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TUGAS PENGOLAHAN CITRA,ARTIKEL.

Emerging DSP (Digital Signal Processor)bring DVD-quality to

PDAs

Posted: 16 Aug 2002

As we enter the realm of mobile devices that carry wireless streaming video, it is useful to
consider the types of DSP architectures that will be available for such products. We can glean
tomorrow's architectures from the solutions that are being developed and extrapolate from
there.

Mobile devices are characterized by low-power, low-cost and small-form-factor requirements.

To meet these objectives, today's products - from digital cameras to MP3 players to PDAs -
typically operate on complex, highly integrated SoC devices that include both the processing
blocks, such as DSPs and the I/O blocks specific to the application.

Solutions using a general-purpose processor provide very flexible platforms but are
challenged when facing the demands of high-performance applications. Hardwired, fixed-
function solutions support high-performance and low-cost objectives but at the expense of
flexibility. They also raise development cost and time-to-market risk, among other things,
trade-offs that are fairly well understood by system designers.

Attractive solution

The most compelling applications for future mobile devices will be imaging based, whether
capturing video for e-mail or videophones or receiving an A/V stream from the Internet or
another caller. The advances in networking and peer-to-peer communications brought about
by 802.11, Bluetooth, and cellular radio will enable visual communications as simply as we
make phone calls.

Video algorithms must process sequences of images that are rapidly generated by an image
sensor. Image processing, like A/V processing, must be done in real-time since even digital
still cameras offer MPEG-4 video-capture modes and burst-shooting capability. These image-
processing algorithms must be executed on all pixels and then compressed according to the
appropriate compression algorithm.

Digital image processing is computationally intensive because the data volumes are very large
and the operations involve a lot of manipulation on non-32-bit boundaries. General-purpose
DSPs and RISC engines are not well-equipped to handle this efficiently. To boost
performance, special instructions can be implemented.
Processing requirements

Image-processing algorithms often require only 8bit and 16bit formats, not the 32bit and
higher formats upon which modern processors and compilers have focused. Encoding a bit
stream during the image-compression process often requires packing bits together. This is
typically accomplished with several mask and shift instructions.

Operation on byte and word boundaries is often addressed with single-instruction, multiple-
data (SIMD) structures that are supported on top of the general-purpose architecture. Most
SIMD implementations take this form but this approach often requires a lot of data
reorganization and precision compromises due to the underlying architecture.

A compute engine optimized to support these types of operations well would significantly
accelerate image-processing algorithms. Ultimately, processing solutions tailored to the
specific computational needs of image processing will bring DVD-like quality to mobile
devices.

Consider, for example, that while video processing has always been one of the most
demanding applications, it is now commonplace for high-end processors to run MPEG
compression algorithms. In the early 1990s, it took multiple ASICs to build an MPEG-2
encoder. Today, high-end processors can run MPEG-2 encode in real-time and many of them
can decode multiple video streams in parallel. While today, even MPEG-2 decode is difficult
for a programmable mobile device, it is certainly not unreasonable to expect such capabilities
to be available in the near future.

And for fully programmable mobile solutions, a keen focus on low power and low cost is
given top priority. This means the whole system-level solution needs to be taken into
consideration.

For imaging operations, a data memory implemented in SRAM can be more efficient than a
data cache since imaging data is not random. The modern very long instruction word (VLIW)
architectures store and route wide instruction words and require many instruction decoders but
imaging applications benefit much more from data-level parallelism than instruction-level
parallelism. Architectures that focus on this aspect of acceleration can be far more efficient
since they require fewer transistors to implement.

'Viewing' ahead

Future mobile devices will become very video-centric and with the multitude of compression
technologies currently deployed - and the premium value of higher-quality, low-bit-rate
coding - we can expect they will require flexible processing solutions. The most successful
mobile devices will support high-quality streaming video, both capturing and viewing, since
that is what consumers have come to expect.

Designers will be able to select from various approaches to meet their computing needs - from
RISC processors and RISC plus DSP, to processor plus fixed-function logic and
reconfigurable and application-specific processors.

In five years, the performance curve for mobile applications will rise, largely driven by
image- and video-processing requirements. Successful design for this performance level will
require a new approach to the problem and the development of a new signal-processing
architecture. For example, ChipWrights has recently announced an application-specific
processor architecture that strikes a new balance between general-purpose compute power and
video-processing compute power.

The CWvx combines a general-purpose RISC processor with an advanced vector array of
DSP execution units that are specifically designed to accelerate image processing. The
machine operates in SIMD fashion and can be scaled to support between two and 16 DSP
execution units. Each 32bit, fixed-point execution unit can support six operations per cycle
and four, 8bit MACs per cycle with full precision.

This type of architecture provides a highly efficient compute engine for mobile video
encoding and decoding. By leveraging the characteristics of image processing and
incorporating a general-purpose processor, DVD-quality video is attainable in a mobile device
such as a PDA.

- Steve Wilson

Marketing VP

ChipWrights

RANGKUMAN

Teknologi sekarang sangat berkembang pesat, dan menjadi kebutuhan bagi setiap
orang. Pada artikel ini membahas teknologi dalam bidang perangkat mobile dalam artikel ini
yaitu PDA (sejenis handphone. Sekarang dalam bidang mobile device telah bisa
mengembangkan wireless streaming video. Oleh karena itu, Arsitektur yang sangat berguna
yang dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan wireless streaming video yaitu jenis arsitektur
DSP. Arsitektur ini dapat di eksplorasi dan di kembangkan lain.

Mobile device dikatarakteristikan dengan daya rendah, biaya murah dan persyaratan
kecil lainnya. Jadi untuk memenuhi persyaratan tersebut,banyak Produk sekarang misalnya
kamera digital lalu MP3 player untuk PDA, biasanya terdapat operasi yang kompleks.
Perangkat SoC (System on chip) sanngat terintegrasi cukup baik dengan blok pengolahan
seperti DSP dan I/O block khusus untuk aplikasi.

Solusi Menarik yaitu dengan pencitraan. Aplikasi yang paling menarik untuk
perangkat mobile masa depan akan berbasis pencitraan, apakah video menangkap untuk e-
mail atau Videophone atau menerima A/V stream dari Internet atau pemanggil lain.
Kemajuan dalam jaringan dan komunikasi peer-to-peer dibawa oleh 802.11, Bluetooth,dan
radio selular akan memungkinkan komunikasi visual sesederhana kita membuat panggilan
telepon.
 Algoritma Video harus memproses urutan gambar yang dihasilkan oleh sensor
gambar dengan cepat. Algoritma image processing harus dijalankan pada semua piksel dan
kemudian dikompresi sesuai dengan algoritma kompresi yang sesuai.

The CWvx menggabungkan prosesor RISC dengan array vektor pada unit eksekusi
DSP yang khusus dirancang untuk mempercepat pengolahan citra. Mesin beroperasi dalam
mode SIMD dan dapat ditingkatkan untuk mendukung antara dua dan 16 unit eksekusi DSP.

Dengan memanfaatkan karakteristik pengolahan gambar dan menggabungkan

prosesor untuk keperluan umum, video berkualitas DVD dapat dicapai dalam perangkat
mobile seperti PDA.