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INTRODUCTION
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cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are capable of both carbon assimilation and
N2 fixation, thereby enhancing productivity in variety of environments. Apart
from fixing atmospheric N2, they secrete a number of biologically active
substances. Tropical conditions such as those in Indonesia provide favourable
environment for the luxuriant growth of these organisms in the natural
ecosystems such as different types of soil, freshwater bodies, oceans, saline
backwaters, estuaries, and also hyper saline saltpans (Benemann, 2002).
Besides their ecological significance, microalgae offer a great potential tool as
an organisms for the biotechnological interest such as marineculture, food,
feed, fuel, fertilizer, medicine and combating pollution (Venkataraman 1981,
Borowitzka, 1988 ). With the advent use of a microalgal biomass, it is of
interest to investigate whether from blooming of contaminant microalgae are
feasible for use as cyanobacterial biofertilizers. Microalgae can synthesize
and operate the nitrogenase complex in oxygenated surroundings because
they derive energy for growth and nitrogen fixation from sunlight. Therefore,
heterocystous cyanobacteria are of interest as biofertilizers (Reynaud and
Metting, 1988). Biofertilizer is defined as inoculant containing active material
of living microorganisms which functions to fix a particular nutrient and
facilitate the availability of soil nutrients to plants. The present work was
carried out to understand the use of cyanobacteria from Polder Tawang
Semarang for biofertilizer.
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parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen, salinity by using standard methods
(APHA, 1975). Microalgae specimens were identified microbiologically the
publications of Tze (1987). 1932. Photomicrography was taken using digital
camera on microscope (Germany). The correlation co-efficient analysis was
made between physico-chemical properties of water and total cyanobacterial
species.
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Fig. 2. Blooming of microalgal on Polder Tawang Semarang
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microalgae to clean the water better than when used alone. Azospirillum and
cyanobacteria species may improve mangrove reforestation by increasing the
rate of survival and development of seedlings in an otherwise unfavorable
environment.
The association ability between contaminant microalgae on Polder
Tawang Semarang then was biotechnologically applied to use as biofertilizers
to improve their potential. This application marked successfully result as we
can see on Fig 3. comparing to the control.
(a) (b)
Fig. 3. Application of Polder Tawang contaminant microalgae as biofertilizers
(a) control without adding microalgae (b) after addition of microalgae
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Table 1. Nutritive component of microalgae
No Component amount
Chlorella sp. Dunaliella sp. Polder Tawang
microalgae
1 Protein 31.57 31.44 46.2
2 Lipid 8.49 7.86 3.8
3 Carbohydrate and others 15.36 11.05 31.7 (crude)
4 Ash 37.18 36.86 33.2
5 Water 7.40 7.42 7.8
6 Laurat Acid 1.625 1.614 46.2
7 Miristat Acid 4.227 3.958
8 Palmitat acid 35.287 31.584
9 Palmitaleat acid 35.287 31.584
10 Stearat acid 18.004 17.855
11 Oleat acid 6.489 6.247
12 Linoleat acid 13.885 12.986
13 Linooleat acid 0.658 0.559
14 Fikosa Penta Enoit acid 2.876 2.776
15 Dokosa Hexa Enoit acid 1.596 1.468
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biofertilizers or plant growth-promoting agent has yielded satisfactory results
comparing to controlled experiments. Cyanobacteria promoting plant use
multiple mechanisms to promote plant growth, or mechanisms such as
nitrogen-fixation. Hopefully, the results will be promising under applications
on agricultural conditions. The public will be more sympathetic to the concept
of cyanobacteria inoculants. In the near future, cyanobacteria growth-
promoting agent will be part of solutions to agricultural and environmental
problems.
.
REFERENCES
Borowitzka, M.A. 1988. Vitamins and fine chemicals from Microalgae. In:
Microalgal Biotechnology (Eds.) Borowitzka, M.A.and Borowitzka, L.J.,
Cambridge University Press. pp 153 - 196.
Kannaiyan, S. 1985. Algal biofertilizers for low land rice. Tamil Nadu
Agricultural University, Coimbatore. pp. 14.
Bidwell, J.P. dan Spotte S. 1983. Artificial Sea Water Formulas and Methods.
Jones & Bartlett. p:324-325.
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Kusumaningrum, H.P. J. Soedarsono., T. Yuwono, dan E. Kusdiyantini. 2004.
The Effect of Various Salinity Level to the Growth and Characterization
of Dunaliella sp Isolated from Jepara Waters, in Laboratory Scale.
ILMU KELAUTAN, Indonesia Journal of Marine Sciences. 9(3). ISSN
0853 – 7291. September . (9):136 –140
Rippka, R., Deruelles, J., Waterbury, J.B., Herdman, M. and Stanier, R.Y.
(1979). Generic assignments, strain histories and properties of pure
cultures of cyanobacteria. Journal of General Microbiology, 111, 1-61.
Sze, P. 1993. A Biology of The Algae. 2nd Ed. Wm.C. Brown. p:5–80.
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Metting, B. (1981). The systematics and ecology of soil algae. Botanical
Review, 47, 196-312.
_______, B. (1987). Dynamics of wet and dry aggregate stability from a three-
year microalgal soil conditioning experiment in the field. Soil Science,
143, 139-143.
_______, B., Rayburn, W.R. and Reynaud, P.A. (1988). Algae and agriculture.
In Algae and Human Affairs (C.A. Lembi & R.A. Waaland, eds.), pp.
335-370 Cambridge University Press; Cambridge.
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..
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) have been studied as possible
biofertilizers for rice cultivation
because of the abilify dfheterocystous species to fix atmospheric N
under aerobic conditions.
The following pictures are of partner project sites where phosphate levels
have been high enough in recent years to nourish a bloom of cyanobacteria.
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Most of the blooms have been of anabaena or microcystis species. Both are
photosynthetic and nitrogen-fixing, and tend to form mats on the water’s
surface. Microcystis is pictured below. mats of cyanobacteria on the surface
of the water. mats of cyanobacteria on the surface of the water. n Southeast
Asia, the benefits of cyanobacteria are also being studied. Floating ferns that
house colonies of Anabaena species in their fronds have been introduced into
paddies; the cyanobacteria serves as an inexpensive nitrogen-fixing fertilizer
for rice cultivation. In several countries, students are also studying the anti-
cancer substances in various cyanobacteria species and writing grant
proposals for community harvesting of cyanobacteria for medicinal research
purposes. This research will be extended to include other partners through
iEARN. Students are working on a revised protocol for phosphate monitoring,
and reviewing research on the effect of nitrates on phosphate levels. They
are also studying the connections between climate change and the
proliferation of cyanobacteria blooms. Early research indicates that warming
trends lead to stablization of thermal layers in water, which inhibits vertical
circulation and thus lowers dissolved oxygen in the bottom layer of water.
This causes phosphates to be liberated from sediments. Phosphates are
key nutrients for plants and animals, including humans. They are also
pollutants which reach the environment through use of phosphate detergents,
fertilizers and pesticides. In Seattle, the Billings Middle School study of
phosphates began in 2003 when nearby Green Lake was closed to the public
due to a bloom of cyanobacteria. Cyanobacteria are nourished by phosphate
pollution, and under certain conditions produce neurotoxins which may cause
illness or even death. The bloom occluded and warmed the lake, thus killing
fish and other aquatic fauna. The smell was offensive, causing some area
residents to experience nausea, headaches, and/or difficulty breathing.
Contaminated water also caused skin irritations. The dominant forms of
cyanobacteria were Anabaena species, pictured below. Rebecca Timson.
Role of Schools in Sustainable Development.
http://www.unescobkk.org/fileadmin/user_upload/apeid/Conference/papers/timson_6B.doc.
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and terrestrial ecosystems. For the last decades, the occurrence of
waterblooms of planktonic cyanobacteria greatly increased in continental
aquatic ecosystems as a consequence of pollution generated by humans.
These proliferations disrupt ecosystem equilibrium and may be harmful to
animals and Man due to the large number of secondary metabolites (hepato-
and/or neurotoxins) some cyanobacteria may produce. n the environment,
planktonic cyanobacteria of the genus Microcystis form waterblooms
potentially harmful to animals and Man.
In order to elucidate the developmental cycle of these microorganisms and
their acclimation capabilities to variations in environmental parameters, we
have chosen the hepatotoxic strain Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806 as a
model system.
The algae are a polyphyletic, artificial assemblage of O2-evolving,
photosynthetic organisms (and secondarily nonphotosynthetic
evolutionary descendants) that includes seaweeds (macroalgae) and a
highly diverse group of microorganisms known as microalgae.
Phycology, the study of algae, developed historically as a discipline
focused on the morphological, physiological and ecological similarities
of the subject organisms, including the prokaryotic bluegreen algae
(cyanobacteria) and prochlorophytes. Eukaryotic algal groups represent
at least five distinct evolutionary lineages, some of which include
protists traditionally recognized as fungi and protozoa. Ubiquitous in
marine, freshwater and terrestrial habitats and possessing broad
biochemical diversity, the number of algal species has been estimated
at between one and ten million, most of which are microalgae. The
implied biochemical diversity is the basis for many biotechnological and
industrial applications.
F B Metting Jr.J. of Industrial Microb and Biotech, Springer
berlin/Heidelberg, Vol 17 Numbers 5-6/Nov 1996, 477-489
Cyanophyta: Bluegreen algae. Because of their bacteria-like morphology,
they are sometimes classified as bacteria, but they are an important part of
the periphyton community. Because they are photosynthetic organisms, they
are discussed here with the algae. The "bluegreens" are important
environmentally because they can fix nitrogen and store phosphorus, so they
can thrive when nutrient and other environmental conditions do not favor the
other algae. They can form noxious blooms in ponds, lakes, and reservoirs.
These blooms can cause oxygen depletion (resulting in fish kills), and taste
and odor problems in drinking water, and can sometimes be toxic to livestock.
In streams, the bluegreen algae are usually less troublesome, and are found
in waters ranging from pristine to severely polluted.
Examples of bluegreen algae: Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, Microcystis,
Oscillatoria, Phormidium.
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World over, a few passionate people are trying to figure out ways to derive oil
from various species of algae in order to make biodiesel. Algae present a very
interesting proposition because they have few of the drawbacks other
feedstock have. (a) Algae for instance have oil yields that are over a hundred
times higher than that for soy, implying that for the same amount of oil, they
require only a fraction of the area required to grow soy! (b) Owing to their
ability to grow practically anywhere, algae as feedstock also do not contribute
to large-scale deforestation. (c) Since they are not part of the human food
chain at present, algae oil also present no conflicts with our existing food
supplies.
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