EM15

Electromagnetic Fields
Rectangular Wave Guide
a
x z
y
b
Assume perfectly conducting walls and perfect dielectric filling the
wave guide.
Convention : a is always the wider side of the wave guide.
© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 240
It is useful to consider the parallel plate wave guide as a starting

point. The rectangular wave guide has the same TE modes
corresponding to the two parallel plate wave guides obtained by
considering opposite metal walls
E
E
a
b
TEm0 TE0n

The TE modes of a parallel plate wave guide are preserved if

perfectly conducting walls are added perpendicularly to the electric
field.
The added metal plate does

E not disturb normal electric
field and tangent magnetic
H
field.
On the other hand, TM modes of a parallel plate wave guide

disappear if perfectly conducting walls are added perpendicularly to
the magnetic field.
The magnetic field cannot

H be normal and the electric
E field cannot be tangent to a
perfectly conducting plate.

TEmn
TMmn
The remaining modes are TE and TM modes bouncing off each wall,
all with non-zero indices.

We have the following propagation vector components for the

modes in a rectangular waveguide
2 2 x2 2y z2
m n
x ; y
a b
2 2
2
2
2
z 2 x2 2y
z g
2 2

m

n
2
a b
At cut-off we have
2 2

m

n
z2 0 2 fc
2

a b

The cut-off frequencies for all modes are

2 2
1
m
n
fc
2 a b
with cut-off wavelengths
2
c
2 2

m
n

a b
with indices
TE modes m 0, 1, 2, 3, TM modes m 1, 2, 3,

n 0, 1, 2, 3, n 1, 2, 3,
(but m n 0 not allowed)

The guide wavelengths and guide phase velocities are
2 2
g z
z 2 2
2
m
n

a b

2 2

fc
1 1
c f
1 1 1 1
v pz
z 2 2

fc
1 1
c f

The fundamental mode is the TE10 with cut-off frequency

m
fc TE10
2a
The TE10 electric field has only the y-component. From Ampere’s
law

E j H

Ez E y j H x
iˆx iˆy iˆz y z

det Ex E z j H y 0
x y z z x

x
E = 0 E y E z = 0
Ey E x j H z
x y

The complete field components for the TE10 mode are then

x j z z
E y Eo sin e
a
1 E y j z z
x j z z
Hx Ey Eo sin e
j z j a
1 E x j
x j z z
Hz Eo cos e
j z a a
with
2
2

z
a

The time-average power density is given by the Poynting vector
1 *

1
P ( t ) Re E H Re{ Eo sin

x j z z
a
e iy
2 2

E
z *
x j z z j *
x j z z
( Eo sin e ix Eo cos e iz )}
a a
a

*
H
E 2 2 "
1 o z 2
x E o
x
x
Re sin iz j sin cos #
a
2
a a a $
2
Eo z 2
x
sin iz
2 a

The resulting time-average power density is space-dependent
Eo2 z 2
x
P( t ) sin iz
2 a
The total transmitted power for the TE10 mode is obtained by

integrating over the cross-section of the rectangular wave guide
2 2
a b Eo z 2
x E
Ptot ( t ) % dx% dy sin o z ab
0 0 2 a 4
The rectangular waveguide has a high-pass behavior, since signals

can propagate only if they have frequency higher than the cut-off
for the TE10 mode.

For mono-mode (or single-mode) operation, only the fundamental

TE10 mode should be propagating over the frequency band of
interest.
The mono-mode bandwith depends on the cut-off frequency of the

second propagating mode. We have two possible modes to
consider, TE01 and TE20
1
fc TE01
2b
1
fc TE20 2 fc TE10
a

a 1
If b fc TE01 fc TE20 2 fc TE10
2 a
Mono-mode bandwidth
0 fc TE10 fc TE20 f
fc TE01
a
If a b fc TE10 fc TE01 fc TE20
2
Mono-mode bandwidth
0 fc TE10 fc TE01 fc TE20 f

a
If b fc TE20 fc TE01
2 Mono-mode bandwidth f
0 fc TE10 fc TE20 fc TE01
In practice, a safety margin of about 20% is considered, so that the

useful bandwidth is less than the maximum mono-mode bandwidth.
This is necessary to make sure that the first mode (TE10) is well
above cut-off, and the second mode (TE01 or TE20) is strongly
evanescent.
Safety margin
Useful bandwidth f
0 fc TE10 fc TE20 fc TE01

If a b (square wave guide) fc TE10 fc TE01
0 fc TE10 fc TE20 f
fc TE01 fc TE02
In the case of perfectly square wave guide, TEm0 and TE0n modes
with m=n are degenerate with the same cut-off frequency.
Except for orthogonal field orientation, all other properties of

degenerate modes are the same.

Example - Design an air-filled rectangular waveguide for the

following operation conditions:
a) 10 GHz is the middle of the frequency band (single-mode
operation)
b) b = a/2
The fundamental mode is the TE10 with cut-off frequency
1 c 3 10 8
fc (TE10 ) & Hz
2a o o 2a 2a
For b=a/2, TE01 and TE20 have the same cut-off frequency.
1 c c 2 c 3 10 8
fc (TE01 ) & Hz
2b o o 2b 2 a a a
1 c 3 108
fc (TE20 ) & Hz
a o o a a

The operation frequency can be expressed in terms of the cut-off

frequencies
fc (TE01 ) fc (TE10 )
f fc (TE10 )
2
fc (TE10 ) fc (TE01 )
10.0 GHz
2
8 8
1 3 10 3 10
10.0 109
2
2 a a
2 a
a 2.25 10 m b 1.125 10 2 m
2

Maxwell’s equations for TE modes
Since the electric field must be transverse to the direction of

propagation for a TE mode, we assume
Ez 0
In addition, we assume that the wave has the following behavior

along the direction of propagation
j z z
e
In the general case of TEmn modes it is more convenient to start
from an assumed intensity of the z-component of the magnetic field
H z Ho cos x x cos y y e j z z

m
n j z z
Ho cos x cos y e
a b

Faraday’s law for a TE mode, under the previous assumptions, is

E j H

E y j z E y j H x (1)
iˆx iˆy iˆz z

det E x j z E x j H y (2)
x y z z

E x E y 0
E y E x j H z (3)
x y

Ampere’s law for a TE mode, under the previous assumptions, is

H j E

H z j zH y j E x (4)
iˆx iˆyiˆz y

det j zH x H z j E y (5)
x y z x

H x H y H z
H y H x j E z 0 (6)
x y

From (1) and (2) we obtain the characteristic wave impedance for
the TE modes
Ex Ey

TE
Hy Hx z
At cut-off
2 2

m
n
z 0 2 fc
a b
vp 1 2
fc c
c c 2 2

m

n

a b

In general,
2 2 2
2
m
n 2 4
z 1
a b c
2 2 2
2
2

z 1
c
and we obtain an alternative expression for the characteristic wave

impedance of TE modes as

2 1 2

TE
o 1
z c

From (4) and (5) we obtain

H z j zH y j E x j
TE H y
y
1 H z 1 H z
Hy
j
TE j z y
j j z y
z
2
H z j z

c H z

Hy 2 j z
2 y
z 2 y

j zH x H z j E y j
TEH x
x
2
H z j z

c H z
Hx 2 j z
2 x
z 2 x

We have used
2
1 1 1

c

2 z2 x2 2y
m 2
n 2 2

a b
The final expressions for the magnetic field components of TE

modes in rectangular waveguide are
2
m
c
m
n j z z
H x j z Ho sin x cos y e
a 2 a b
n
c 2
m
n j z z
H y j z Ho cos x sin y e
b 2 a b

m
n j z z
H z Ho cos x cos y e
a b

The final electric field components for TE modes in rectangular

wave guide are
E x
TE H y
n
c 2
m
n j z z
j
TE z Ho cos x sin y e
b 2 a b
E y
TE H x
m
c 2
m
n j z z
j
TE z Ho sin x cos y e
a 2 a b
Ez 0

Maxwell’s equations for TM modes
Since the magnetic field must be transverse to the direction of

propagation for a TM mode, we assume
Hz 0
In addition, we assume that the wave has the following behavior

along the direction of propagation
j z z
e
In the general case of TMmn modes it is more convenient to start
from an assumed intensity of the z-component of the electric field

E z Eo cos x x cos y y e j z z

m
n j z z
Eo cos x cos y e
a b

Faraday’s law for a TM mode, under the previous assumptions, is

E j H

E z j z E y j H x (1)
iˆx iˆy iˆz y

det j z E x E z j H y (2)
x y z x

E x E y E z
E y E x j H z (3)
x y

Ampere’s law for a TM mode, under the previous assumptions, is

H j E

iˆx iˆy iˆz
j zH y j E x (4)

det j zH x j E y (5)
x y z

H x Hy 0 H y H x j E z (6)
x y

From (4) and (5) we obtain the characteristic wave impedance for
the TM modes
Ex Ey z

TM
Hy Hx
The same cut-off conditions found earlier for TE modes also apply
for TM modes.
We obtain a different expression for the characteristic wave

impedance
2
z

TM
o 1
c

From (1) and (2) we obtain
Ey
E z j z E y j H x j
y
TM
1 E z 1 E z
Ey
j /
TM j z y y
j j z
z
2
E z j z

c E z

Ey 2 j z
2 y
z 2 y
Ex
j z E x E z j H y j
x
TM
2
E z j z

c E z

Ex 2 j z
2 x
z 2 x

The final expressions for the electric field components of TM modes

in rectangular waveguide are
m
c 2
m
n j z z
E x j z Eo cos x sin y e
a 2 a b
2
n
c
m
n j z z
E y j z Eo sin x cos y e
b 2 a b

m
n j z z
E z Eo sin x sin y e
a b

The final magnetic field components for TM modes in rectangular

wave guide are
H x E y /
TM
z n
c 2
m
n j z z
j Eo sin x cos y e

TM b 2 a b
H y E x /
TM
z m
c 2
m
n j z z
j Eo cos x sin y e

TM a 2 a b
Hz 0
Note: all the TM field components are zero if either βx=0 or βy=0.
This proves that TMmo or TMon modes cannot exist in the
rectangular wave guide.

Field patterns for the TE10 mode in rectangular wave guide
z Side view
x Cross-section
y E
y z
Top view
x

H
E H

The simple arrangement below can be used to excite the TE10 in a

rectangular waveguide.
The inner conductor of the coaxial cable behaves like a dipole

antenna and it creates a maximum electric field in the middle of the
cross-section.
Closed end
TE10

EM15

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Electromagnetic Fields

Rectangular Wave Guide

It is useful to consider the parallel plate wave guide as a starting

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 241

The TE modes of a parallel plate wave guide are preserved if

The added metal plate does

On the other hand, TM modes of a parallel plate wave guide

The magnetic field cannot

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 242

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 243

We have the following propagation vector components for the

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 244

The cut-off frequencies for all modes are

with cut-off wavelengths

TE modes m 0, 1, 2, 3, TM modes m 1, 2, 3,

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 245

The guide wavelengths and guide phase velocities are

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 246

The fundamental mode is the TE10 with cut-off frequency

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 247

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 248

The time-average power density is given by the Poynting vector

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 249

The resulting time-average power density is space-dependent

The total transmitted power for the TE10 mode is obtained by

The rectangular waveguide has a high-pass behavior, since signals

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 250

For mono-mode (or single-mode) operation, only the fundamental

The mono-mode bandwith depends on the cut-off frequency of the

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 251

0 fc TE10 fc TE01 fc TE20 f

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 252

0 fc TE10 fc TE20 fc TE01

In practice, a safety margin of about 20% is considered, so that the

0 fc TE10 fc TE20 fc TE01

If a b (square wave guide)  fc TE10 fc TE01

Except for orthogonal field orientation, all other properties of

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 254

Example - Design an air-filled rectangular waveguide for the

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 255

The operation frequency can be expressed in terms of the cut-off

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 256

Maxwell’s equations for TE modes

Since the electric field must be transverse to the direction of

In addition, we assume that the wave has the following behavior

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 257

Faraday’s law for a TE mode, under the previous assumptions, is

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 258

Ampere’s law for a TE mode, under the previous assumptions, is

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 259

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 260

and we obtain an alternative expression for the characteristic wave

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 261

From (4) and (5) we obtain

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 262

The final expressions for the magnetic field components of TE

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 263

The final electric field components for TE modes in rectangular

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 264

Maxwell’s equations for TM modes

Since the magnetic field must be transverse to the direction of

In addition, we assume that the wave has the following behavior

© Amanogawa, 2001 – Digital Maestro Series 265

If a b (square wave guide) fc TE10 fc TE01