1.

P-N JUNCTION DIODE CHRACTERESTICS

AIM: 1. To obtain the V-I characteristics of p-n junction diode.

2. To find the dc/static resistance, ac/dynamic forward resistance and cut-in
voltage of a P-n junction diode.

APPARATUS REQUIRED:

S.No Description of Item Range Qty

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 V 1

2 Voltmeter 0-1V 1

0-10V 1

3 Ammeter 0-50mA 1

0-50A 1

4 Bread Board 1

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Description of Item Range Qty

By 127
1 P-n junction diode 1

2 Resistor 470 1

1K 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

FORWARD BIAS:
1K

+
BY 127
0-30V V 0-1V
+ -
0-20mA A -

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

REVERSE BIAS:
470

+
BY 127
0-30V V 0-10 V
+
0-50A A -
-

PROCEDURE:

FORWARD CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1).

2. Notedown the values of VF and IF by
(i) Varying RPS in steps of 0.1V to 1V.
(ii)Varying RPS in steps of 1.0V to 10V.
3. Tabulate the results VF and IF.
4. Plot the graph between VF and IF by taking VF on x-axis and IF on y-
axis.

REVERSE CHARACTERISTICS:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (2).

2. Notedown the values of V R and IR by Varying RPS in steps of 1.0V
to10V.
3. Tabulate the results VR and IR.
4. Plot the graph between VR and IR by taking VR on x-axis and IR on y-
axis

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

OBSERVATIONS:

FORWARD BIAS:

S.No Voltage(Vin) Voltage(VF) Current(IF)

REVERSE BIAS:

S.No Voltage(Vin) Voltage(VR) Current(IR)

MODEL GRAPH:

If

Vr Vf

Ir

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the circuit for loose connections.

2. Readings should be taken without parallax error.

RESULT: from the graph i) cut-in voltage =

ii) The dc/static resistance RD=
iii) The ac/dynamic resistance rd=

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

 2. ZENER DIODE V-I CHARACTERISTICS & ITS
REGULATION

AIM: 1. To plot the V-I characteristics of a Zener Diode.

2. i) To find the Zener Resistance, Zener break down voltage.
ii) To determine the % regulation of Zener diode stabilizer.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

S.No. Description of Item Range Qty

1 Regulated power supply 0-30 V 1

2 Voltmeter 0-1V 1

0-10V 1

3 Ammeter 0-20mA 2
0-50A
2

4 Bread Board 1

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No. Description of Item Range Qty

1 Zener Diode IMZ 6.2 1

2 Resistor 470 1

1K 1

3 D.R.B 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
FORWARD BIAS:
1K

+
IMZ 6.2
0-30V + V 0-1V
0-20mA A -
-
Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab
REVERSE BIAS:
470

+
IMZ 6.2
0-30V + V 0-10 V
0-50A A -
-

PROCEDURE:

FORWARD BIAS:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. By varying the RPS insteps of 0.1V note down the Voltmeter and ammeter
readings (VF and IF)
3. Plot the graph between VF and IF. Indicate the knee voltage (VTH) and
calculate static and dynamic resistances.
Static Resistance (DC Resistance) (R) =VF/IF.
Dynamic Resistance (AC Resistance) (r) =Vf/If
Where Vf is the change in forward bias voltage.
If is the corresponding change in forward bias current.

REVERSE BIAS:

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. By varying the RPS insteps, note down the Voltmeter and ammeter readings
(VR and IR)
3. Plot the graph between VR and IR. Indicate the zener break down voltage
(VZ) and calculate the Zener resistance (r).
Zener Resistance (r) =VZ/IZ
Where VZ is the change in Zener voltage.
IZ is the corresponding change in zener current.

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

TABULAR FORM:

FORWARD BIAS:

S. No Voltage(Vin) Voltage (VF) Current (IF)

REVERSE BIAS:

S. No Voltage(Vin) Voltage (VR) Current (IR)

MODEL GRAPH: A graph is drawn between voltage and current when diode is
forward biased and reverse biased.
If

Vr Vf

Ir
PRECAUTIONS :

1. Check the circuit for loose connections.

2. Readings should be taken without parallax error.

RESULT: The Zener break down voltage is =

The Zener resistance is =

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

 REGULATION

Circuit diagram:
0-50mA
470
+ -
A
+
IMZ 6.2
0-30V + V 0-10 V 1K
0-50mA A -
-

PROCEDURE:

When the load resistance is fixed (Vz Vs Iz):

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. By varying the RPS insteps of 1V note down the Voltmeter and ammeter
readings (Vin, Vz and Iz, IL)
3. Plot the graph between Vin and Vz.
0-50mA
470
+ -
A
+
IMZ 6.2
10V + V 0-10 V
0-50mA A -
-

PROCEDURE:

When the Load Resistor is variable (Vz Vs RL):

1. Connect the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. By varying the Load resistor note down the Voltmeter and ammeter
readings (Vin, Vz and Iz,,IL)
3. Plot the graph between VZ and RL.

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

TABULAR FORM:

When the Load Resistor is fixed:

S. No Voltage(Vin) Voltage (Vz) Current (Iz) Current (IL)

When the Load Resistor is variable: at Vin =

Voltage (Vz) Load

S. No Current (Iz) Current (IL)
Resistor(RL)

Model Graph:

When the load resistance is fixed

Vout

Vin
When the input voltage is fixed
Vout

RL

PRECAUTIONS :

1. Check the circuit for loose connections.

2. Readings should be taken without parallax error.

Result: % Regulation = (Vnoload – Vload)/Vload × 100 % =

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

 3. HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER

AIM: To determine the ripple factor, efficiency and percentage regulation of half wave
rectifier.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

S.No Description of Item Range Qty

1 Cathode ray oscilloscope 30MHz 1

2 Transformer (9-0-9)V 1

3 Bread Board 1

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Description of Item Range Qty

1 Diode 1N4007 1

2 Resistor 1K 1

3 Capacitor 100f 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WITHOUT FILTER:

230/9-0-9 IN4007

1K output

WITH FILTER:

PROCEDURE:
WITH OUT FILTER:

230/9-0-9 IN4007

1K 100F output

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

 1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1).
2. Measure and note down the peak voltage and frequency of input
signal from CRO.
3. Observe the output waveform and note down the peak voltage and
frequency from CRO.
4. Calculate ripple factor, %regulation and efficiency ().
5. Plot the output waveform.

WITH FILTER:
1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig(2).
2. Measure and note down the peak voltage and frequency of input
signal from CRO.
3. Observe the output waveform and note down the peak voltage and
frequency from CRO.
4. Calculate ripple factor, %regulation and efficiency ().
5 Plot the output waveform.

CALCULATIONS:
Vmax
1. V dc 

Vmax
2. Vrms 
2
RMS value of AC component
3. Ripplefactor 
Average value of DC component

V 2 
=   rms   1
  Vdc  
 
1
Using capacitive filter
2 3 fCRL

Vdc(NL)  Vdc ( FL )
4. % Regulation 
Vdc(FL)

2
V 
5. Efficiency( )   dc   100
 Vrms 

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

MODEL GRAPH:

INPUT WAVE

OUTPUT WAVE

WITHOUT FILTER

OUTPUT WAVE

WITH FILTER

PRECAUTIONS:

1.Check the circuit for loose connections.

2.Readings should be taken without parallax error.

RESULT:

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

Theoretical Practical

efficiency

Percentage Regulation

Ripple Factor

HALF WAVE RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITIVE FILTER

Theoretical Practical

efficiency

Percentage Regulation

Ripple Factor

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

 4. FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH AND WITHOUT FILTER

AIM: To determine the ripple factor, efficiency and percentage regulation of full wave
rectifier.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

S.No Description of Item Range Qty

1 Cathode ray oscilloscope 30MHz 1

2 Transformer (9-0-9)V 1

3 Bread Board 1

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Description of Item Range Qty

1 Diode 1N4007 2

2 Resistor 1K 1

3 Capacitor 100f 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

WITHOUT FILTER:
IN4007

230/(9-0-9)
1K

output

IN4007

IN4007

WITH FILTER: 100uF

230/(9-0-9)
1K

output

PROCEDURE: IN4007

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

WITH OUT FILTER:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig (1).

2. Measure and note down the peak voltage and frequency of input
signal from CRO.
3. Observe the output waveform and note down the peak voltage and
frequency from CRO.
4. Calculate ripple factor, %regulation and efficiency ().
5. Plot the output waveform.
WITH FILTER:

1. Connect the circuit as shown in fig(2).

2. Measure and note down the peak voltage and frequency of input
signal from CRO.
3. Observe the output waveform and note down the peak voltage and
frequency from CRO.
4. Calculate ripple factor, %regulation and efficiency ().
5. Plot the output waveform.

CALCULATIONS:
2V
1. Vdc  max

Vmax
2. Vrms 
2
RMS value of AC component
3. Ripplefactor 
Average value of DC component

V 
2

=   rms   1 (without filter)
  Vdc  
 

1
Using with capacitive filter
4 3 fCRL

Vdc(NL)  Vdc ( FL )
4. % Regulation 
Vdc(FL)

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

 2
V 
5. Efficiency( )   dc   100
 Vrms 

MODEL GRAPH:

INPUT WAVE

OUTPUT WAVE
WITHOUT FILTER

OUTPUT WAVE
WITH FILTER

PRECAUTIONS:

1.Check the circuit for loose connections.

2.Readings should be taken without parallax error.

RESULT:

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITHOUT FILTER

Theoretical Practical
efficiency
Percentage Regulation
Ripple Factor

FULL WAVE RECTIFIER WITH CAPACITIVE FILTER

Theoretical Practical
efficiency
Percentage Regulation
Ripple Factor

Electronic Devices and Circuits Lab

 5. BRIDGE RECTIFER WITH & WITHOUT FILTERS

AIM: - To calculate the ripple factor, efficiency and percentage regulation of a bridge rectifier,
with and without filters.

EQUIPMENT REQUIRED:

S.No Description of Item Range Qty

1 Cathode ray oscilloscope 30MHz 1

2 Transformer (9-0-9)V 1

3 Bread Board 1

COMPONENTS REQUIRED:

S.No Description of Item Range Qty

1 Diode 1N4007 4

2 Resistor 1K 1

3 Capacitor 100f 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:-

Without Filter
 With Capacitor Filter

PROCEDURE:-

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

2. Connect the ac main to the primary side of the transformer and secondary side to the bridge
rectifier.

3. Measure the ac voltage at the input of the rectifier using the multi meter.

4. Measure both the ac and dc voltages at the output of the Bridge rectifier.

5. Find the theoretical value of dc voltage by using the formula,

CALCULATIONS:-

Theoretical calculations:-
Vrms = Vm/ √2
Vm =Vrms√2
Vdc=2Vm/П
V 
2

3. Ripple factor =   rms   1 (without filter)
  Vdc  
 
 1
Using with capacitive filter
4 3 fCRL

Where f =50Hz, C =100µF, RL=1KΩ

Practical Calculations:-

Without filter:- Vac=

Vdc=
Ripple factor, r= Vac/Vdc

With filters:- Vac=

Vdc=
Ripple factor, r= Vac/Vdc
MODELWAVEFORM:-

PRECAUTIONS:

1. Check the circuit for loose connections.

2. Readings should be taken without parallax error.

RESULT:

Theoretically the efficiency =_______ Experimentally the efficiency =_______

Percentage Regulation =____________ Percentage Regulation =____________

Ripple Factor =_____________ Ripple Factor =_____________