AFOSR

EOARD Physics
15 March 2011

LtCol Scott C. Dudley

AFOSR/EOARD
Air Force Office of Scientific Research

Distribution A - Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. 88ABW-2011-0762

 2011 AFOSR SPRING REVIEW

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF PORTFOLIO:

Solid State Physics, Quantum Systems, Electromagnetic
Interactions, Space Weather, Mathematics

LIST SUB-AREAS IN PORTFOLIO:

Graphene
Metamaterials – antennas and high power
Cold Atoms
Entangled Photons
Random Matrices and Elliptic Curves
Solar Observation
Scintillation
Gallium Nitride
Josephson Junctions

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 Highlights in EOARD Physics

Immanuel Bloch

Kostya Novoselov Andre Geim

Future effort:

Carbon Nanotubes with Catalyst

Controlled Chiral Angle August 5, 2010

Krzysztof Koziol

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Single Site Addressing in Cold Atoms

Single site addressing lens

NA 0.68, resolution 0.7 µm
at wavelength of 780nm
Nature 2010
doi:10.1038/nature09378 4
 Single Site Addressing in Cold Atom Lattices

EOARD - Grant History with Immanuel Bloch

• 2003 – Jay Lowell (AFOSR) & Carl Kutche (EOARD)
start grant: “Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices”
Immanuel Bloch
• 2007 – Paul Losiewicz (EOARD) and Anne Matsuura
(AFOSR) fund “Multiparticle Entanglement and Spatial
Addressability of Ultracold Atoms in Optical Lattices”
• 2008 – Grant transfers to Dudley (EOARD) & Curcic (AFOSR)
• 2010 – Grant concludes as group moves Mainz to Munich

2010 – Single Site Addressing realized!

Actually by two groups independently – Bloch in Germany and
Greiner at Harvard with both groups funded by AFOSR!
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 Quote re Single Site Addressing

“The high resolution microscopes

have created quite of buzz …
Wolfgang Ketterle of MIT likens
the new tool’s impact to that of
scanning probe microscopy on
condensed matter systems”

Barbara Goss Levi, Physics Today, Oct 2010, p. 20.

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 Mott Insulator Transition Simulated
(from Nature 2010, doi:10.1038/nature09378)

Although the finding yielded few surprises, still “they are

amazing to see,” commented Pierre Meystre, Univ of Az.
“The pictures are gorgeous.” Physics Today, October 2010
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Single Site Addressing to appear in Nature

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“Action this Day”

portion omitted

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 “It’s still all about graphene”

thinnest imaginable material

highest mechanical strength: stronger than diamond
highest intrinsic mobility: >100 times of silicon
highest thermal conductivity: better than diamond
largest sustainable currents: million times of copper
most stretchable crystal: up to 20% elastic strain
longest mean free path at room temperature (~micron)
possible new quantum mechanical devices

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 Geim & Novoselov - Recent Annual Report

• 10 papers w/2 in Physical Review Letters and a Nature Physics

– Quantum capacitance, new devices (Ponomarenko et al, PRL 2010)
– Diamagnetic down to 4K, no ferromagnetism (Sepioni et al, PRL 2010)
• Unpublished – Graphene encapsulated within boron nitride
– mobility ~100,000 cm2/Vs @ T= 300K, micron mean free path
• 40 invited talks, including 10 plenary
• “Andre Geim day” at AFOSR & ONR, 26 April 2010
• National Academy of Science J.J. Carty Award to Geim
• Nobel Prize in Physics 2010 to Geim and Novoselov

that’s for the period Oct 2009 to Sept 2010

but what have they done lately?
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Digression - Compound Semiconductors

Bandgap Energy vs Lattice Constant

for various semiconductor systems
1990s
1980s
1970s

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 Band Gap Engineering in Graphene

• Geometry –
nanoribbons,
constrictions,
vacancy/substitution
superlattices
• Interactions with
substrate or other
layers, e.g SiC Graphene-on-SiC FETs from DARPA CERA

• Bi-layer graphene
• Chemical
Modification
• Others?
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Fluorographene – “2-d Teflon”
• Birth of a new promising material
• High quality insulator > 1012 Ω
• > 3 eV optical gap, wide gap
semiconductor
• 15% sustained strain
• Inert and stable up to 400oC

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“Fluorographene” discovered mid-2010
as of 26 Jan 2011

18!

Opacity of graphene
paper left and
transparency of
fluorographene flake
right reminiscent of
GaAs and GaN wafers
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 Update of early grant results: “Graphane”
(shown in 2009 spring review)

“Graphane” – 1 hydrogen per carbon, tailoring

electrical properties with hydrogenation,
Geim, Novoselov, et al., Science, 30 Jan 2009

Hydrogen
storage ?

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 “Graphane” discovered 2009
as of 26 Jan 2011

472!

With over 300 of these citing this seminal paper

WEEK OF JANUARY 9, 2011

Sci-Bytes - Hot Paper in Chemistry

“the report now ranks as the 3rd most cited paper,
excluding reviews, published in the last two years in
chemistry”
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 Citation Summary
as of 26 Jan 2011

“Graphene” exfoliation published 2004/5, 62,500

“Graphane” first publication Jan 2009, 472

with over 300 citing Geim and Novoselov’s seminal paper!

“Fluorographene” first produced mid-2010, 18

it’s really only ~4 papers, there are extra hits in Google Scholar

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2-d Boron Nitride

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 Interactions - Manchester & the U.S. Air Force

Geim, Novoselov,
et al. publish AFOSR & ONR host
seminal papers in EOARD’s Dudley Geim for full day at Manchester’s
Science 2004, and visits Andre Geim, Kostya Novoselov Arlington, 26 April Dr Peter Blake Oct 2010, Geim and
in Nature 2005. Apr 08, discusses visits WPAFB, March 2010 to give visits WPAFB Novoselov announced
proposal (grant 2009, seminar, tours seminar, discuss 22-27 May 10 to receive 2010 Nobel
awarded Sept 08) labs research directions Prize in Physics, photo,
Stockholm, Dec 2010

2004/5 2008 2009 2010 2011

AFRL’s John Boeckl
and Albert Bogozi 2011, to be
and Dudley visit continued… AFRL
AFRL’s Boeckl & Dr John Boeckl works researchers plan
Manchester Oct
EOARD’s Dudley in Manchester June, more time in
2009 for research
visit Manchester July, and part of Manchester and vice
discussions
Sept 2008 November 2010 via versa w/Alexander
AFOSR’s “Window on Zhukov likely to
the World” program spend time at WPAFB

John Boeckl (left) with

Andre Geim in Manchester Geim on
Sept 2008, sample and “Long
data sharing begins AFRL shares their micro- Boeckl, Bogozi and Walk,”
Raman data on Manchester Manchester Bobbies after Windsor
provided exfoliated samples “Stop/Search”, Oct 09 Workshop
Aug 2010
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 Iconic “First” Devices
Transistor Integrated Circuit Graphitic Device
Bardeen and Brattain -1947 Kilby - 1956 Geim and Novoselov – 2004
Nobel Prize – 1956 Nobel Prize - 2000 Nobel Prize - 2010

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 Historical Note on Carbon &
Nanotechnology

Humphry Davy
demonstrates the Michael Faraday, father of
carbon arc electric light nanotechnology, depicted here
at the Royal Institution, giving a “Christmas Lecture,”
London 1809 which started in 1825 and
below are the banks of batteries down
in the basement continues to this day

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The “Terahertz Gap” in 1938

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 Electron emitters for THz TWTs
from Steve Fairchild (AFRL)

Carbon
Key numbers: 345 GHz electron
emitter,
Beam Current = 30 mA roughly
Beam Voltage 25 kV human
hair
( power product 750W) diameter 24
Graphite emitter tests
from Steve Fairchild (AFRL)

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 AFRL & EOARD visit Cambridge

AFOSR’s Luginsland
suggests EOARD &
AFRL researchers visit
Prof Koziol and view
nanotube spinning
apparatus, photo:
Cambridge, Nov 2010
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 Carbon Nanotubes at Cambridge

Can spin 4km long strands w/controlled

chirality, but only short pieces needed
to explore electromagnetic applications

Krzysztof Koziol

Carbon nanotube fibres for Supercapacitors and

power transmission lines actuators

Carbon nanotube
detectors
Carbon nanotubes as wide
range EM absorption coatings
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 Acknowledgments

Sundog over Stockholm, December 8, 2010, morning of Nobel Lectures in Physics

DoD Collaborators on projects: Chagaan Baatar, Karatholuvu Balasubramaniam,

John Boeckl, Albert Bogozi, Lisa Boyce, Tatjana Curcic, Steve Fairchild, Barrett
Flake, Pat Garman, Tom Gavrielides, Keith Groves, Tim Haugan, Brian Hibbeln, Dan
Javorsek, Jamie Lawton, Robert Lee, John Luginsland, Perry Malcolm, Jack McCrae,
Evgeny Mishin, Bill Mitchel, Todd Peterson, Ty Pollak, Vic Putz, Kitt Reinhardt, Jon
Sjogren, Brad Thompson, Augustine Urbas, Harold Weinstock, Stan Yukon, and Dave
Zelmon and special thanks to the fantastic staff at AFOSR EOARD London! 28
 Contact Information

Lt Col Scott C. Dudley, PhD Get charged up …

Physics Program Manager
European Office of Aerospace Research
and Development (EOARD)

From London: 07733-01-8892 (mobile)

Address: 86 Blenheim Crescent
Ruislip, Middlesex
United Kingdom HA4 7HB

From the U.S.: 011-44-773-301-8892 (mobile)

Address: Unit 4515, Box 14
APO, AE 09421-0014

DSN: 314-235-6162
Commercial: 011-44-1895-616162 (from US)
Email: scott.dudley@london.af.mil
… it’s all physics!
For stickman figure explanation, see The human
discharge chain Scott C. Dudley, Bret D. Heerema, and
Ryan K. Haaland, Am. J. Phys. 65 553 (1997)
“Rounding the corner of 7th Avenue
eyes on the street and bent to it
again...gone” - Kerouac 29
Historical Perspective

from Professor Nick Holonyak, University of Illinois, Urbana 30

 Fluorographene - Mechanical

7 μm TEM mesh
covered with
Fluorographene

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Geim in his Nobel Lecture

“Let me put it this way, if

the quality of graphene is
100 times less, I wouldn’t
be standing here”

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 Difference between MWNTs and cca-MWNTs
from Krzysztof Koziol

multiwalled carbon nanotubes

multiwalled carbon nanotubes

MWNTs cca-MWNTs

constant chiral angle

wavy straight like a needle
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K. Koziol, M. Shaffer and A. Windle, Adv. Mat. 17, 760 (2005)
 Graphene – Current DoD Research Efforts

• DARPA - “Carbon Electronics for Radio Frequency

Applications” (CERA), Dr. Mike Fritze then Dr. John
Albrecht, $30M, 51 months – start 2008
• Air Force Multidisciplinary University Research Initiative
(MURI) “Fundamental Graphene Material Studies and
Device Concepts,” Dr. Harold Weinstock, $1.5M/yr, 5 yrs –
start 2009
• Other AFOSR grants – further $1M current fiscal year
• Navy 3 MURIs “Tailoring Electronic Bandgap of
Nanostructure Graphene,” Dr. Chagaan Baatar, $3.0M/yr, 5
yrs– start 2009
• Other ONR graphene grants – approximately $1M in FY10
• Army MURI, start 2011, novel 2-d oxides and nitrides

~$13M/year is roughly 0.8% of DoD’s annual basic research budget

~$1-200k/year EOARD funding is 1-2% of total DoD graphene funding
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 AFRL’s Objectives – Bedke 25-Jan-09

• AFRL’s Objectives:
• Mission: Objective 1 – Lead Discovery (Tech Push)
Objective 2 – Respond to Needs (Rqmts Pull)
• People: Objective 3 – Effective and Thriving Workforce
• Resources: Objective 4 – Efficient and Healthy Resources
• Process: Objective 5 – Processes that Help, not Hinder

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