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2D Spherical Integrals A scalar field

Area Integrals a scalar quantity that varies with position over a region of space.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- The temperature T(x, y, z) at a point with coordinates (x, y, z)
Circular region The air pressure P(x, y, z) at a point with coordinates (x, y, z)
The electric potential V(x, y, z) at a point with coordinates (x, y, z)
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𝑥 𝑟𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 Visualisation of Scaler fields in 2D
𝑦 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
𝑑𝐴 𝑟𝑑𝜃 × 𝑑𝑟 Surface Plot z=f(x,y)
𝑟 𝜋
𝐴 𝑟. 𝑑𝑟 𝜃. 𝑑𝜃 For 𝑓(𝑥 𝑦) 10 𝑥 𝑦
0 0 The diagram plots the height at (x,y) up
𝑑𝑉 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃)𝑑𝜙 × 𝑟𝑑(𝜙) × 𝑑𝑟 𝑟 sin(𝜃)𝑑𝜃𝑑𝜙𝑑𝑟 the z axis.
𝑟 𝜋 𝜋
𝑉 𝑟 . 𝑑𝑟 sin(𝜃) . 𝑑𝜃 1. 𝑑𝜙
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 0 0 0

3D -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Volume Integrals 2D Curves Contour Lines
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Parametric – x & y are defined by 1 parameter eg time (t)
for 𝑓(𝑥 𝑦) 10 𝑥 𝑦
Circle with radius 𝑟 Shows the circles where f is constant. Each
𝑥 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) 𝑦 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) contour has the value of f marked on it.
𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝑥 × 𝑑𝑦 × 𝑑𝑧
𝑥 𝑦 𝑧 𝑟 𝑥𝑖 y𝑗 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)𝑖 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)𝑗
𝑉 1. 𝑑𝑥 1. 𝑑𝑦 1. 𝑑𝑧 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
0 0 0 𝑟 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)𝑖 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)𝑗
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
− 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)𝑖 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)𝑗
Contour Lines
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- for 𝑓(𝑥 𝑦) 8 − 𝑥 3𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑦
Cylindrical Integral
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3D Curves eg Helix
Parametric – x, y & z are defined by 1 parameter eg time (t) -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
( ) ( ) ( )
𝑑𝑉 𝑟𝑑𝜃 × 𝑑𝑟 × 𝑑𝑧 ( ) ( ) ( )
Contour Plot
𝑟 𝜋 𝑧 for 𝑓(𝑥 𝑦) 3 𝑥 − 𝑦
𝑉 𝑟. 𝑑𝑟 𝜃. 𝑑𝜃 1. 𝑑𝑧
0 0 0 Saddle Point at (0,0)
𝜋𝑟 𝑧 Move along the x axis 𝑓(𝑥 𝑦) 3 𝑥
minimum value at x=0
Move along y axis 𝑓(𝑥 𝑦) 3 − 𝑦
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Maximum value at y=0
3D Vector Components - Turning Points – Local minima / Local maxima / Saddle points –
In 3D or higher we have the same 3 options
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𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡) 𝑦 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡) 𝑧 𝑡
𝑟 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)𝑖 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)𝑗 𝑡𝑘
𝑄𝐴 𝒛 𝒓𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝜽)
𝐴𝑃 & 𝑂𝑃 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑 𝑑
𝒙 𝑂𝐵𝑐𝑜𝑠(Φ) 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝓)
𝑟 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)𝑖 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)𝑗 𝑡𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝒚 𝑂𝐵𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜙) 𝒓𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽)𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝝓) 𝑑
𝑟 − 𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝑡)𝑖 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑡)𝑗 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
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