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DIRECT SPEECH
(b) When speech or titles of books or films occur within speech, we have to use another set of
inverted commas.
1. He remarked, “Mary said „How do you do?‟ when she saw Tom.”
2. I asked, “Have you read the book „Born Free‟?”
(c) When a person is addressed directly, his name is separated from the rest of the words by
commas.
(d) Direct speech may sometimes be interrupted by reporting verbs. Be careful to punctuate the
sentences correctly.
1. (a) “If she finishes her work, she will help me,” Collin said.
(b) “If she finishes her work,” Collin said, “she will help me.”
2. (a) “It‟s getting late. We had better go now,” I said.
3. (b) “It‟s getting late,” I said. “We had better go now.”
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 2
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
EXERCISE 1
Put in all the necessary punctuation marks in the following sentences.
1. He remarked I heard her say what a lazy boy you are to Harry.
2. Tell me young man the woman said is your mother at home?
3. Tony run down to the shop and get me some groceries his mother said.
4. Are you feeling all right he asked let me get you a drink.
5. Molly asked have you seen the film Star Wars?
6. The officer shouted to his men halt!
7. If you see Paul she said send him to me.
8. Please help me mister the beggar implored I am starving.
9. I exclaimed you have lived here all you life and you don‟t even know your neighbours!
10. Have you anything else to tell me Raymond I asked.
11. Look here boys this is the way to set up a tent the scoutmaster said.
12. Say thank you Shirley her mother told her.
13. He scolded his younger brother I have often told you not to play with fire!
14. Hurry up he shouted the ship Marianne is going to sail soon.
15. Oh dear I am ruined the businessman cried.
16. It‟s seven o‟clock shall we go now I asked.
17. What is the time Robert asked I want to watch Mystery Movie on television.
18. Mother the boy called where are you?
19. May I have the book Detective Stories for today I want to read it my little brother asked.
20. Of the two poems The Rain and Snow which poem appeals more to you the teacher asked.
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 3
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect speech reports the words of a speaker. There are several changes that have to be made
when direct speech changes to indirect speech.
(b) Tenses: Changes in tenses depend on the situation. We DO NOT CHANGE the tense when:
Indirect: She said that man needs air in order to live. [general truth – no tense change]
Indirect: He told the boys that the earth is a sphere. [general truth – no tense change]
Indirect: She says that she is sorry that she is late. [no tense change but change of form to
agree with new pronoun „she‟]
Indirect: He will say that he has work to do. [no tense change but change of form to agree
with new pronoun „he‟]
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 4
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
Indirect: She said that she will bake a cake for me tonight.
(c) However, when the situation is not shown, we may assume that the action happened in
the past. In that case, always move the TENSE one step back in time [= BACKSHIFT].
MODAL [e.g. will, can, may, shall] MODAL [e.g. would, could,
might, should]
“I will do this tomorrow.” she would do that the next day.
Check whether or not the place and time are the same in the direct and reported speech situations.
Read the following example:
i. It is Friday and you meet James at a restaurant. James tells you that he saw Caroline in this
restaurant today:
ii. A few minutes later, Helen joins you and you want to report what James has told you. Place
(here) and time (today) are the same and you can say:
iii. One day later, you meet Mary at the same restaurant. Again, you want to report to her what
James has told you. The place is the same, but not the time (it happened yesterday). So you
would say:
Therefore you always have to think which place and time expressions are logical in a certain situation.
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 6
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
(e) PRONOUNS and POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES: These must be changed so that the identity of
the person concerned will be clear.
INDIRECT: I said that I had to finish my work first. (unchanged because reporter is referring to self)
INDIRECT: She said that she had to wash her clothes then.
(f) „MUST‟ in direct speech is changed to „HAVE TO‟ /„HAS TO‟ / „WILL HAVE TO‟ in indirect
speech. However, its negative „mustn‟t‟ is not changed.
DIRECT: She said, “I must tell her the news tomorrow. (Future)
INDIRECT: She said that she will have to tell her the news the next day.
(g) The verbs COULD, SHOULD, WOULD, MIGHT, MUST, NEEDN‟T, OUGHT TO, USED TO do not
normally change.
If the subject is left out in the second main clause (the conjunction is followed by a verb), do
not use ‘that’:
DIRECT: She said, “I am a nurse and work in a hospital.”
INDIRECT: He said that she was a nurse and worked in a hospital.
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 7
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
10. He will say, “We do not know where Polly has gone.”
14. He told me, “My brother is not free now. He is writing letters.”
15. The man said to the girl, “I know your father very well.”
16. The gardener told her, “You can pick as many flowers as you like from this bed only.”
18. He says, “Keep quiet, and listen to what I have to say about this problem.”
19. “We‟d better start doing our work now as we have to hand it in next week,” she said.
20. “You mustn‟t be so slow with your work next time,” the supervisor told the girl.
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 8
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
INDIRECT QUESTIONS
(a) In indirect questions the SUBJECT COMES BEFORE THE VERB, as in a simple statement.
(b) Change of TENSE, PLACE, TIME, PRONOUNS AND POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES also apply
to indirect questions. Remember that these changes DEPEND ON THE SITUATION indicated.
(c) We do NOT use inverted commas, commas or question marks in indirect questions.
(d) To introduce indirect questions, we use REPORTING VERBS like „asked‟, „inquired‟,
„wondered‟, etc.
Note the different ways the two types of direct questions are converted to indirect questions:
TYPE EXAMPLE
DIRECT “Why don‟t you speak English?”
(i) WITH INTERROGATIVE
INDIRECT He asked me why I didn‟t speak English.
Instead of that, indirect questions use either INTERROGATIVE WORDS as in Type (i) above,
or it uses whether/if as in Type (ii) above.
The auxiliary verb ‘do’ is not used in indirect questions.
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 10
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
DIRECT: The teacher asked us, “Is the lesson clear enough?”
(g) Students sometimes find difficulty with the words „SHALL‟ and „SHOULD‟. These words change
according to their meanings.
INDIRECT: I asked him if I should cook something special. (request for advice)
INDIRECT: She wondered if she should leave him alone. („should‟ meaning „ought to‟ remains
unchanged)
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 11
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
1. “Where shall we go for our holidays?” the children asked their father eagerly.
3. “Did you hear what that man said?” Paul asked me.
4. The student enquired, “What is the best way to answer this question?”
5. “Have you anything else to tell me?” the lawyer asked his client.
7. “Tell me, young man, is your father at home?” the stranger enquired.
8. “Will you wait for me if I‟m late?” she asked her friend.
9. “Who shall be the leading actress in our play?” the monitor asked.
10. The money-lender asked, “Do you intend to repay all your debts?”
12. “Have you anything to say in favour of the accused?” the magistrate asked the witness.
13. “When did you last see him?” the inspector asked her.
14. “Are you not ashamed of your behavior, son?” the farmer asked.
15. “To whom shall I go for help?” the girl asked herself desperately.
20. “Since I have no money, where can I stay for the night?” he wondered.
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 12
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
ANSWERS:
EXERCISE 1
Put in all the necessary punctuation marks in the following sentences.
1. He remarked, “I heard her say „what a lazy boy you are‟ to Harry.”
2. “Tell me, young man,” the woman said, “is your mother at home?”
3. “Tony, run down to the shop and get me some groceries,” his mother said.
4. “Are you feeling all right?” he asked. “Let me get you a drink.”
9. I exclaimed, “You have lived here all your life and you don‟t even know your neighbours!”
11. “Look here, boys. This is the way to set up a tent,” the scoutmaster said.
13. He scolded his younger brother, “I have often told you not to play with fire!”
14. “Hurry up!” he shouted. “The ship „Marianne‟ is going to sail soon.”
17. “What is the time?” Robert asked. “I want to watch „Mystery Movie‟ on television.”
19. “May I have the book „Detective Stories‟ for today? I want to read it,” my little brother asked.
20. “Of the two poems „The Rain‟ and „Snow‟, which poem appeals more to you?” the teacher
asked.
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 13
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
ANSWERS
I said to him that I would not take back what I had said.
10. He will say, “We do not know where Polly has gone.”
He would say that they did not know where Polly had gone.
She told me that she had finished her embroidery work days before.
14. He told me, “My brother is not free now. He is writing letters.”
He told me that his brother was not free then because he was writing letters.
15. The man said to the girl, “I know your father very well.”
The man said to the girl that he knew her father very well.
16. The gardener told her, “You can pick as many flowers as you like from this bed only.”
The gardener told her that she could pick as many flowers as she liked from that bed
only.
18. He says, “Keep quiet, and listen to what I have to say about this problem.”
He says for (told) them to keep quiet and listen to what he has to say about this problem.
19. “We‟d better start doing our work now as we have to hand it in next week,” she said.
She said that they had better start doing their work then as they had to hand it in the
week after.
20. “You mustn‟t be so slow with your work next time,” the supervisor told the girl.
The supervisor told the girl that she must not be so slow with her work next time.
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 15
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
ANSWERS
EXERCISE 3: INDIRECT QUESTIONS
Rewrite the following as indirect questions
1. “Where shall we go for our holidays?” the children asked their father eagerly.
The children asked their father eagerly where they should go for their holidays.
He asked (me) how my mother was. / He asked (her) how her mother was. / He asked
(him) how his mother was. / He asked (us) how our mother was. / He asked (them) how
3. “Did you hear what that man said?” Paul asked me.
4. The student enquired, “What is the best way to answer this question?”
The student wanted to know the best way to answer that question. / The student
5. “Have you anything else to tell me?” the lawyer asked his client.
The lawyer asked his client if he had anything else to tell him.
7. “Tell me, young man, is your father at home?” the stranger enquired.
The stranger asked the young man if his father was at home.
8. “Will you wait for me if I‟m late?” she asked her friend.
She asked her friend if she would wait for her if she was late.
9. “Who shall be the leading actress in our play?” the monitor asked.
The monitor asked who should be the leading actress in their play.
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 16
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
10. The money-lender asked, “Do you intend to repay all your debts?”
12. “Have you anything to say in favour of the accused?” the magistrate asked the witness.
The magistrate asked the witness if he had anything to say in favour of the accused.
13. “When did you last see him?” the inspector asked her.
14. “Are you not ashamed of your behavior, son?” the farmer asked.
The farmer asked his son if he was not ashamed of his behavior.
15. “To whom shall I go for help?” the girl asked herself desperately.
20. “Since I have no money, where can I stay for the night?” he wondered.
He wondered where he could stay for the night since he had no money.
BEDOK NORTH SECONDARY SCHOOL 17
ENGLISH LANGUAGE DEPARTMENT DIRECT AND INDIRECT SPEECH
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Adapted from the following sources:
Essential English Usage and Grammar by J.B. Alter, M.A. Times Educational. 1983.
English Grammar Online at http://www.ego4u.com/en/cram-up/grammar/reported-speech