override.
With automatic saving enabled, the system automatically writes document data to disk as necessary
so that data displayed in a document window is, in effect, always the same as the document data on
disk. A file coordination mechanism maintains sequential access to files. (See “Mac OS X File
Coordination.”)
Applications that support automatic saving also support document version history browsing. To
http://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/mac/#releasenotes/M…SX/Articles/MacOSX10_7.html%23//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40010355-SW5 Page 1 of 12
What's New In Mac OS X: Mac OS X v10.7 Lion 2/25/11 12:16 PM
browse previous versions of a document, choose Browse All Versions from the pull-down menu at
the right end of the menu bar.
For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference .
Mac OS X File Coordination

Mac OS v10.7 includes a new mechanism, called file coordination, that allows your application to
access files and directories in a way that is serialized with other processes’ accesses of the same files
and directories so that inconsistencies due to overlapping reads and writes don’t occur.
File coordination is an important part of the implementation of the Mac OS v10.7 modernized
document model that is described in Application Kit Release Notes (Lion) .
Full-Screen Application Enhancements

Mac OS X v10.7 includes support for full-screen mode through methods in the NSApplication and
NSWindow classes, and the NSWindowDelegate Protocol protocol.
Full-screen support is off by default, but an application can turn it on with a simple method call.
Turning on the support adds an Enter Full Screen menu item with associated action methods to the
View menu if it exists. Otherwise, it adds it to the Window menu.
There is also a new full-screen presentation option. NSWindow full-screen support includes a
window style mask and notifications upon entering and exiting full-screen mode. It also provides
programming interfaces for implementing custom animations that are shown when an application
enters and exits full-screen mode.
The NSWindowDelegate protocol allows the window delegate to control the full-screen content size
and to provide a custom set of presentation options to be in effect while its window is the primary
full-screen window.
Overlay Scrollbars
Mac OS X v10.7 introduces overlay scrollbars similar to those in iOS. Unless the user overrides
scrollbar appearance using System Preferences, the following behavior occurs:
If all of the user’s pointing devices support both horizontal and vertical touch scrolling, the
scrollbars are hidden during normal use. They appear as an overlay on top of the window’s
content while the user is scrolling, and remain visible briefly to allow scrollbar dragging.
If the user has at least one external pointing device that does not support scrolling, the scrollbar
is displayed at all times and the usable space in the window is reduced, as in previous versions of
Mac OS X. (These permanent scrollbars are referred to as legacy scrollbars.)
If the user has no external pointing devices attached, the trackpad settings control the scrollbar
behavior; if the user has disabled scrolling for the trackpad in System Preferences, legacy
scrollbars are used.
Compatibility Note: There are three situations in which legacy scrollbars are used regardless of
hardware or preferences:
An NSScrollView with accessory views inside its scroll track
Any subclass of NSScroller that does not declare itself to be overlay-scroller-compatible
Any NSScroller that is not managed by an NSScrollView
In addition, the scrollbars no longer contain scroll arrows (in overlay mode or in legacy mode).
Because these changes may affect your application layout, you should test your applications with
both standard and scrolling pointing devices.
For more information, see Application Kit Release Notes (Lion) .
Popovers
In Mac OS X v10.7, Application Kit provides support for popovers. A popover is a unit of content that
is positioned relative to some other content on the screen. You use an anchor to express the relation
between these two units of content.
Each popover has an appearance that specifies its visual characteristics, as well as a behavior that
determines which user interactions cause the popover to close.
A transient popover is closed in response to most user interactions.

A semitransient popover is closed when the user interacts with the window containing the
popover’s positioning view.
Popovers with application-defined behavior are not usually closed on the developer’s behalf.
AppKit automatically positions each popover relative to its positioning view and moves the popover
whenever its positioning view moves. For additional granularity, you can specify a positioning
rectangle within the positioning view.
If you implement the appropriate delegate method, your application’s popovers can be detached to
become a separate window by dragging them.
Sandboxing and Privilege Separation

Mac OS X v10.7 provides built-in support for application sandboxing and privilege separation.
Sandboxing allows the developer of a particular application, tool, or other binary to specify a list of
things that it is expected to do during normal operation. The operating system then enforces that
list. For example, a text editor might need to edit files on disk that have been opened by the user,
but it probably does not need to open arbitrary files in other locations or communicate over a
network.
Privilege separation is another common technique for improving security. Privilege separation means
breaking up a complex application, tool, or daemon into pieces that individually require fewer rights.
Modern applications are becoming progressively more dependent on networking. Users view
webpages from untrusted sources, download documents from untrusted sources, and obtain
information via network connections to untrusted sources. The growing reliance on untrusted data
represents an ever-growing attack vector for viruses and other malware.
With traditional applications, if the application becomes compromised through a buffer overflow or
other security hole, its attacker also gains the ability to do anything that the user can do. There are
two common solutions to this problem: sandboxing and privilege separation. These can be used
independently or together to improve security.
For example, if the text editor mentioned above needs to update its help files, it might include a
helper that has the right to download help files from the Internet, but only the right to write files
inside the application’s container.
Because of the reduced privileges of the helper and the main application, any flaws in either part of
the application that might otherwise be exploitable are ultimately of limited utility to the attacker
because neither part of the application runs with the complete privileges and capabilities of the user.
For more information about sandboxing and privilege separation, read Mac OS X Application
Programming Guide. Then read Daemons and Services Programming Guide.
Framework-Level Features
The following sections highlight changes to frameworks and technologies in Mac OS X v10.7.
AV Foundation
The AV Foundation framework, previously available in iOS, is now also part of Mac OS X. You use the
AV Foundation framework to play and create time-based audiovisual media. It provides an
Objective-C interface you use to work on a detailed level with time-based audiovisual data. For
example, you can use it to examine, create, edit, or reencode media files. You can also get input
streams from devices and manipulate video during realtime capture and playback.
For more information, read AV Foundation Programming Guide and AV Foundation Framework
Reference for Mac OS X .
Cocoa Autolayout
Mac OS X v10.7 introduces a new layout system to Cocoa, reworking the springs and struts model.
Instead of using autosizing masks, you define layout constraints that express your intent, such as
“these views line up head to tail,” or “this plus/minus button segmented control should move with
this split view subview.”
This model provides the following benefits:
Localization by just swapping strings, not adjusting layout in the majority of cases.
Mirroring of UI for right-to-left languages, such as Arabic and Hebrew.
Simpler expression of existing concepts in UIs.
Better layering of responsibility between view and controller layers.
Pixel-perfect layout at all scale factors with resolution independence.
Future updates of Interface Builder may add built-in support for Autolayout.
For more information, see Cocoa Autolayout Release Notes .
Core Data
Mac OS X v10.7 adds support for ordered relationships. It also introduces an incremental store. This
incremental store suport allows you in principle to write a Core Data store for a relational database
such as MySQL.
Both of these features have been frequently requested over the years.
For more information, see Core Data Framework Reference .
Font Collections
Mac OS X v10.7 now provides the NSFontCollection API. NSFontCollection is an Objective-C
interface to all of the functionality in the CTFontCollection API (described in CTFontCollection
Reference ), plus a few higher-level features to support font UIs. It is toll-free bridged to
CTFontCollection.
Icon Drag Flocking

Mac OS X v.10.7 introduces the notion of icon drag flocking. Drag flocking allows fine-grained
control over icon dragging. The source application can change the image of the drag, as can the
destination of the drag. When multiple items are dragged, they “flock” together into a stack.
Index Set Range Enumeration

Mac OS X v10.7 adds support for enumerating ranges within an index set.
NSIndexSet is an abstraction of a set of indexes. Developers often also view it as a set of

noncontiguous ranges, which is a natural extension of this abstraction. As a result, developers often
want to be able to enumerate the contents of an NSIndexSet object in terms of ranges, instead of
individual indexes. Beginning in Mac OS X v10.7, NSIndexSet includes convenience methods to
provide this enumeration functionality.
For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference .
JSON Serialization
In Mac OS X 10.7, the Foundation framework adds a new class, NSJSONSerialization, to support
conversion of JSON data (http://www.json.org/) into Foundation types and vice versa.
For more information, see the NSJSONSerialization.h header file and Foundation Framework
Reference .
Linguistic Tagging
Mac OS X v10.7 introduces a linguistic tagging class, NSLinguisticTagger, that lets you break
down a sentence into its grammatical components, allowing the determination of nouns, verbs,
adverbs, and so on. This tagging works fully for English. The API provides a method to find out what
capabilities are currently available in other languages as well.
NSFileWrapper Now In Foundation

In Mac OS X v10.7, the NSFileWrapper class is in the Foundation framework instead of the AppKit
framework.
For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference and Application Kit Framework
Reference .
OpenGL 3.2
Mac OS X v10.7 now provides OpenGL 3.2 on hardware capable of supporting its feature set. Read
OpenGL Programming Guide for Mac OS X to learn about selecting the OpenGL 3.2 Core profile.
Ordered Sets Support
Mac OS X v10.7 now provides support for ordered sets. An NSOrderedSet object contains each
element at most once, and the elements can be accessed by a compact integer index space,
numbered 0 .. (N-1). It thus combines two of the most salient features of the NSSet and NSArray
classes.
The NSOrderedSet class similarly borrows a lot from both NSArray and NSSet (and the mutable
subclasses of each), but it is closer to an NSArray than to an NSSet.
The main client for NSOrderedSet is Core Data.
QTKit
In Mac OS X v10.7, the QTKit framework now provides export facilities to make it easier to export
movies in different formats. It also provides APIs for reading movie and track metadata.
QTKit export support. QTKit adds two new export-related classes: QTExportOptions and
QTExportSession. The overall intention is to provide a simple export facility to QTKit developers—
one that takes advantage of the performance and quality improvements in export using the Core
Media Authoring framework (as opposed to the old QuickTime component based export).
The QTExportOptions class is used to configure the desired output format and is intended to be
similar the existing QTCompressionOptions class.
The QTExportSession class provides a mechanism for transcoding QTMovie objects into the
formats that QuickTime Player currently exports. It provides ways to specify the source QTMovie and
a URL for the destination file. The class also provides for a delegate that can collect progress and
error information for the client.
QTKit metadata support. QTKit also adds the ability to read movie and track metadata (that is,
snippets of info such as the author, title, and copyright information) without having to use the
QuickTime C API (which is not available in 64-bit applications). This functionality involves new public
methods in the QTMovie and QTTrack classes.
For more information about QTKit, see QTKit Application Programming Guide.
Quick Look Thumbnails

Beginning in Mac OS X v10.7, Quick Look provides a simple synchronous public method to create a
Quick Look thumbnail or icon for a file.
Quick Look also now provides a public API for the Quick Look Preview panel, allowing the developer
to display the panel.
For more information see Quick Look Programming Guide.
Regular Expressions
Mac OS X v10.7 adds a Unicode-compatible regular expression class, NSRegularExpression, along
with related data detectors. This class is used to represent and apply regular expressions to Unicode
strings. An instance of this class is an immutable representation of a compiled regular expression
pattern and various option flags. The pattern syntax currently supported is that specified by
International Components for Unicode (ICU).
The fundamental matching method for NSRegularExpression is a block iterator method that allows
clients to supply a block object which will be invoked each time the regular expression matches a
portion of the target string. There are additional convenience methods for returning all the matches
as an array, the total number of matches, the first match, and the range of the first match.
Scrolling Behavior
The scroll views in Mac OS X v10.7 allow developers additional control over scrolling behavior with
respect to the Magic Mouse device and trackpads. Specifically, new methods allow the developer to
control the stretching behavior of NSScrollView objects (auto or on/off in horizontal and vertical
axes) and provide content hints to prevent unintentional scrolling drifts.
Additionally, new NSEvent events have been added to support mouse momentum in scroll views.
Text Autocorrection
Mac OS X v10.7 provides expanded UI for text autocorrection, similar to the functionality in iOS, with
the opportunity for the user to accept or reject a proposed correction. As in iOS, the spell checker
learns from the user’s responses, such as whether a correction was explicitly rejected, implicitly
accepted, accepted at first and then revised, and so on.
View-Based Tables and Outlines

NSTableView and NSOutlineView in Mac OS v10.7 now support the use of NSView objects instead
of NSCell objects for content. This extension allows applications to easily provide a much richer
interface for the content of cells within a table view.
Mac OS X v10.7 also adds new functionality to provide animation of rows as they are added and
deleted from the table view, providing a more context-based user experience.
Window Support
Safari, Xcode, and other applications support an in-window find. In Mac OS X v10.7, this
functionality has been extended to allow it to be used in views other than NSTextView.
In addition, user-editable window titles allow the developer to programmatically begin editing the
window title, typically in response to a user interaction.
XML Streaming Parser

Prior to Mac OS X v.10.7, NSXMLParser always read the entire XML document into memory.
Beginning in Mac OS X v10.7, the class allows you to stream the data into memory as required.
BSD And Kernel Features

The following sections highlight changes to the UNIX/POSIX portions of Mac OS X, including
command-line functionality and libSystem. They also highlight changes to the kernel, device drivers,
and kernel extensions.
64-Bit Kernel Support

The list of computers that boot K64 by default has grown to include the following hardware:
Mac Mini (early 2009 and later)
MacBook (Aluminum late 2008 and later)
MacBook Air (late 2008 and later)
MacBook Pro (mid 2007 and later)
iMac (mid 2007 and later)
XServe (early 2008 and later)
Folder Permissions and Ownership

A number of folders in the System and Local file system domains now have different ownership and
permissions. Specifically:
Many folders in the System domain that were previously owned by the admin group are now
owned by the wheel group.
Permissions for the root directory (/) are now mode 755 (writable only by root) instead of mode
775 (writable by the admin group).
Permissions for /Applications/Utilities are now mode 755 (writable only by root) instead of
mode 775 (writable by the admin group).
Permissions for /Library are now mode 755 (writable only by root) instead of mode 775 (writable
by the admin group), no longer sticky.
All subdirectories within /Library now have mode 755 (writable only by root) permissions
instead of mode 775 (writable by the admin group) except:
/Library/Caches
/Library/Fonts
/Library/Java
/Library/QuickTimeStreaming
/Library/Receipts
/Library/Tomcat
The subdirectories listed above have the same permissions as in previous versions of Mac OS X
(usually mode 775, sometimes with the sticky bit set).
Permissions for /Network/Applications and /Network/Library are now mode 555 (unwritable
even by root) instead of mode 755 (writable only by root).
Permissions for /var/log/DiagnosticMessages are slightly more lax, with mode 770 (writable
by the admin group, unreadable by non-admin users) instead of mode 750 (writable only by root,
unreadable by non-admin users).
Disk Encryption
In Mac OS X v10.7, Core Storage provides built-in support for encrypted root volumes. When you
enable encryption, the system’s root volume is encrypted in the background, and you can continue
to use the system normally. Once encryption is enabled, on reboot or wake from sleep, you must log
in before you can access any data on the drive.
Although this feature has limited developer impact (there is no public API for Core Storage), there are
two things you should notice:
Assumptions that “boot = root” are much more likely to be wrong. (You should be allowing Mac
OS X to handle KEXT caches, so in general, this change should not cause problems.)
The Mac OS X UI may disallow enabling encryption if you have a particularly exotic driver stack.
For example, if it is not possible to map a volume-relative block number to a physical block
number.
IT developers should also be aware that the FileVault UI is disabled.
In general, if your driver worked correctly with AppleRAID in previous versions of Mac OS X, it should
also work correctly with Core Storage.
I/O Kit–launchd Integration

Beginning in Mac OS X v10.7, you can use launchd to automatically launch an application whenever
a specific device is detected by I/O Kit.
To use this feature, you add a simple property list file to the /Library/LaunchAgents folder. The
property list has the standard structure of a launchd property list file (see launchd.plist), with one
additional item: an I/O Kit matching dictionary.
The I/O Kit matching dictionary contains a separate dictionary for each distinct device that you want
associated with your application. Each of these device dictionaries should provide the product
number, vendor number, and provider class for its device.
The I/O Kit matching plug-in watches for IOService objects that match any of the device
dictionaries you provide and launches your application when at least one is detected. If your
application terminates when there is at least one matching IOService object, the I/O Kit matching
plug-in relaunches it automatically.

Although your application is automatically launched when a corresponding device is detected, it is
not automatically terminated when a device is removed. Therefore, you should configure your
application to listen for notifications and respond appropriately when a device is removed. See the
USBPrivateDataSample sample code for more information.
If your application is already running when a corresponding device is attached, no action is taken.
In-Kernel Video Capture

Mac OS X v10.7 provides a new kernel-level programming interface for writing video capture device
drivers, I/O Video, that is intended to replace the QuickTime sequence grabber API as the primary
means of getting video into Mac OS X.
I/O Video consists of the IOVideoDevice class on the kernel side (along with various related minor
classes) that your actual driver should subclass and a user space device interface for communicating
with the driver.
For more information, see the header file in the Kernel framework.
Application Features
The following sections highlight changes to the behavior of built-in applications such as the Finder
and Safari.
Safari
New Process Architecture

Beginning in Mac OS X v10.7, Safari includes a new process architecture that separates its rendering
process from its application process. As a result, Safari is more responsive, stable, and secure.
Plug-in Support in Safari

In Safari on Mac OS X v10.7, all browser plug-ins run in their own process, improving browser
stability and security. Netscape plug-ins continue to work in Safari with no modification. However,
Safari does not support WebKit plug-ins. The WebKit plug-in API is not compatible with this new
process architecture and is being deprecated. Plug-in developers currently using the WebKit plug-in
API should adopt the Netscape plug-in API in order to be compatible with Safari on Mac OS X v10.7.
You can find the documentation at WebKit Plug-In Programming Topics .
Note: Some WebKit plug-ins can also be replaced by Safari Extensions. To learn about Safari
Extensions, read Safari Extensions Development Guide in the Safari Reference Library.
The Finder
In Mac OS X v10.7, the following files and folders are now hidden:
/lost+found
$HOME/Library
http://developer.apple.com/library/prerelease/mac/#releasenotes/…SX/Articles/MacOSX10_7.html%23//apple_ref/doc/uid/TP40010355-SW5 Page 10 of 12
Mac OS X Server
The following sections highlight changes to Mac OS X Server.
Database Server Replacement

Beginning in Mac OS X v10.7, Mac OS X Server ships with PostgreSQL instead of MySQL as its
database server. If you are using other software that requires MySQL, you must install it yourself.
You can find downloads and installation instructions for MySQL at the MySQL Community Edition
site, http://www.mysql.com/downloads/mysql/.
In addition to the directions linked to above, you must manually reconfigure PHP if you use it to work
with MySQL databases. Previous versions of PHP obtained their default values for
mysql.default_port and mysql.default_socket from the mysql-config command-line tool.
Because this tool is no longer available, you must explicitly define these values in /etc/php.ini.
The default port for MySQL is traditionally 3306, and the traditional socket on Mac OS X was
/var/mysql/mysql.sock. For more information about the available directives, see
http://us3.php.net/manual/en/mysql.configuration.php.
Profile Management
Mac OS X now supports configuration profiles similar to those on iOS-based devices. As part of this
functionality, Mac OS X Server provides a full mobile-device-management (MDM) server. This
configuration service provides the ability to administer both Mac OS X clients and iOS clients.
To enable the MDM server, launch Server Center and enable the Device Config service. Then manage
devices using the device-configuration web interface. There is no need to use the iPhone
Configuration Utility when working with this service.
Although iOS configuration profiles are mostly compatible with Mac OS X clients, there are some
minor differences. Specifically, Exchange accounts behave differently because iOS uses ActiveSync
whereas Mac OS X uses Exchange Web Services. Also, the following features are not currently
supported in Mac OS X:
Certain advanced network settings such as GPRS
Passcode policies
Calendar subscriptions (iCal)
The Clear Passcode command
Find My Mac
As with iOS mobile device management, all managed computers must be able to reach the Apple
Push Notification servers in order to receive push notifications.
© 2005, 2011 Apple Inc. All Rights Reserved. (Last updated: 2011-02-21)
Did this document help you? Yes It's good, but... Not helpful...
Shop the Apple Online Store (1-800-MY-APPLE), visit an Apple Retail Store, or Mailing Lists RSS Feeds
find a reseller.
Copyright © 2010 Apple Inc. All rights reserved. Terms of Use Privacy Policy

Mac OS X v10.7 Lion

Transféré par

Informations du document

Description originale:

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Mac OS X v10.7 Lion

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

What's New In Mac OS X: Mac OS X v10.

7 Lion 2/25/11 12:16 PM

Mac OS X v10.7 Lion

Automatic Document Saving and Versioning

Mac OS X File Coordination

Full-Screen Application Enhancements

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference .

For more information, see Application Kit Release Notes (Lion) .

A transient popover is closed in response to most user interactions.

Sandboxing and Privilege Separation

This model provides the following benefits:

For more information, see Cocoa Autolayout Release Notes .

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference .

Icon Drag Flocking

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference .

Index Set Range Enumeration

NSIndexSet is an abstraction of a set of indexes. Developers often also view it as a set of

For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference .

For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference .

NSFileWrapper Now In Foundation

Ordered Sets Support

The main client for NSOrderedSet is Core Data.

For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference .

Quick Look Thumbnails

For more information, see Foundation Framework Reference .

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference .

View-Based Tables and Outlines

For more information, see Application Kit Framework Reference .

XML Streaming Parser

BSD And Kernel Features

64-Bit Kernel Support

Folder Permissions and Ownership

two things you should notice:

IT developers should also be aware that the FileVault UI is disabled.

I/O Kit–launchd Integration

plug-in relaunches it automatically.

In-Kernel Video Capture

New Process Architecture

Plug-in Support in Safari

Database Server Replacement

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi