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Equality and Fairness 2
The debate on rights has been raging for some time, and is still a topic of discussion in many
social forums. Every country now seems to be moving towards establishing a society ruled by
justice and fairness, and for those who find it difficult to instill justice in their leadership find
themselves on the wrong footing of the power wielders in the international arena. They are
simply labeled enemies of humanity and human progress and sanctions slapped on them. They
become subjects of international tribunals, irrespective of the positions they hold in their society.
The most recent example is the Sudanese president, Hassan Omar Ahmed El Bashir, who has
been mentioned by the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court as having grossly violated
the human rights in the Darfur region of Sudan, and so needs to be tried in the international
court, his status of President of a sovereign state notwithstanding. Sanctions have been slapped
against leaders like Roberts Mugabe for violating the basic rights of his people.
Society as it is framed will ever have classes. It is unthinkable at present to have a classless
society as espoused by Karl Marx. The world is turning a global village and competition is all
one needs to master, in order to be safe. Despite this, there has to be strong rights organizations
to defend the voice of the minority and the disenfranchised groups in society. After all, one of the
The Meriam Webster Online Dictionary defines fair as an action marked by impartiality and
honesty. It involves acting without prejudice, favoritism or self interest. Fairness is then a
A right is that which one is entitled. It is an entitlement for the sake of it. It is also that which
one has a just claim over. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights insists on the equality of
all human beings. It categorically states that all are born free and that they are equal in all aspects
Equality and Fairness 3
pertaining to dignity and rights. The declaration also stresses on the use of reason and
conscience. Discrimination on ground of race, religion, sex, language, skin color, political
In the struggle toward a just society, there should be concerted efforts to guard against any
form of abuse as this would constitute a violation of a right. Society at present is bogged by the
debate on fairness. This is a concept difficult to define, and so has been misused for cheap win of
arguments and the ways issues pertaining to it should be addressed. Society has chosen to
explain it for political expedience, meaning that the goal posts would keep on changing. It is for
this reason that the civil society has joined in to compel respective governments or institutions to
protect what they deem as the fundamental rights, for fairness to be seen to be enforced in
society. This would promote both people’s perception and the reality on the ground on issues of
justice.
The struggle towards fairness has been adopted by almost all countries, through the
establishment of institutions charged with the promotion of human rights. In some countries,
civil societies have been urged to be louder in the defense and advocacy of human rights.
Countries have also included in their constitutions a provision for a bill of rights, though the bill
is greatly distorted by counter provisions empowering the state to trample on the rights whenever
it feels that the enjoyment of the right ‘is a threat to national peace and stability.’ This has
promoted abuse in the name of ‘protecting sovereignty’ by dictatorial regimes, eliciting a need
Justice may be understood in two ways. The first is about the inherentness of the concept. In
this understanding, justice is inherent and divine in nature. It supersedes the legal system, and
any action which is not in line with the rules of nature is declared unjust (Maiese 2006). In a
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narrower sense, Maiese argues that justice is fairness. It has to do with the due concern to
people’s interest. It has a lot to do with the respect to the rules of a game, and the observance of
The society has turned to observe the principles of justice as a way to promote fairness. The
different categorizations of justice are done with respect to how it is administered in society. The
first category is distributive justice, which argues for fairness in the mode of sharing the
resources in the society. The mode of distribution may be based on equality, equity or need.
Procedural justice deals with the rules of procedure. It insists on the consistency of
procedures followed in addressing an issue. Similar cases should be treated similarly, and
predictability promoted. In the words of Aristotle, "equals should be treated equally and unequals
unequally." This is the most fundamental principle of justice and under such a case; the
antagonists would feel a fair play even if the outcome is to their disadvantage.
Retributive justice has to do with revenge. The state is the agency administering the revenge,
as it felt the offence was committed against it. In jurisprudence, criminal offences are prosecuted
by the state since, the state is assumed to be the aggrieved party. It is retroactive in operation in
the sense that the offender is punished for the offences committed- it is done after the
commission of the offence. The offended would feel relieved just because of the punitive
measures, often painful, inflicted on the offender. It is mostly applied in courts of law, both
Restorative justice is purposed to restore trust in society. It aims at preventing a mistake done
from being repeated, and often involves damages paid to the offended. It has a lot to do with
reconciliation, and it is out of this concern that truth, justice and reconciliation commissions are
establihed.
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There is a very thin line demarcating the concept justice and fairness. They have been, on
some occasions, used interchangeably. However, when talking of fairness, the basic meaning is
that decisions should be situation specific. It should be devoid of any conflict of interest, or any
From matters of justice, let’s have a look at the concept of human rights. As mentioned
earlier, these are entitlements to a person or a human being by virtue of being one. They are not
provided for by the state or any other agency- one is born with them, the reason why they are
termed as inherent. To add weight to the argument that they are transcendental, they have been
widely accepted in the international spectrum as binding. They transcend cultural, racial,
religious, technological advancement level, and geographical limitations. The mere fact that they
have been adopted in many international conventions mean that they transcend societies-they are
inherent and have to be considered as such. These rights may be categorized; though the
categorization does not in any way mean they are divisible. These categories are; social,
economic, cultural, political and civil rights, and they run as one.
The debate on distributive justice features the principles of equality, equity and need
prominently. It is also at the core of social justice, which is about according people what is due to
shoddy work. The basic needs should be met as people are treated as equal human beings,
differences only coming on the basis of talent and social class one belongs.
Equity theorists argue that fair economic system would distribute resources to individuals
according to their input in the system. It is opposed to the socialist system that emphasized that
one should produce to his ability and consume to his needs- the Ujamaa type of society
advocated by the founding President of Tanzania, Mwalimu Julius Nyerere. It has taken a
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capitalist position that the more one produces so is his entitlement in terms of returns. The
argument here is that this will act as a motivation for people to produce even more, not only
quantity wise but also quality wise. The weakness of this system is that it does not recognize the
different talents in society, and is more of a materialistic theory. How, for instance, can an
academician favorably compete with a businessperson who deals in the buying and selling of
The equality model argues that all resources should be distributed equally in society, no
matter who did what and how in the process of production. The model shares the disadvantage of
non recognition of effort and talent with the equity model. Different people have different
preferences in life, and one may be wrong to allocate monetary benefits alone in a production
system. Some people would favor non monetary appreciation, may be in the form of a holiday,
but the equality model would dictate that the person be given money. In the end, the distribution
would not even be equal as some would be satisfied after getting their desires, while others are
Distribution per the need occurs when one is given according to the need, but produces
according to their ability. If we were living somewhere in heaven or were we angels, then this
would be a perfect principle. It is unfortunate that we are just human beings, who may not
struggle if there were no reasons or strain to struggle. The model is a promotion of laziness, as
one would wonder why he should work extra hard only for the sweat to benefit a third party. The
innate egocentric nature of human beings will deal a big blow to this theory. The theory fails to
differentiate between the real needs of society, and those just manifested- it works like
advertising. The more you are creative in advertising your product, the more it will sell, poor
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quality notwithstanding. It would award the affluent people less than what is extended to the
The three models mentioned above have been formulated, not for their own sake, but out of
the need of fostering some responsibility in society and in the enhancement of social cohesion.
Society needs to have cohesion, and work as a system with understanding among the constituent
parts. Hence there is need to have a system that would recognize the different talents in society,
and the efforts rendered by each unit. For the cohesion to exist there has to be the three principles
of equity, equality and need. A hybrid would ameliorate the weaknesses of the individual aspects.
Legitimacy of decisions taken can only exist when fairness is seen to be practiced. Individual
acceptance follows a consideration of past events being analyzed and the current situation being
put into context in determining the consistency. Principals of natural justice should be stressed,
that people be give a fair hearing in their cases. They should be notified in advance the cases and
charges laid against them, so they prepare their defense. Whoever is playing the mediating role
should not be partisan. He should be someone without prior knowledge, or should not use the
prior knowledge of the case to influence his decision. This would amount to prejudice. Like
It is a natural practice that people like associating themselves to a particular social group. As
Aristotle argued, men are social animals, and that is why they are ahead of other animals. For
this reason, they should be given a voice in the decision making organs, so as to feel even
stronger in attaching themselves to the said society. Empowerment should be at the agenda of the
society, that even the weakest in society should make their voices heard. This is done through
involving the whole society in the decision making processes, in a participatory form of life.
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The society members should as much as possible be made to develop trust in the leadership.
This would make them feel part and parcel of society and have a feeling that the leadership is
wishing them well. Arrogance should be avoided by any leadership, as it erodes trust, a situation
that may bring about anarchy. A section of society may feel neglected, and that there is a
concerted effort to rid it of its entitlement, thus reducing substantially social cohesion.
There cannot be talk of justice and fairness in a situation where society is just running
smoothly, the same way there would be no need for judicial systems if there were no conflicts
and ills in society. In fact such a society would be a boring society, with little, if any innovation
to be made. As the saying goes, necessity is the root of innovation. The necessity to reach a just
society has brought about studies on the topic of criminology and justice. It serves two purposes
of philosophy of the acquisition of knowledge for utility, and for the purpose of mere quenching
of the thirst to know for knowledge’s sake. The process of searching for this kind of knowledge
It is for this epistemological consideration that the study of justice and fairness has gained
popularity in the scholarly and practical world for the present, and future prospects considered.
However simplistic the debate seems, the conceptualization of the terms is more difficult. A
philosophical definition of justice points that it is the wish of the elite in society. In the process of
constructing legal instruments, the main parties are the bourgeoisie class. Again, it does not
amount to fairness when one is not aware that his right is being trampled upon. For this matter,
ignorance may act detrimentally to the whole idea of justice and fairness. It may therefore count
that a society dominated by illiterate fellows is in itself an unjust society. The leadership in any
society should therefore work to eliminate illiteracy, and promote awareness campaigns on the
rights and duties of its members and institutions. For this reason, one of the rights, and also a
Equality and Fairness 9
basic need is to access quality and affordable education for everyone, at least at the foundational
level. Again, if justice is understood to be going by the rules, then the rules are made by some
selected few. They are made to safeguard the interests of the upper classes in society, against
invasion of their property by the lower classes. In all contemporary societies, it is the legislative
arm of government which comes up with legislations, or, at its discretion, may delegate some of
To come up with an all inclusive principle, the context of an argument should be the basis of
which principle of justice and fairness can be best applied in a specific case. Caution should be
taken that punishment should not be meted on an innocent person. This would impact directly to
the abuse of a right, the same way rewarding an undeserving party would.
For society to achieve the dream of equal rights in the struggle for fairness there should be
constitutional provisions, of which the state should not have overriding authority over. The civil
society should be encouraged to sprout, as it plays a crucial role in interest articulation. The
poverty gap should be reduced considerably so as to reduce the prospects of the bourgeoisie
There should be clear separation of powers and a strong political system with a formidable
checks and balances subsystem. The three traditional levels of government should act
independently, with the judiciary promoting justice in a manner that both reflects on the peoples
trust- public opinion support- and professionalism. Justice should not only be done but seen to be
done, as well.
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References
Donovan, James. (2008). Rights as Fairness. The Selected Works of James M. Donovan.
Levine, Gregory. Fairness, Administrative Justice and Human Rights. Paper presented at
http://www3.telus.net/GovtEthicsLaw/FairnessandHumRtsDiscussion.htm
Maiese, Michelle. (2003). Justice versus Fairness. Beyond Intractability. Retrieved 17th